Atmospheric multiple scattering effects on GLAS altimetry. II. Analysis of expected errors in Antarctic altitude measurements

For pt.I see ibid., vol.39, no.1, p.92-101 (2001). The altimetry bias in the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) or other laser altimeters resulting from atmospheric multiple scattering is studied in relationship to current knowledge of cloud properties over the Antarctic Plateau. Estimates of seasonal and interannual changes in the bias are presented. Results show the bias in altitude from multiple scattering in clouds would be a significant error source without correction. The selective use of low-optical-depth clouds or cloud-free observations, as well as improved analysis of the return pulse such as by the Gaussian method used here, is necessary to minimize the surface altitude errors. The magnitude of the bias is affected by variations in cloud height, cloud effective particle size, and optical depth. Interannual variations in these properties as well as in cloud cover fraction could lead to significant year-to-year variations in the altitude bias. Although cloud-free observations reduce biases in surface elevation measurements from space, over Antarctica these may often include near-surface blowing snow, also a source of scattering-induced delay. With careful selection and analysis of data, laser altimetry specifications can be met.     

激光测高卫星大气散射延迟改正现状及展望

激光测高卫星可以在大范围内获得亚米甚至厘米级的地表高程信息,但不可避免受云、气溶胶等粒子引起的散射影响,其中前向散射引起的激光测距和最终测高误差不容忽视。文中系统梳理激光测高卫星大气散射误差改正技术,介绍了国内外卫星激光测高系统参数、大气探测及散射改正算法,有别于已有的蒙特卡洛模拟改正方法,提出了一种基于指数函数模型的大气散射改正算法,选择青海湖等区域的ICESat/GLAS开展试验,结果表明,光学厚度小于2时能有效提升受大气散射影响的数据精度,同时提升数据可利用率约9%,该算法更易于实现业务化应用。最后针对大气参数同步探测的必要性,结合星载大气参数探测设备对后续国产激光测高卫星大气散射改正提出了若干建议。     

单次大气散射效应对星载激光测高仪接收脉冲回波的影响

大气散射效应是影响星载激光测高仪接收脉冲回波的重要因素。根据星载激光测高仪接收脉冲回波信号与大气响应函数之间的关系式,在忽略大气多次散射效应的条件下,通过分析散射激光束的几何轨迹和散射概率,推导出单次大气散射激光脉冲和接收脉冲回波的特征参数的数学解析式。以地球科学激光测高仪系统参数为输入,采用数值仿真分析的方法,模拟了大气散射介质分布、激光指向角和目标倾斜角对接收脉冲回波信号特征参数的影响。结果表明,若散射介质的高度和粒子半径范围分别为0.2~6 km和0~120 m,则其对接收脉冲回波的能量、重心和均方根脉宽的影响最大值分别超过15%、250 cm和800 cm。随着激光指向角或目标倾斜角的增加,接收脉冲回波的能量基本不产生影响,但是其重心和均方根脉宽近似呈线性增加趋势。同时,采用高斯拟合方法可以减小大气散射效应对接收脉冲回波的影响。所得结论对于接收脉冲回波的数据处理与分析以及激光测距精度的评估具有一定的指导意义。     

Matched filtering-based estimation of ground elevation using laseraltimetry

The authors present a method for determining the time-of-arrival (TOA) of the ground component of a laser altimetry return signal. The proposed method takes advantage of the fact that the ground component or ground return is approximately Gaussian shaped and occurs at the end of the return signal. In particular, the method exploits the well-known result that the TOA of a known signal in white Gaussian noise can be estimated using matched filtering. An important feature of the method is that it addresses the problem of overlap between ground and vegetation returns. Simulations using synthetic data indicate that the proposed method provides excellent estimates and greatly outperforms a conventional method. It is anticipated that the method will be applicable to laser altimetry applications where the ground return can be assumed to have an approximately known shape     

Radar altimeter mean return waveforms from near-normal-incidence ocean surface scattering

Under assumptions common in radar altimetry, the mean backscattered return power for a short-pulse radar and near-normal-incidence scattering from a rough ocean surface is given by the convolution of several terms. For a nearly Gaussian transmitted pulse shape scattered from a nearly Gaussian distributed sea surface, a small-argument series expansion of one of the terms within the convolution leads to a several-term power series expansion for the mean return waveform. Specific expressions are given for the first four terms. These results, which require much less computer time than would the otherwise necessary numerical convolution, are useful for data analysis from current or past radar altimeters and for design studies of future systems. Several representative results are presented for an idealized SEASAT radar altimeter.     

