Magnetic,Dielectric and Complex Impedance Properties of xBa_(0.95)Sr_(0.05)TiO_3–(1-x)BiFe_(0.9)Gd_(0.1)O_3Multiferroic Ceramics

xBa_(0.95)Sr_(0.05)TiO_3–(1-x)BiFe_(0.9)Gd_(0.1)O_3[x BST–(1-x)BFGO](x = 0.00, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.25) multiferroic ceramics were prepared by the standard solid-state reaction technique. Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction. All the samples showed rhombohedral distorted perovskite structure. Surface morphology of the ceramics was studied by the field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM). From the FESEM observation, the grain size was observed to be decreased with increasing BST content. Enhanced magnetic properties were observed in BFGO with the increase in BST content because of large lattice distortion. The complex initial permeability increased with the increasing of BST content. The study of dielectric properties showed that the dielectric constant increased, whereas dielectric loss decreased with increasing of BST content due to the reduction of oxygen vacancies. An analysis of the electric impedance and modulus with frequency was performed at different temperatures. Non-Debye-type relaxation processes occur in the compound which was confirmed from the nature of the Cole–Cole plot. The DC conductivity was found to increase with the rise in temperature which indicates the semiconducting behavior of the compound with characteristics of the negative temperature coefficient of resistance. The activation energy, responsible for the relaxation determined from the modulus spectra(0.246 eV), was found to be almost same as the value obtained from the impedance study(0.240 eV), indicating that charge carriers overcome the same energy barrier during relaxation. The frequency response of imaginary parts of electric impedance and modulus suggested that the relaxation in xB ST–(1-x)BFGO ceramics follows the same mechanism at various temperatures.     

Impedance spectroscopy and dielectric properties of Ce and La substituted Pb0.7Sr0.3(Fe0.012Ti0.988)O3 nanoparticles

We present the structural, microstructural, dielectric and impedance behavior of Pb_0.7Sr_0.3[(Fe_2/3Ce_1/3)_0.012Ti_0.988]O₃ (PSFCT) and Pb_0.7Sr_0.3[(Fe_2/3La_1/3)_0.012Ti_0.988]O₃ (PSFLT) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were prepared by a chemical synthesis route using polyvinyl alcohol as surfactant. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows polycrystalline nature with coexistence of tetragonal and cubic phase in both PSFCT and PSFLT nanoparticles. The average particle size has been measured using Scherer's relation. The average particle sizes also measured by TEM are 10 and 11 nm, and by SEM 9 and 12 nm, respectively, of PSFCT and PSFLT nanoparticles. By measuring the value of relative permittivity (?′) and loss (tan δ) at lower frequency, the dielectric properties show Maxwell-Wagner type interfacial polarization. However, due to nano size effect of PSFCT and PSFLT, dispersionless dielectric response has been observed up to higher frequency of 15 MHz. The frequency dependent real (Z′) and imaginary (Z″) parts of impedance confirmed the variation which was observed in dielectric properties. The values of resistance of grain boundaries, R_gb is higher than grains, R_g indicates that the effect of grain boundaries is dominant on electrical properties when the size of nanoparticles is quite small.     

Study of sprayed coatings and compound materials by impedance spectroscopy

The impedance spectroscopy (IS) and electrical equivalent circuit method were used to investigate both electric and structural properties of materials. The analysis of a hydroxyapatite SPS sprayed layer allowed the determination of the degree of amorphousness. The difference between impedance spectra of dry and moist samples allowed the comparison of samples in terms of their porosity. Results of measurements of barium titanate nanoceramics were presented. The content of amorphous and crystalline phases was found to be dependent on the ceramic grain size. The Curie effect was observed in the crystalline phase which proved that it preserved its ferroelectric properties in spite of nanometre-sized grains.     

Study of ac impedance spectroscopy of Al doped MnFe2−2xAl2xO4

We have reported electrical properties of Al doped MnFe₂O₄ ferrite using ac impedance spectroscopy as a function of frequency (42 Hz to 5 MHz) at different temperatures (300–473 K). XRD analysis shows that all the compositions are single phase cubic spinel in structure. The complex impedance analysis has been used to separate the grain and grain boundary resistance of MnFe_2−2xAl_2xO₄. From the analysis of impedance spectra it is found that the real (Z′), and imaginary (Z″) part of the impedance decrease with increasing frequency and both are found to decrease with Al doping up to 20%, and thereafter, these increase with further increasing the Al concentration. Experimental results have been fitted with two parallel RC equivalent circuits in series.     

AC ionic conductivity investigations on the CsK(SO4)·Te(OH)6 material

Single crystals of CsK(SO₄)·Te(OH)₆ are obtained by slow evaporation at room temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements have been carried out in the temperature range 350–650 K. It reveals three anomalies in the studied temperature range. Complex impedance measurements are performed on this material as a function of both temperature and frequency. The electric conduction and dielectric relaxation have been studied. The temperature dependence of DC conductivity indicates that the sample became an ionic conductor at high temperature. The frequency dependence of conductivity follows the Jonscher’s dynamic law. The high level of conductivity at high temperature is explained by the dynamical disordering of protons between the neighboring SO₄ groups. This behavior indicates the presence of superprotonic phase transition in CsK(SO₄)·Te(OH)₆.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

