PM2.5与红绿灯

随着2011年岁末北京以及中国中东部频频出现的阴霾天气,“PM2．5”飞蹿成为一个令人揪心的新闻热词。PM2．5是指大气中直径2_5微米以下的可入肺颗粒物,对健康危害极大。在美国,每年因PM2．5致病的死亡人数在五六万人,与交通事故致死的人数相当。而在北京这样的簸箕式地形,一遇无风的阴霾天,PM2．5的浓度远远高于世界其他大都市。PM2．5主要来自机动车排放、燃煤排放、建筑工地扬尘。针对汽车排放中PM2．5．北京将提前采用“国5”严厉排放标准;加速旧车报废;推广新能源车等。然而,治理PM2．5不光是环保部门的事,而是一个系统工程。     

上海闵行地区室内外可吸入颗粒物研究

可吸入颗粒物对人体健康有严重影响，本文对上海交通大学闵行校区内的PM10和PM2．5进行了监测和分析，结果表明PM10和PM2．5的污染是严重的，而且PM2．5的污染要比PM10的污染程度严重。PM10的超标倍数可达国家标准的2、4倍，PM2．5的超标倍数可达国家标准的5．6倍，PM2．5的浓度对PM10的浓度有线性影响作用。     

PM2．5重量法标准装置研制及溯源性研究

重量法是PM2．5测量的基础和标准方法,通过对重量法在PM2．5浓度测试中存在的问题进行分析和研究,研制出一套采样与称重为一体的自动化PM2．5浓度测量装置。按照《HJ 618—2011环境空气PM10和PM2．5的测定重量法》中对重量法过程各参数要求,对装置的多个参数进行性能测试,证明该装置测试系统稳定可靠,能够达到预计精度的测量目标。装置应用设计灵活,可根据试验要求对参数进行修改来设计测试程序,进行PM2．5浓度及试验辅助参数试验。 PM2．5重量法标准装置的建立使得PM2．5的检测数据可溯源至质量基准,为建立PM2．5监测仪计量标准体系打下基础。     

对区域大气环境中的PM2．5PM10的空间分布的分析

大气环境中的PM2．5和PM10是重要的空气污染物,其危害较大,对人体健康、气候都有负面影响。因此借助于动态化的检测技术配合CPS对其进行空间分布的分析是很重要的。     

新型干法水泥回转窑可吸入颗粒物计量检测研究

采用冲击式尘粒分级仪对某台5 000 t/d新型干法水泥回转窑的颗粒物排放进行了研究,以掌握颗粒物排放浓度和粒径分布情况.测试结果表明,窑头和窑尾除尘器出口排放的总颗粒物浓度分别为66.87 mg/Nm3和41.69 mg/Nm3,不能满足2010年新修订的国家标准.年排放颗粒物总量为227 t,其中PM2.5和PM10排放量分别为33.5 t和113 t.对回转窑排放颗粒物的粒径分布进行分析,发现非常符合对数正态分布规律,线性相关系数均大于0.99,窑头和窑尾排放颗粒物的中位直径分别为4.4μm和6.2μm.     

对PM2．5和城市大气污染的分析

在对PM2．5的主要来源进行探讨的同时,分析了城市中由PM2．5导致的大气污染原因。最后,根据当前城市发展的具体情况,提出了加强城市大气污染的措施。     

浅谈PM2．5自动监测方法

介绍国内目前PM2．5自动监测采用的方法,以及PM2．5自动监测现状,对国内采用PM2．5自动监测的原理、优劣做了阐述。     

烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)采样技术及PM2.5监测问题的研究

烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)用于对大气固定污染源排放的烟尘、气态污染物进行排放浓度以及其它烟气参数的连续监测。简要介绍了燃煤产生的颗粒物,尤其是PM2.5给人体造成的危害,着重分析了CEMS系统的采样方法和PM2.5的重量测定,比较其各自的特点,最后,对有关现场校准的问题及PM2.5监测的问题进行探讨。     

