一般污染地面防渗做法方案比较与分析

随着国家对工程项目环保要求越来越规范和严格,建筑地面防渗处理已成为工业建筑设计的重要组成部分。当前一般污染防治区防渗处理主要采用黏土、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)膜和抗渗混凝土。以实际工程为例,对一般污染防治区防渗处理的方式进行了对比与分析,以期为工程的设计提供了技术依据和重要参考。     

高强韧耐候桥梁钢Q690qNH的防断选材及验收方法

 针对TMCP+T和QT 2种工艺生产的40 mm厚Q690qNH耐候桥梁钢板,分别采用GB/T 228.1—2010和GB/T 229—2020标准进行了纵向表面、1/4、心部和横向表面的室温拉伸试验和-120～+20 ℃系列温度夏比V型冲击试验;采用GB/T 5482—2007和GB/T 6803—2008标准进行了纵向表面、心部和横向表面的-120～+20 ℃系列温度动态撕裂试验和P2型的无塑性转变温度落锤试验;采用GB/T 21143—2014和Q/725-1182—2005标准进行了纵向的裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验和全厚度深缺口宽板拉伸试验,并对各试验结果及其相关关系进行了分析,同时采用光学显微镜观察了2种工艺钢板不同厚度处的金相组织以及采用SEM扫描电镜观察了CTOD试样断口形貌,结合BS 7910的失效评定FAD图,以及典型桥梁焊接构件断裂驱动力的估算,对高强韧耐候桥梁钢Q690qNH的防断选材及验收方法进行了讨论。结果表明,QT工艺钢板的横纵向和厚度方向的强度更加均匀,其塑性、冲击、动态撕裂、CTOD以及断裂韧度K_C等性能较好,可作为D级钢用于关键构件的使用,但作为E级钢,即使用于一般构件也存在风险,而TMCP+T工艺钢板断裂韧性较差,即使作为D级钢也是不符合防断选材要求的;对Q690qNH试验钢,采用1/4厚度处纵向冲击试验的脆性快速增加开始温度作为其防断判据及验收具有良好的可靠性和适用性,作为关键构件使用时,1/4厚度处纵向冲击断口纤维断面率应高于97.5%且冲击吸收功不低于125 J。     

0.18 mm极低损耗取向硅钢电磁特性与铁心性能仿真分析#br#

基于极低损耗取向硅钢研制S15型超高能效变压器对于进一步推动电网节能增效具有重要意义。采用任意波形磁场激励测量系统对比研究了0.18 mm规格取向硅钢、1K101-S普通型、1K102-P高磁感型非晶合金的磁性能及磁致伸缩噪声特性,并分析了0.18 mm取向硅钢在谐波、直流偏磁等复杂工况下的损耗特性,采用MagNet有限元分析软件开展了0.18 mm极低损耗硅钢S15型变压器铁心、绕组建模与仿真分析。结果表明,磁通密度为1.35 T时,18QH065牌号取向硅钢的铁损低至0.349 W/kg,不断接近非晶合金水平,磁感B800则比非晶带材高0.32~0.40 T;取向硅钢的磁致伸缩系数λp-p为0.29×10-6,低于非晶合金超1个数量级。与0.23~0.30 mm常规厚度硅钢相比,0.18 mm薄规格硅钢的谐波损耗优势明显,10%含量的3次、5次谐波损耗与正常工况相比分别上升12.9 %、16.0 %;直流偏置磁场大小对取向硅钢铁损的影响主要在低磁密区,在1.9 T以上0~150 A/m偏置磁场下的铁损几乎相同。设计的10 kV/630 kVA变压器空载损耗仿真计算值为392.5 W,比国标GB 20052—2013中能效1级硅钢变压器的限定值低约31.1 %,噪声比同等容量非晶合金变压器低约10 dB,具有显著的节能和环保优势。     

CMnSiTRIP钢临界退火时的内氧化

通过用高分辨率透射电镜对CMnSiTRIP钢试样断面在临界退火温度下＋3℃露点N2＋10％H2气氛中内氧化平衡进行了观察研究。在实验条件下,认为选择性内氧化的是Mn和Si,临界退火的结果是在表面形成2种类型孤立的粒子：200～340nin的单个MnO晶体颗粒,30～60nm的xMnO·SiO2（1≤x≤4）晶体,非晶仪一xMnO·筋Oz（0〈x〈O．9）氧化粒子。在这些粒子间出现25—55nm厚的不连续薄的氧化层。xMnO·Si（）2层的组成从1≤x≤2时的xMnO·SiO2晶态变化到0〈X〈0．9时的非晶态α—xMnO·SiO2。在亚表面区域,观察到2种不同类型的内氧化区,在第一内氧化区内,表面1μm以下区域,观察到约550nin的细小铁索体晶粒,在这个内氧化区有80～250nm的晶态xMnO·SiO2（1≤X≤2）氧化粒子。在第二内氧化区域,在表面1—4μm以下,铁素体晶粒大小约4μm,与本体晶粒大小相似。粒状的α-SiO2粒子,180～300nm明显连续而广泛的分布。在第二内氧化区内观察到非晶α-SiO2晶界网格,观察到的氧化物分布与主要合金元素Si和Mn的选择性氧化有关,与它们的扩散性、氧化物的稳定性和可溶性在临界退火时的不同有关。在高露点气氛中退火时,基体的脱碳也起到一定作用,在高强钢的连续镀锌时也观察到了相应的选择性氧化。薄的氧化膜的存在不可能促进抑制层的形成,在热镀锌时,钢表面与液态锌润湿,在生产Si轴承钢如常用的CMnSiTRIP钢,高露点退火炉合理操作将导致镀锌表面缺陷的减少。     