基于地面红外探测器的星载激光测高仪在轨几何定标

高精度在轨几何定标是星载激光测高仪有效应用的基础,在参考国外冰、云和陆地高程卫星（Ice,cloud and land Elevation Satellite,ICESat）卫星搭载的地球科学激光测高系统（Geo-science Laser Altimeter System,GLAS）几何定标的基础上,提出了一种基于地面红外探测器的星载激光测高仪几何定标方法。采用资源三号02星上搭载的国内首台试验性对地观测激光测高仪的真实数据开展了实验验证。实验结果表明:地面红外探测器能有效捕捉到激光测高仪对地发射的激光信号,几何定标方法能有效消除指向角的系统误差项,标定后平面绝对精度可提高到15.0 m左右,而华北某地高精度地形数据验证表明其绝对高程精度可提高到1.09 m,少量点高程误差小于0.5 m。虽然精度水平离国外GLAS还有一定差距,但相关结论能为后续国产激光测高卫星的优化设计、数据处理与应用提供参考。     

椭圆高斯足印对星载激光测高仪测距值及其误差的影响

光束空间分布是影响星载激光测高仪测距指标的重要因素。根据星载激光测高仪接收脉冲回波分布特点,通过对椭圆高斯足印及线性目标的理论建模,基于接收脉冲回波信号时间重心及其方差的基本定义,构建了椭圆高斯足印对星载激光测高仪测距值及其误差的影响模型。以GLAS星载激光测高仪为输入条件,利用数值仿真分析的方法,针对倾斜度和粗糙度分别为（3,1.7 m）、（12.5,8.9 m）和（28.2,14.5 m）的三种典型观测目标,系统论述了椭圆高斯足印的椭圆率与方位角对测距值及其误差的影响规律。结果表明,激光测距值基本与椭圆高斯足印的椭圆率和方位角无关,其测距值余量最大值不超过1 mm,但是,激光测距误差会随着椭圆高斯足印的椭圆率和方位角的增加产生起伏变化,其测距误差余量最大值达到了47.04 cm。所得结论对于星载激光测高仪的硬件设计和性能评估具有一定实际应用价值。     

沙尘暴多重散射对激光脉冲传输的影响

根据光脉冲在离散随机介质中的传输理论,应用米氏理论和蒙特卡罗方法,研究了不同能见度情况下1.06μm脉冲激光在沙尘暴中的传输特性。得到了双频互相关函数的幅度和相位随相干带宽、脉冲时域展宽和延时随能见度的关系。结果表明,脉冲的展宽和时延随沙尘暴能见度的变化非常显著。当能见度为3~5 km时,多重散射对脉冲双频互相关函数、脉冲展宽和延时的影响已较明显。当能见度小于1 km时,对于1 ns的输入脉冲,其展宽大于10 ns,延时大于15 ns。因此,当沙尘暴的能见度较低时,必须考虑多重散射对激光脉冲频域及时域特性的影响。     

激光测高仪接收信号波形模拟器

分析了激光测高系统中接收信号的建立过程及其相关物理量;在忽略大气对激光脉冲的影响下,推导出接收信号和目标响应函数的理论模型,表明了接收信号可以看作是发射信号与目标响应函数的卷积。以现有的测高系统(GLAS)为例,采用网格划分的方法,将目标模型离散化,进而模拟出不同观测角及目标模型情况下的接收信号波形。同时将模拟波形的输出参数与测高仪理论计算得到的参数进行了比较,结果发现:模拟接收波形的脉宽与理论计算的脉宽吻合度达99.5%;模拟波形的总光子数与国际上GSFC模拟器得到的总光子数仅相差0.4%;脉冲重心对应的高度值与实际设定的高度值仅相差1%。从而验证了该方法的正确性和可靠性。     

星载激光测高仪大气干项延迟校正

星载激光测高仪发射的激光脉冲在通过地球大气层时发生折射,导致激光路径的延长,为了获得高精度的测距结果,必须对大气延迟进行修正;而大气干项延迟在大气延迟中占主导作用,仅由测量位置的地表大气压力决定。通过推导静态大气在非理想气体条件下的流体静力学方程,得出地表气压与位势高度有关的大气压力模型,结合NCEP基于标准大气压层的气象数据和GLAS测量的时间经纬度和高程数据,对位势高度使用4阶Runge-Kutta算法进行数值积分得出地表气压,进而计算大气干项延迟。通过该方法和NCEP地表气压估计得出的干项延迟分别与GLAS官方公布的干项延迟对比,该方法计算结果的趋势与准确程度均占优,且最大干项延迟误差小于2 cm。证明通过流体静力学方程数值积分计算地表气压的方法能够得出对星载激光测高仪较为准确的大气干项延迟。     

