Relationships between aptitudes and vocabulary learning at different stages of practice.

Attempted to replicate a study by D. M. Roberts, F. J. King, and R. P. Kropp (see pa, vol. 45:7370) which, using a learning-how-to-learn methodology, explored relationships between abilities and vocabulary learning at different stages of practice, utilizing 2 instructional methods. 131 10th graders were given a battery of 9 tests (defined either by J. P. Guilford's structure-of-intellect model or the kit of reference tests for cognitive factors) followed by daily vocabulary practice for 3 wk. Achievement and time criteria were used as dependent variables. Results show increasing achievement scores and decreasing times to work through the learning materials across blocks of practice for both instructional methods. Cognitive test correlations decreased across practice while perceptual speed test correlations with criterion performance were low and showed little change. In general, the current data is in agreement with the previous results and offers little support for aptitude * treatment interaction theory. (french summary) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 2: Mercury exposure in dental practice

This is the second article in a series of seven on the future of dental amalgam. It describes the means of exposure to mercury which can occur in dental surgeries from the storage of mercury, preparation and placement of dental amalgam restorations, polishing dental amalgam restorations, the removal of amalgam fillings and the storage of waste amalgam. It also reports on the monitoring of dental practices and studies on the mercury air levels in dental surgeries and blood and urine levels in dentists and their staff. Also, studies which compare these levels with the health and neurobehaviour of dentists and their staff are included. In addition, it discusses post-mortem studies of the mercury levels in body organs in dentists and controls. It then recommends methods for the safe handling of mercury and dental amalgam. Finally, it discusses the issues surrounding the release of mercury into the environment from dental practices and industry.     

The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 1: Dental amalgam structure and corrosion

This is the first article in a series of seven on the future of dental amalgam. Dental amalgam is still the most useful restorative material for posterior teeth and has been used successfully for over 100 years. The history of dental amalgam since its introduction in 1819 and the controversies about its use between 1834 and today are described. The composition of the various dental amalgams in clinical use today are then reported. It finally covers the corrosion of amalgams since this is the means by which metals, including mercury, can be released.     

Relation between foremen's leadership attitudes and the skill level of their work groups.

Studied the relation between foremen's leadership attitudes, as measured by the Leadership Opinion Questionnaire, and the skill level of their work groups. Ss were 243 foremen and 66 general foremen in a manufacturing plant. Results indicate that the skill level of the foremen's work group was significantly related (p     

Vacuum evaporation of KCl-NaCl salts: Part II. vaporization-rate model and experimental results

A model based on the Hertz-Langmuir relation is used to describe how evaporation rates of the binary KCl-NaCl system change with time. The effective evaporation coefficient (α), which is a ratio of the actual evaporation rate to the theoretical maximum, was obtained for the KCl-NaCl system using this model. In the temperature range of 640 °C to 760 °C, the effective evaporation coefficient ranges from ～0.4 to 0.1 for evaporation experiments conducted at 0.13 Pa. At temperatures below the melting point, the lower evaporation coefficients are suggested to result from the more complex path that a molecule needs to follow before escaping to the gas phase. At the higher liquid temperatures, the decreasing evaporation coefficients result from a combination of the increasing vaporflow resistances and the heat-transfer effects at the evaporation surface and the condensate layer. The microanalysis of the condensate verified that composition of the condensate changes with time, consistent with the model calculation. The microstructural examination revealed that the vaporate may have condensed as a single solution phase, which upon cooling forms fine lamellar structures of the equilibrium KCl and NaCl phases. In conclusion, the optimum design of the evaporation process and equipment must take the mass and heat transfer factors and equipment materials issues into consideration.     

Relationships between memories of their parents' behavior and psychodiagnosis in psychiatrically disturbed soldiers.

Presence or absence of psychopathology and psychodiagnosis were investigated in their relationships to adult Ss' memories of their parents' child-rearing behavior on Schaefer's Report of Parent Behavior Inventory (RPBI). Ss were 80 neuropsychiatric soldier patients (24 schizophrenics, 20 neurotics, 36 character and behavior disorders) and 117 normal Ss. Normal Ss did not remember their mothers significantly differently than did neuropsychiatric Ss, but did remember their fathers to have been relatively more supportive, giving, and encouraging of intellectual and social growth than neuropsychiatric patients remembered their fathers as having been. Within the neuropsychiatric sample, neurotics remembered their parents' behavior more favorably than did character and behavior disorders or schizophrenics. (15 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Contact tracing as a part of HIV infection prevention. Current practice and attitudes of general practitioners and hospital physicians; preliminary results

All doctors that had reported a newly-identified HIV infected person to the national HIV surveillance unit during a nine months period were traced and interviewed for one year later. The results of the interviews that related to 102 out of 195 (52%) reports were compared between the 48 interviewed general practitioners (GPs) and the 33 interviewed hospital doctors (HDs). Both GPs and HDs found it difficult to give a positive HIV test result and wanted to co-work with trained counsellors for the partner notification (PN) process. It was neither a routine for all GPs nor for all HDs to ask the patients about sexual behaviour and to discuss safe sex, and screening for other STD's was rarely performed. The number of partners notified was low. HIV reporting doctors in Denmark seem motivated for PN. The outcome of PN can only be measured to a certain level as long as exposed partners are neither obliged to be tested nor to be counselled and as long as information about counselling and testing can not be shared between doctors in different settings.     