400MPa细晶粒热轧钢筋的轧制工艺开发实践

介绍了在连续式小型轧机上综合应用控轧控冷（TMCP）技术和形变诱导铁素体相变（DIFT）理论,研究临界奥氏体区低温精轧和轧后控冷新工艺的试验情况。利用335MPa级的20MnSi钢坯,成功轧制出~b18mm规格和d~25mm规格400MPa级细晶粒热轧钢筋,铁素体晶粒度9．5～10级,尺寸为13～11Ixm,屈服强度425～470MPa,各项性能指标达到GB1499．2—2007《钢筋混凝土用钢第2部分：热轧带肋钢筋》标准要求。     

薄板坯连铸结晶器锥度设计技术研究及应用

以提高结晶器使用寿命和铸坯表面质量为目标,通过建立漏斗区自有锥度、结晶器总锥度和结晶器局部锥度的计算模型,研究了漏斗区的宽度和深度、窄边铜板偏移量以及磨损对结晶器锥度沿高度方向分布的影响,提出了漏斗区自有锥度和局部锥度沿高度方向分布应与铸坯的凝固收缩相匹配的设计理念,对薄板坯连铸结晶器宽面铜板内腔形状及窄边锥度调控工艺进行了优化设计,为结晶器操作工艺及管理制度的优化提供了理论依据。基于上述研究工作,研发了适合于FTSC工艺的新型结晶器,进行了大量的工业生产试验。结果表明:在浇注宽度为1 520mm的铸坯时,窄边附加偏移量可由12mm降低到7mm,窄边铜板的使用寿命得到了大幅度的提高,过钢量为2.25万t后,窄边铜板最大磨损量由5mm降低到2mm以下;新型结晶器有效控制了铸坯窄面凹陷和表面纵裂纹的发生。     

氧瓶燃烧-离子色谱法测定铜精矿中氟

将有机质样品燃烧检测氟离子应用于铜精矿中氟测定,建立了氧瓶燃烧-离子色谱法测定铜精矿中氟的方法。由于铜精矿原样难于燃烧,通过掺杂纤维素助燃(纤维素与铜精矿最佳质量比为7:1),压片制备铜精矿试样,经改进的氧瓶燃烧后被水吸收,吸收液经0.22 μm水系微孔膜,进入离子色谱仪测定氟离子。结果表明,线性范围内(0.100～2.000 mg/L)校准曲线相关系数r>0.999,氟的检出限为2.31 μg/L;按照实验方法测定铜精矿样品中氟,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.8%～4.5%,回收率为92%～97%。将实验方法用于铜精矿标准样品氟含量测定,测定值与认定值吻合性较好;方法对照试验表明,实验方法对氟含量的测定值与国家标准GB/T 3884.5—2012的测定值基本一致。     

Monitoring Method for Blast Furnace Wall With Copper Staves

 A monitoring method that has been designed for the first time for blast furnace wall with copper staves manufactured in China was introduced. Combining the method of “inverse problem” and the concept “non inverse problem”, the monitoring program for blast furnace wall with copper staves has been realized, which can be used to calculate online the accretion thickness and temperature of hot surface of copper staves after obtaining the values of thermocouples of copper staves. The accretion state obtained in the actual investigation has proved that the result of the program is correct. The monitoring program shows that the accretion would easily fluctuate when the accretion layer is extremely thick or thin, thereby the stable and smooth operation of the blast furnace is hindered. By maintaining appropriate accretion thickness, both long campaigns and high productivity of the blast furnace can be achieved; furthermore, it can also optimize the operation of blast furnace and maximize its production. Approximately 30-50 mm in thickness of accretion layer is maintained on the wall of Shougang blast furnace 2, which can meet the requirement for obtaining both long campaign and high productivity.     