声凝并中颗粒间相互作用研究进展

声凝并是细颗粒物(PM2.5)排放控制的重要技术途径,其通过外加声场作用促进PM2.5发生碰撞凝并,使得颗粒数目减少、粒径增大,从而提高后续除尘装置的效率。对声凝并中颗粒间的相互作用机理,包括同向相互作用、声尾流效应、互辐射压力效应、互散射效应的相关研究进行总结和评述,结合声凝并技术在PM2.5排放控制中的应用,指出已有研究在理论模型和实验观测上存在的问题,进而提出今后的研究应在实验方法上进行创新,发展出能够跟踪微米和亚微米尺度PM2.5颗粒或颗粒团相互作用过程细节信息的实验手段,为理论模型的实验验证提供数据支撑;同时应进一步发展理论模型,从而在模型验证的基础上,充分发挥数值模拟的优势,全面识别声凝并中颗粒间相互作用的动力学行为。     

PM2.5监测进展

自2011年底PM2.5进入公众视野后,有人评说,现在进入了“3P”时代：GDP,CPI、PM2．5。目前北京已针对本市PM2．5污染的主要成因,确定必须治理措施,PM2．5作为环境空气中空气动力学当量直径小于等于2．5微米的颗粒物,它的直径还不到人头发丝粗细的1／20,可直接进入人的支气管,对环境和人体健康等有重要影响。之后,PM2．5被纳入新的环境空气质量标准,并在一些地方开始监测。2012年全国“两会”上,PM2．5首次写入政府工作报告。全社会对PM2．5的关注和重视,折射出当前我国环境污染的严峻性。     

Seasonal and spatial trends of suspended-particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban Shizuoka, Japan

We characterized the monthly variations of 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with suspended particles in the city of Shizuoka, Japan, over 12 months during 2001 and 2002. The fraction of fine particles (less than 2.5 microm diameter (PM2.5)) ranged from 40 to 60% of total suspended particles over the 12 months of the study, and their concentrations ranged from 19.3 to 41.7 microg/m(3). Almost all the PAHs were found in the PM2.5 fraction, in which the summed concentration (sigma PAH) of the 21 PAHs ranged from 1.0 to 8.4 ng/m(3). PAH concentrations were elevated in the colder seasons, but the concentrations of the PM2.5 fraction of suspended particles were not. The composition of PAHs associated with PM2.5 changed little during the year of our study, indicating that seasonal sources such as heating have little effect. Factor analysis showed that three factors explain little of the seasonal variations in the sources of PAHs. Contour maps showed high concentrations of indicator PAHs for gasoline and diesel engine sources distributed along major roads and near factories on the outskirts of the city. We concluded that the contribution of vehicle exhausts to particle-associated PAHs is significant not only in the central city, but also in outer areas associated with major ring roads, and suggest that air pollution in outskirts of urban area also is concerned for health risk associated with the exposure.     

秋收季节稻草燃烧粒子大气脱水醣类成分与粒径分布研究

以台湾中南部水稻作物区域为目标,探讨秋收稻草燃烧烟尘大气脱水醣类粒径分布成分特征;以改良离子层析仪解析3种大气悬浮粒子(PM2.5、PM10、总悬浮颗粒(TSP))大气脱水醣类成分浓度(左旋葡萄糖、甘露聚糖)与粒径分布,并探讨稻草燃烧对大气粒子的贡献率。结果显示,稻草燃烧期间大气(乡村/市郊)两种粒子(PM2.5与TSP)左旋葡萄糖浓度均大幅上升,两种粒子收成燃烧期间较非收成季节升高约5.5倍(较收成季节背景PM2.5与总悬浮颗粒分别高1.21倍与1.40倍)严重影响区域空气质量。市郊含左旋葡萄糖粒子分布以PM2.5细微粒为主(占TSP81%以上);乡村左旋葡萄糖粒径分布较广,PM2.5粒子占TSP56%左右,粗大粒子(PM>10)占总悬浮颗粒的35%。此外,结果显示稻草生物质燃烧对区域PM2.5粒子平均贡献率为12%,市郊稍高于乡村(乡村、市郊平均贡献率分别为10.5%、13.0%),显现稻草生物质燃烧对台湾中南部空气质量有严重影响。     