云雾干扰条件下激光引信高斯分解测距方法

在云雾影响下,脉冲激光引信存在着虚警概率高、测距精度差的问题,这些问题是制约激光引信全天候工作的主要问题。为了降低云雾对于全波形采样激光引信的影响,提出一种基于高斯分解的回波脉冲处理方法,采用高斯模型将回波信号分解成单独高斯脉冲的形式,根据波形特征分辨出真实目标回波与云雾后向散射回波。从理论仿真和实验上对比了该方法与数字互相关方法的性能差异,结果表明:在能见度小于4 m的云雾条件下,数字互相关法测距精度恶化到1.6 m,而高斯分解法能够实现0.18 m的测距精度,优于互相关处理方式。该方法为激光引信在云雾环境下高精度测距提供了新的数据处理思路。     

Characteristics of the pumping pulse and the output laser pulse for a Cu/CuCl double pulse laser

Characteristics of the pumping discharge pulse and laser pulse in a Cu/CuCl double pulse laser have been measured as a function of time delay, buffer gas pressure, and tube temperature. We have found that for otherwise fixed discharge conditions, pumping rates decrease as these quantities are increased. The shape of the laser pulse as a function of time delay is shown to be dependent on the rate of current rise of the pumping pulse. The length of time required by the pumping pulse to achieve threshold is found to be a function of time delay, buffer gas pressure, and tube temperature. The implications of this behavior for the role of metastable copper and its mode of relaxation are discussed.     

利用境内气象站观测数据的激光测高仪大气延迟改进算法

由大气层折射率分布不均匀引起的大气折射延迟是星载激光测高仪测距误差的主要来源之一,其主要受地表气压的影响。目前计算地表气压方法仅有美国GLAS系统使用的基于NCEP气象数据和时间空间的内插方法,GLAS系统观测相对平坦的南北极冰盖区域的精度足够,但观测地表起伏复杂的陆地目标的精度较低。文中利用国内气象站的观测数据,基于改进的反距离加权内插算法对大气折射延迟修正方法进行改进,并与传统GLAS方法的修正结果进行精度对比。在高原地区以及高纬度地区,采用国内气象数据和新的内插算法可以将修正残差由超过2 cm降低至小于0.5 cm,相对GLAS系统整体15 cm的测量精度,相当于整体精度提高10%,对于未来国产卫星激光测高仪测量精度的提高将有一定参考价值。     

利用波形匹配实现卫星激光测高脚点精确定位的方法

激光测高仪分米量级的绝对高程精度可以满足地面高程控制点的需求,但其十几米甚至几十米的平面偏移使得其激光脚点仅能在平坦地表区域作为高程控制点使用。通过推导激光回波模型建立回波模型仿真器,综合考虑激光能量时空分布、地表轮廓、地表反射率等器件和目标参数的影响,对没有考虑地表反射率影响的现有波形匹配方法进行改进;进而,使用机载LiDAR点云数据和GLAS波形、能量数据,以仿真波形和真实波形相关系数最大原则进行波形匹配,寻找GLAS激光脚点中心坐标的精确位置。结果表明:在GLAS系统接收能量正常的工作周期内,波形匹配的平均相关系数大于0.9,通过波形匹配提高GLAS激光脚点的平面精度,能够实现约2 m的平面定位精度。研究方法能解决复杂地表条件下的激光高程控制点获取问题。     

Satellite laser altimetry of terrestrial topography: verticalaccuracy as a function of surface slope, roughness, and cloud cover