Electromagnetic refining of aluminum alloys by the CREM process: Part II. Specific practical problems and their solutions

An experimental investigation, described in Part I and bearing on aluminum alloy billets produced by the CREM process, has shown that the main characteristics of this new technology are the elimination of the need for grain-refiner master alloys and a marked reduction of the scalping operation. Part II reports on the examination of the problems specific to the CREM process, which occur particularly during slab casting. The three-dimensional (3-D) aspect of the electromagnetic and fluid flow phenomena, the effect of the electrical conductivity of the ingot mold, and the improvement of the process design are examined.     

Polythermal and isothermal sections of the system titanium-copper-silver. Part II

Conclusions The method of thermal analysis was used to study the structure of three polythermal sections of the constitution diagram of the system titanium-copper-silver: at 5 at.% Ag, at 60 at.% Ag, and the radial section TiAg ()-Cu. On the basis of these polythermal sections and of the liquidus surface, isothermal sections of the system titanium-copper-silver at 1300, 1005, 960, and 900°C have been constructed. The processes taking place in the ternary system titanium-copper-silver and in the bounding binary systems have been represented in the form of a diagram.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 5(89), pp. 73–78, May, 1970.     

Relationships between personality variables and components of the expectancy-valence model.

Explored relationships between the personality variables of self-esteem, locus of control, restraint, and Protestant ethic values with components of the expectancy-valence model with 146 US Air Force Ss in a technical training program. Ss were administered a battery of measures, including Rotter's Internal-External Control Scale and the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey. Primary findings were that locus of control and Protestant ethic values were related to expectancy components. Contrary to prediction, restraint was not related to the error of prediction of the expectancy model, but it was related to expectancy components and to ratings of effort. Self-esteem showed no relationships with either of the components, but the reliability of this scale was unacceptably low. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Deformation bands, the LEDS theory, and their importance in texture development: Part II. Theoretical conclusions

The facts regarding “regular” deformation bands (DBs) outlined in Part I of this series of articles are related to the low-energy dislocation structure (LEDS) theory of dislocation-based plasticity. They prompt an expansion of the theory by including the stresses due to strain gradients on account of changing selections of slip systems to the previously known dislocation driving forces. This last and until now neglected driving force is much smaller than the components considered hitherto, principally due to the applied stress and to mutual stress-screening among neighbor dislocations. As a result, it permits a near-proof of the LEDS hypothesis, to wit that among all structures which, in principle, are accessible to the dislocations, that one is realized which has the lowest free energy. Specifically, the temperature rises that would result from annihilating the largest DBs amount to only several millidegrees Centigrade, meaning that they, and by implication the entire dislocation structures, are close to thermodynamical equilibrium. This is in stark contrast to the assumption of the presently widespread self-organizing dislocation structures (SODS) modeling that plastic deformation occurs far from equilibrium and is subject to Prigogine’s thermodynamics of energy-flow-through systems. It also holds out promise for future rapid advances in the construction of constitutive equations, since the LEDS hypothesis is the principal basis of the LEDS theory of plastic deformation and follows directly from the second law of thermodynamics in conjunction with Newton’s third law. By contrast, all other known models of metal plasticity are in conflict with the LEDS hypothesis. In regard to texture modeling, the present analysis shows that Taylor’s criterion of minimum plastic work is incorrect and should be replaced by the criterion of minimum free energy in the stressed state. Last, the LEDS hypothesis is but a special case of the more general low-energy structure (LES) hypothesis, applying to plastic deformation independent of the deformation mechanism. It is thus seen that plastic deformation is one of nature’s means to generate order, as a byproduct of the entropy generation when mechanical work is largely converted into heat.     

Relationships between the imporatnce and the satisfaction of various environmental factors.