Coagulation and Collection of PM2.5 Based on a Stack Coagulator

China recently put forward stronger requirements for PM2.5 emission in 2012. Electrostatic precipitators have relatively low efficiency for the collection of submicron particle, especially for PM2.5. An alternate way to increase its efficiency is to enforce the coagulation and, thereby, form larger particles. In this work, we propose an efficient way to enhance the coagulation between oppositely charged particles by using a stack coagulator. Firstly, in order to explore the impact of the bipolar charging and coagulation to the separation efficient of PM2.5, we use system modeling and simulation to explore the whole charge-coagulation-collection process of PM2.5. The results show that the coagulation rate of bipolarly charged particles can be increased by a factor of 10² ～ 10⁴ compared to the neutral particles and the collection efficiency of dust particles increases as the particle size grows. Subsequently, via the dust particles coagulation experiments, the emission rate chart and emission reduction charts of PM2.5 are plotted, which indicate that the average emission reduction of PM2.5 is almost 85%.     

杭州市大气悬浮颗粒PM_(2.5)污染状况及化学组成特征分析

为了解杭州市大气悬浮颗粒物PM2.5污染状况及化学组成特征,2006年在杭州市内布设2个监测点位,按季节进行采样,并对悬浮颗粒物PM2.5中20种元素进行定量研究。结果表明:杭州市区大气中悬浮颗粒物PM2.5的年均质量浓度值为77.5μg/m3,其中S、Si、Ca、K等元素年平均质量浓度大于1.0μg/m3。元素Si、Al、Fe、Mg、V、K、Na、Ti、Mn、Ca、P、Cr、Ni主要来源于地壳,而元素Cl、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Br、S、Se等主要来源于人为排放源。     

光散射法颗粒物监测仪粒径识别检测装置的搭建及方法研究

设计并搭建了粒径识别法光散射粉尘仪检测装置,以柴田LD-5型光散射粉尘仪作为参考粉尘仪(TSP),采用不同粒径(0.6,2.0,2.3,2.5,2.7,3.0,3.2,3.4,3.7 μm)的单分散聚苯乙烯小球对某台具有粒径识别功能的PM2.5传感器的粒径识别误差进行检测.如果传感器粒径识别功能是准确的,当粒径＞2.5...     

Source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing in 2004

Based on measurements of fine particulate matter (PM2.5, i.e., particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microm or less) in January and August 2004, serious air pollution persists in Beijing. The chemical analysis included organic and elemental carbon, water-soluble ions, and elemental compositions. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) method was used to apportion the PM2.5 sources. The sources contributing dominantly to PM2.5 mass concentrations are coal combustion in winter and the secondary products in summer. Furthermore, the contributions from motor vehicles, road dusts and biomass burning could not be neglected. The products of biomass burning for winter heating in the area around Beijing could enter the urban area during quasi-quiescent weather conditions. In conclusion, some effective control measures were proposed to reduce the PM2.5 pollution in Beijing.     

Statistical analysis of atmospheric trace metals and particulate fractions in Islamabad, Pakistan