调质工艺对Q690D钢综合力学性能及组织的影响

 以60mm厚Q690D高强度结构钢板为研究对象,在相同轧制条件下,系统地研究了淬火、回火温度对试验钢综合力学性能及显微组织的影响,并对第二相析出进行理论分析。试验结果表明：随淬火温度升高,试验钢强度升高,韧性下降;随回火温度升高,试验钢强度下降,但韧性明显升高。该钢采用930℃淬火(保温10min)650℃回火(保温40min)的调质热处理工艺具有良好的强韧性匹配,综合力学性能最佳,满足国标GB/T 16270—2009要求。     

Assessment of Fire Damage to a Reinforced Concrete Structure during Construction

This article summarizes an engineering evaluation of the extent of fire damage to a concrete structure under construction. The fire occurred in a portion of the reinforced concrete structure and visibly damaged a load bearing exterior foundation wall. The purpose of the assessment was to promptly evaluate the in situ condition of the wall and recommend necessary repair or replacement options prior to commencement of backfilling and the concrete construction to be supported by the subject wall. The engineering assessment of the damaged wall included a nondestructive evaluation phase consisting of ultrasonic pulse velocity testing and a laboratory testing phase on the concrete cores removed from the damaged wall. Dynamic Young’s modulus of elasticity and an air permeability index of 25?mm (1?in.) thick disks sawed from the cores were determined. Analysis of properties of 25?mm (1?in.) concrete specimens permitted assessment of the presence and degree of any damage in smaller depth increments compared to the size of a compressive strength core. Significant differences were not indicated by compressive strength of cores, however, the in situ nondestructive testing and laboratory testing of the disks were effective in determining the depth of damage, as a result of the fire. The results of the nondestructive and laboratory evaluation indicated that the distressed zone of the concrete was limited to a near-surface layer. Repair recommendations were based on removal and replacement of the affected concrete sections identified by the testing program.     

高效液相色谱法测定湿法冶金LIX984N铜萃取剂中醛肟和酮肟

醛肟和酮肟的含量直接决定其羟肟类铜萃取剂(以下简称铜萃取剂)的萃取性能状况,因此建立简便可行的测定铜萃取剂中醛肟和酮肟含量的方法意义重大。实验在无醛肟和酮肟标准样品的前提下,选取LIX984N为原料,采用液相色谱仪以半制备方法制备了纯醛肟和酮肟,并以此为标准品,建立了测定湿法冶金LIX984N铜萃取剂产品中醛肟和酮肟的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法。优化后的液相色谱仪操作条件如下:Chromatorex(迪玛)C18(300 mm×30 mm×10 μm)反相柱为半制备柱,ChromatorexC18(250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm)反相柱为分析柱,甲醇为流动相,流动相流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为室温,紫外检测器波长为254 nm。实验表明,醛肟和酮肟均在质量浓度为0.4 μg/mL～1.50 mg/mL范围内与其对应的色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.998。醛肟和酮肟的方法检出限分别为0.12和0.15 μg/mL,测定下限分别为0.4和0.5 μg/mL。按照实验方法对LIX984N铜萃取剂样品中醛肟和酮肟进行测定,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)均小于0.5%,加标回收率为94%～129%。     

Comparison of Pulse Velocity and Impact-Echo Findings to Properties of Thin Disks from a Fire Damaged Slab

The engineering assessment of fire damage to a concrete slab provided the opportunity to compare the results of in situ, nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques and laboratory testing of specimens taken from cores extracted from the fire damaged slab. This paper discusses and compares results of in situ pulse velocity and impact-echo testing with dynamic elastic modulus and air permeability index test results of 25?mm (1?in.) thick disks sawed from concrete cores removed from selected areas of the damaged slab. Both the NDE techniques and the laboratory testing of thin disks identified the presence of damage as a result of the fire. Analysis of the relatively thin concrete specimens permitted assessment of the presence and degree of damage in thin layers, and provided important and useful data on concrete properties for engineering assessment which was not available from NDE alone. Compressive strength results were consistent with the results of other tests but largely inconclusive by themselves. Impact-echo testing was able to identify the presence of a severely deteriorated concrete layer but could not identify the extent or depth of damage or clearly identify less damaged areas. A distressed layer of concrete was found by subsequent laboratory testing to be limited to a near-surface zone in some areas as suggested by the pulse velocity evaluation, but pulse velocity based analysis resulted in an overestimate of the depth of the damage. The findings highlighted a shortcoming of using conventional strength testing alone on investigations involving relatively thin layers of damage and pointed out several key limitations in the use and interpretation of nondestructive evaluation and associated analysis in a field assessment project.     

热解-金汞齐捕集-原子吸收光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中汞的影响因素及适用性讨论

对热解-金汞齐捕集-原子吸收光谱法测定土壤和沉积物中汞的影响因素进行了讨论,并选取12个含量范围为14～1 700 ng/g的土壤和沉积物标准物质验证了实验方法的适用性;同时对进样量、镍舟的维护、记忆效应的消除等给出了参考建议。正交试验表明:分解温度是主要影响因素,调试仪器应优先设定分解温度;最佳仪器条件为干燥温度250 ℃、干燥时间20 s、分解温度800 ℃和分解时间180 s。验证试验表明:当土壤或沉积物中汞含量大于30 ng/g时,实验方法测定结果的相对误差和相对标准偏差(RSD, n=6)均不大于21.4%和4.3%,满足HJ/T 166-2004《土壤环境监测技术规范》的要求。采用实验方法对冶炼企业周边农田土壤、某水库沉积底泥、某污水场处理污泥中的汞进行测定,测得结果在85.7～9.06×10³ ng/g之间,RSD(n=6)不大于4.4%。