The relationship between the importance of 73 environmental factors and the satisfaction or dissatisfaction which these elicit was investigated for 1935 government employees. Results indicate (a) a V shaped distribution between satisfaction-dissatisfaction and importance; (b) a positive correlation between satisfaction and importance, but a negative correlation between dissatisfaction and importance; and (c) factors of extreme satisfaction or dissatisfaction are more important than mild factors. Findings support a dual theory of self-actualizing and deficiency motivations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The use of dental radiographs to estimate the probability of cavitation of carious interproximal lesions. Part II: Two patient scenarios

Diagnosis of a cavitated interproximal lesion is often not confirmed until the tooth is treated. Before treatment, clinicaians and patients are dealing with probabilities which can be estimated from clinical evidence, radiographic evidence, and information found in the dental literature. The probability of a diagnostic test result being correct is affected by the threshold of the test and the pretest probability of the disease in question, which varies with the prevalence of the disease. We illustrate how clinicians can inform themselves and their patients of the probability of a radiographic lesion being truly cavitated based on graphs that summarize the currently available evidence. Dentists who use these graphs can more accurately inform their patients who can then choose the course of care that best meets their individual needs.     

Coping as a moderator of the relation between anxiety and career decision making.

Examined relations among trait anxiety, coping types, career decision making, and state anxiety related to career decision making with 248 undergraduates. Trait and state anxiety were measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; career decidedness or indecision was measured by the Vocational Decision Scale. Coping types (support-seeking behavior [Type I], self-efficacy behavior [Type II], reactive behavior [Type III], and symptom-altering and/or avoidant behavior [Type IV]) were determined by an adaptation of a coping scale developed by M. Van Sell et al (1980). Results indicate that trait anxiety and low sense of personal efficacy (i.e., not using Type II coping) were the primary predictors of career undecidedness. Three discriminant function analyses revealed that Ss who experienced high trait anxiety and did not use Type II coping were likely to experience high state anxiety and were not likely to make a career decision. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mathematical modeling of the argon-oxygen decarburization refining process of stainless steel: Part II. Application of the model to industrial practice

The mathematical model proposed and presented in Part I of the present work has been used to deal with and analyze the austenitic stainless steel making (including ultralow-carbon steel) and has been tested on data of 32 heats obtained in producing 18Cr9Ni-grade steel in an 18-t argon-oxygen decarburization (AOD) vessel. The results indicated that the carbon concentrations and bath temperatures at the endpoints of blowing periods, calculated by the model, are in excellent agreement with the determined data, and the Cr content after the predeoxidization, obtained from the model predictions, also agrees very well with the observed value. The Gibbs free energies of the oxidation reactions of elements can be used to characterize fully the competitive oxidation among the elements during the refining process and to determine reasonably the corresponding distribution ratios of oxygen. The critical carbon concentration of decarburization (after which the decarburization changes to become controlled by the mass transfer of carbon in molten steel) for the AOD refining process of austenitic stainless steel in an 18-t AOD vessel is in the range of 0.25 to 0.40 mass pct. The model can provide some very useful information and a reliable basis for optimization of the technology of the AOD refining process of stainless steel and control of the process in real time and online.     

Hydride embrittlement in ZIRCALOY-4 plate: Part II. interaction between the tensile stress and the hydride morphology

The effect of an applied tensile stress on the hydrides morphology in ZIRCALOY-4 was studied. To this end, the residual stresses around the hydride caused by the hydride precipitation was first evaluated. Considering the disability to predict hydride transformation stresses by ordinary macroscopical mechanical calculation in previous studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD) profile analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations were carried out to quantify the microstructural evolution in hydrided ZIRCALOY-4. The residual microstrains and microstresses in the matrix and around the hydride were thus estimated. The big discrepancy between our results and the existing studies were explained by the major self-accomodation of phase transformation deformation remaining inside the hydrides and the local plastic accommodation of ZIRCALOY-4. In order to study the stress effect on hydride orientation and to estimate the hydride orientation threshold stresses, hydrogen was introduced into the specimens under tensile stress. A quantitative technique was used to evaluate the susceptibility to perpendicular hydride formation under the influence of texture, residual stresses, and externally applied tensile stresses, following an improved approach that had been first developed by Sauthoff and then applied to Zr-H system by Puls. Both analytical and experimental results indicate that the threshold stress for producing perpendicular hydrides varies with the microstructural features, the yield strength, and the residual stresses.     

A forty-year follow-up on the vocational interests of psychologists and their relationship to career development.

Studied a career development questionnaire completed by 37 male psychologists, and SVIBs which they completed on 3 occasions between 1927 and 1968. Test and retest profiles for the sample were similar over the 40-yr period, but interest in strenuous activities and in activities requiring association with other people decreased with age. No 1 factor seemed to have been dominant in leading Ss to become psychologists. Career development had most often been influenced by major position changes, many affected by environmental factors. Some individual profiles changed markedly over time. 2 groups of 10 Ss each, representing Ss with stable and unstable interests, were compared. The "stable" Ss tended to prefer academic and artistic activities and centered their careers around teaching and research. The "unstable" Ss were more interested in working with people in managerial or supervisory relationships and tended to move from teaching toward administration or business. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)