Airborne suspended particulate matter was collected on glass fibre filters in urban atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan, using high volume sampler. The particulate samples were analysed for 10 selected metals (Fe, Na, Zn, K, Pb, Mn, Cr, Ni, Co and Cd) by FAAS method. Maximum mean contribution was noted for Fe (1.761microg/m(3)), followed by Na (1.661microg/m(3)), Zn (1.021microg/m(3)), K (0.488microg/m(3)) and Pb (0.128microg/m(3)). The particle size determination on vol.% basis for nine fractions (PM(<1.0), PM(1.0-2.5), PM(2.5-5), PM(5-10), PM(10-15), PM(15-25), PM(25-50), PM(50-100) and PM(>100)) was carried out using Mastersizer. PM(5.0-10) were found to be most abundant in the local atmosphere followed by PM(2.5-5.0) and PM(15-25) while coarse/giant particles (PM(50-100) and PM(>100)) showed lower contribution. The trace metals were found to be mainly associated with smaller particulate fractions up to PM(10-15). Among the climatic parameters temperature has significant relationship with fine particles and airborne metal levels while relative humidity showed negative correlation. The source identification was carried out by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Five metal sources were identified: industrial, vehicular emissions, metallurgical operations, garbage incineration and soil derived dust. The metal levels were also compared with those reported for other rural and urban parts around the world.     

2008年夏季广州大气消光系数与细粒子的关系

为了解夏季广州大气中细粒子消光特性,利用浊度仪、黑碳仪和自动气象站获得散射系数μsp、吸收系数μap以及气象要素等观测数据,并利用采样器采集大气悬浮颗粒物PM2.5和PM1.0样品获取其质量浓度。结果表明,散射系数μsp、吸收系数μap和大气消光系数(μext=μsp+μap)的平均值分别为(226±111)、(53±20)、(280±125)Mm-1;大气悬浮颗粒PM2.5和PM1.0的质量浓度分别为(53.7±23.2)、(46.1±21.3)μg/m3;消光系数μext与PM2.5和PM1.0的相关性系数分别达到0.96和0.93;PM2.5和PM1.0的平均质量浓度消光效率分别为到5.2、5.5 m2/g,表明大气中小粒径的粒子对消光系数的影响更为明显。     

辽宁中部城市群可吸入颗粒物PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的污染水平

利用辽宁中部沈阳、鞍山、抚顺和本溪4个城市2006年8月—2007年10月可吸入颗粒物PM10、PM2.5、PM1的监测资料及同步气象因子的监测资料,分析了其分布特征、污染水平及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:受区域天气系统的影响,4个城市PM10、PM2.5的日均浓度变化趋势基本一致,具有区域分布特征;PM10超标率冬季最高,PM2.5超标率冬季最高,夏季7月份也较高;PM2.5日均浓度占PM10日均浓度的比例夏季或冬季最大,春季4、5月份最小;PM10、PM2.5和PM1之间有很好的相关性;PM10与风速、温度呈负相关,PM2.5和PM1与能见度、风速、温度呈负相关,与相对湿度成正相关。     

Concentrations of ambient air particulates (TSP, PM2.5 and PM2.5-10) and ionic species at offshore areas near Taiwan Strait

The concentrations of total suspended particulate (TSP), fine particles PM(2.5) (with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microm), coarse particles PM(2.5-10) (with aerodynamic diameter 2.5-10 microm,), and water-soluble inorganic ions were studied at two offshore sampling sites, Taichung Harbor (TH) and Wuci Traffic (WT), near Taiwan Strait in central Taiwan during March 2004 to January 2005. Statistical analyses were also carried out to estimate the possible sources of particulate pollution. Experimental results showed that the average mass concentrations of TSP, PM(2.5) and PM(2.5-10) at TH and WT sampling sites were 154.54 +/- 31.45 and 113.59 +/- 31.94 microg m(-3), 54.03 +/- 16.92 and 42.76 +/- 12.52 microg m(-3), and 30.31+/- 9.79 and 24.16 +/- 7.27 microg m(-3), respectively. The dominant inorganic ions at two sampling sites were SO(4)(2-), NO(3)(-), and NH(4)(+) for TSP and PM(2.5), but that were Ca(2+), Cl(-), and Na(+) for PM(2.5-10). The concentrations of most particulates and inorganic ions were higher in winter at both two sampling sites, and were higher at TH than WT sampling site in each season. From statistical analysis, air-slake of crust surface, sea-salt aerosols, agriculture activities, coal combustion, and mobile vehicles were the possible emission sources of particulate pollution at TH and WT sampling sites.