Analysis of the sensitivity of laser ranging errors to surface conditions indicates that predicted single-shot range errors are primarily dependent on surface slope. Range errors are less sensitive to variations in surface roughness or reflectivity. Values of total surface slope and roughness for nine terrestrial landforms, derived from digital elevation data at a 186 m length scale, vary from 2° to 40° and 0.8 to 15 m, respectively, at a 90% frequency of occurrence. This range of surface morphologies yields a variation in single shot laser ranging error from 0.4 to 8 m, assuming system parameters for the proposed Topographic Mapping Laser Altimeter (TMLA) and a nominal 30% surface reflectivity. The total elevation accuracy of data obtained via satellite laser altimetry, although dominated by the range error, is also a function of additional error sources, including orbit ephemeris, atmospheric, and calibration errors. Averaging of multiple laser measurements improves the vertical accuracy of the elevation data by statistical reduction of random errors. During a three-year mission, two to three laser measurements will be acquired, on average, for each 200-m footprint at low to moderate latitudes, accounting for the latitudinal variation of ground track spacing and cloud cover. For high-latitude regions, the narrow spacing of satellite ground tracks in a polar orbit will provide frequent repeat observations yielding, on average, 4 to 25 measurements of each footprint over the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. Averaging of these multiple repeat observations at high latitude will yield an improvement in vertical accuracy by a factor of two to five     

紫外激光探测灰霾的后向散射回波特性

为了研究紫外激光探测灰霾的后向散射特性,基于Mie散射理论和蒙特卡洛方法,建立紫外激光后向散射探测灰霾模型,仿真灰霾条件下紫外激光的后向散射过程,并分析了不同宽度紫外激光脉冲后向散射回波的峰值功率、波峰时延和半高全宽等特征。研究结果表明,在一定灰霾浓度范围内,灰霾浓度越低,发射脉冲越窄时,激光回波畸变越明显,当发射脉冲宽度大于10 ns,激光回波近似呈高斯分布;在发射脉冲宽度相同的条件下,激光回波峰值功率和回波波峰时延随着灰霾浓度的增大而增大,回波半高全宽随着灰霾浓度的增大而减小,当发射脉冲宽度大于32 ns,回波峰值功率趋于平缓。文中研究成果可为紫外激光探测灰霾浓度及分析灰霾后向散射激光回波特性提供依据。     

时频空域混叠脉冲串辐射源信号直接定位算法

当既定侦察区域存在多个数目未知且信号参数相似的脉冲串辐射源信号时,采用经典的多目标定位算法和直接定位算法(DPD)均无法对多个辐射源信号进行精确定位.该文提出了一种基于位置信息累积的脉冲串直接定位算法(L-DPD).算法采用多个运动侦察站对固定目标辐射源进行信号接收,充分利用脉冲串信号的位置信息并联合各脉冲的时延、频移...     

对地观测星载激光测高系统高程误差分析

星载激光测高系统通过接收卫星平台激光器发出的激光脉冲经地表反射的微弱回波,计算卫星与地表的距离;结合卫星轨道和姿态数据,生成激光脚点精确地理位置和高程结果.其高程误差主要受器件、环境和目标参数影响,目前还没有完整描述对地观测星载激光测高系统平面和高程误差的数学模型.简化并完善了针对固体地表的激光测距误差模型,建立了完整的激光脚点平面和高程误差模型.利用高程精度和空间分辨率更高的机载Lidar数据评估了星载激光测高系统GLAS实测数据的高程偏差,评估结果符合所建误差模型.在较平坦的冰盖表面,GLAS系统高程精度可以达到设计值约15 cm.研究内容对测高系统高程误差评估和系统参数设计具有参考意义.     

激光在云层信道中传输的蒙特卡罗模拟

针对云层介质对激光传输有较强的吸收和散射作用,严重影响了激光对潜通信系统的应用范围这一问题,采用Monte Carlo法来模拟激光在云层中传输的过程。得出云层光脉冲的时间扩展特性和部分参数的模拟结果,为通信系统进行后期的分析和设计提供了一定的理论和实用价值。     

考虑多次散射的卷云几何特征和光学特性反演方法

研究了考虑多次散射的卷云几何特征和光学特性反演方法,对反演卷云高度和卷云激光雷达比的方法进行了改进。采用多次散射因子对卷云消光系数曲线进行修正,选取云底及云顶附近高度消光系数变化率的均值求解云层高度修正误差,对微分零交叉法求解得到的卷云高度进行修正,实现了较为精确的激光雷达云层高度反演。采用以边界值处消光系数和卷云光学厚度为约束条件的粒子群算法,求解卷云有效激光雷达比,选用半解析Monte Carlo方法,计算总散射信号与一次散射信号的比值,并结合Platt多次散射因子方程求得多次散射因子,实现了卷云激光雷达比的准确求解。使用Mie散射激光雷达真实回波信号进行了验证。结果表明,该改进方法具有较高的精度,更具应用价值。