碳钢在土壤中腐蚀的电化学阻抗谱特征

根据钢铁材料在不同湿度的沈阳、大港和鹰潭三种类型土壤介质听电化学阻抗谱特征,提出了土壤腐蚀的的等效电路模型,同时讨论了湿度对钢铁土壤腐蚀电化学行为的影响。     

富锌涂层的电化学阻抗谱特性

根据在不同浸泡时间测得的富锌涂层的电化学阻抗谱特征,提出了两种等效电路作为其物理模型。讨论了阻抗谱特征变化与富锌涂层结构及性能变化的关系,并根据阻抗谱的解析结果对两种富锌涂层的防护性能进行了评价。     

Surface modification of titanium by chemical and thermal methods – electrochemical impedance spectroscopic studies

Abstract

The surface modification of untreated, alkali treated and alkali heat treated titanium has been investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopic technique. The substrates were treated with 10M NaOH aqueous solutions and subsequently heat treated at 600°C, a thin sodium titanium layer was formed on their surfaces. Thus, the treated substrates formed a dense and uniform bone-like apatite layer on their surfaces in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. This indicates that the alkali and heat treated titanium bond to living bone through the bonelike apatite layer formed on their surface in the body. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) experiments were performed in SBF solution as a function of immersion time. Data of EIS were taken for untreated and the results revealed the formation of one additional layer along with the barrier layer. In case of alkali treated sample, titania gel layer alone dissolves completely and forms apatite and barrier layers, whereas, the alkali and heat treated samples showed three layers namely apatite, gel and barrier layers. The nature of these layers has been obtained by fitting the EIS data to suitable equivalent electrical circuit models. The alkali heat treated titanium results in the faster apatite nucleation and growth on the surface. Immersion in SBF solution exhibited higher apatite film resistance compared to alkali treated and untreated titanium substrate.     

Evaluation of techniques for measuring corrosion activity of carbon steel welds

Abstract

Three test methods, namely immersion tests, galvanostatic anodic dissolution tests and the scanning vibrating probe technique, have been evaluated as candidate methods for ascertaining the susceptibility of welds in carbon steels to preferential corrosion. The use of hardness measurements by profiling and mapping was also evaluated. Three welds were tested for which the production had been controlled to produce different types of corrosion behaviour. In addition, a weld that had failed 'in service' was used to validate the findings of this assessment. In the immersion tests, lasting 9 months, the three controlled weld specimens ex posed to ASTM D1141 sea water behaved as expected, in terms of which region of the weld was most susceptible to corrosion. The results of the rapid galvanostatic anodic dissolution tests compared well with those of the immersion tests, with the same regions of the controlled welds showing susceptibility to corrosion. The galvanostatic anodic dissolution test on the failed weld produced corrosion in the regions that had been susceptible to corrosion in service. However, at very high current densities the differential corrosion loss between different regions of the weld was not maintained and careful control of this parameter is therefore necessary in testing. The scanning vibrating probe technique successfully identified the areas susceptible to preferential corrosion in both the controlled weld specimens and the in service failure. The electrolyte used was ASTM D1141 sea water diluted 10 : 1 with distilled water. However, these trends were not apparent when tests were conducted in distilled water owing to the lower solution conductivity. Hardness mapping produced a two-dimensional visual representation of the specimen hardness. This was very effective in locating small regions of high hardness, in contrast to conventional hardness profiling, and would be effective in locating hot spots for hydrogen embrittlement. However, no correlation between hardness and corrosion susceptibility was observed in the three weld specimens that were examined. The galvanic anodic dissolution test is recommended as a rapid and reliable test to determine the relative corrosion susceptibility of carbon steel welds. The scanning vibrating probe technique can also be effective but at considerably greater expense.     

多孔阳极氧化铝膜EIS阻抗谱研究

为进一步研究多孔氧化铝膜的结构和性能,采用电化学综合分析仪测量并分析不同工艺条件下所制备的阳极氧化铝膜的电化学交流阻抗EIS图谱,建立了不同工艺条件下制备的阳极氧化铝膜的等效电路模型.结果表明:在草酸、磷酸电解液中形成的阳极氧化铝膜是多孔双层膜.在硫酸电解液中形成的直流阳极氧化铝膜的等效电路中无多孔层信息.采用直流、交流和脉冲不同电源方式,在不同电解液中制备的氧化铝膜的EIS阻抗谱各不相同,所模拟的等效电路也有所不同.     

Corrosion protection of iron by α,ω-diphosphonic acid layers

Protective layer formation of α,ω-diphosphono-alkane compounds on iron surface was studied. Layer formation proved to be a spontaneous process on iron, and can be accomplished by simple immersion into an aqueous solution of phosphono compounds, resulting in a thin dense multimolecular adsorption layer with a high corrosion protection effect. The mechanism of inhibition and time dependence of layer formation is presented.     

The behavior of aluminum in alkaline media

Polarization and impedance measurements were performed on aluminum in 0.1, l and 3 mol/l NaOH. The frequency range studied was 1×10⁻²–1×10⁴ Hz in the potential range −2 to −1 V vs. SCE. In polarization experiments the potential was extended up to 0 V vs. SCE. The behavior of the system was characterized by a high frequency capacitive loop related to the charge transfer due to dissolution of the metal, an inductive loop at medium frequency which we have attributed to surface roughening and a second capacitive loop obtained at low frequency which has been ascribed to the adjustment of the surface film to the change in potential resulting in higher charge transfer resistance.     

超声磨削系统等效阻抗模型及负载特性研究

利用力电等效理论建立了磨削用超声换能系统的等效阻抗模型,包括各组成部分的材料特性、尺寸及物理参数。推导了系统谐振频率方程,理论计算和实验研究分析了系统谐振频率受负载的影响特性,结果表明谐振频率随负载增大呈下降趋势变化。研究结果为超声磨削负载控制提供了理论基础。