聚丙烯纤维和膨胀剂对高强轻质混凝土收缩和抗开裂性能的影响

试验配制了等强的普通混凝土和高强轻质混凝土,为改善高强轻质混凝土的收缩和抗开裂性能,向其中分别单掺、双掺了膨胀剂和聚乙烯纤维.通过自由收缩试验和约束收缩试验研究了聚丙烯纤维和膨胀剂对高强轻质混凝土收缩和抗开裂性能的影响.试验结果表明,聚丙烯纤维和膨胀剂均可以改善高强轻质混凝土的收缩和抗开裂性能;按照本试验的掺量进行双掺,制成的高强轻质混凝土的收缩和抗开裂性能均优于普通混凝土.     

矿渣微粉对混凝土体积稳定性的影响研究

通过对混凝土的水化热、化学收缩、自由收缩、约束条件下的开裂敏感性、氯离子渗透能力等的分析,指出比表面积为450m2/kg的矿粉掺量在30%以内时会恶化混凝土体积稳定性,掺量达到50%时能改善混凝土体积稳定性。     

纤维自密实混凝土早期收缩及阻裂特性研究

采用非接触收缩变形试验、平板抗裂试验以及三点弯曲梁声发射检测,研究了掺PVA纤维、钢纤维以及两者混杂自密实混凝土(SCC)的早期塑性收缩、约束收缩以及荷载作用下的阻裂特性.结果表明,所掺的PVA纤维对改善SCC早期自由收缩作用有限,但能够抑制约束条件下基体的开裂;体积掺量分别为0.07％和1.0％的PVA纤维与钢纤维混杂后,对降低SCC早期收缩开裂效果显著,所配制的SCC抗裂性达到Ⅰ级标准;PVA纤维可闭合加载初期SCC基体中的微裂缝,钢纤维则能有效阻止加载中期裂缝的衍生和扩展,由于两种纤维的协同阻裂作用,能够有效改善SCC的断裂韧性.     

减缩混凝土胶凝材料的优化配伍

采用收缩试验测定粉煤灰等体积和等质量替代水泥、粉煤灰等质量替代细骨料以及粉煤灰和矿粉等质量双掺替代水泥后的收缩值;进一步用圆环试验对其进行验证。试验表明：当单掺粉煤灰时粉煤灰的质量掺量在20％～30％时,混凝土的收缩值较小;当单掺矿粉时,矿粉的质量掺量在20％左右时,混凝土的收缩值较小;矿粉和粉煤灰双掺时其最佳掺量与单掺时相近;圆环开裂试验验证了以上结论。     

聚丙烯纤维对超轻泡沫混凝土收缩开裂的影响

本试验制备了采用物理发泡法和化学发泡法两种发泡方式的超轻泡沫混凝土,在具备良好力学性能的基础上,研究了聚丙烯纤维掺量对超轻泡沫混凝土收缩开裂的影响,分析了纤维掺量对泡沫混凝土的减裂机理。结果表明,聚丙烯纤维的掺入能够显著降低超轻泡沫混凝土的收缩开裂;在相同条件下,化学发泡法制备出的超轻泡沫混凝土的收缩开裂权重值比物理发泡法的小。     

铁尾矿微粉对低熟料胶凝材料混凝土性能的影响研究

以铁尾矿微粉和低熟料胶凝材料体系为对象,主要研究了基准水泥-粉煤灰-矿渣粉组成的低熟料胶凝材料体系在铁尾矿微粉不同掺量下对混凝土的和易性、抗压强度、体积稳定性、耐久性,以及早期水化热的影响规律.结果 表明,在混凝土相同流动状态下,掺20％的铁尾矿微粉不会增大混凝土减水剂用量,28 d混凝土强度满足强度等级要求.掺15％的铁尾矿微粉能延长净浆和胶砂体系首次开裂时间,能够减小混凝土的后期干燥收缩.将铁尾矿微粉控制在20％的掺量以内时,不会降低混凝土的耐久性能.通过水化热试验发现,低熟料胶凝材料体系能够明显降低浆体早期水化热和最大放热速率.即便在大掺量下,铁尾矿微粉低熟料胶凝材料混凝土长龄期强度仍可以满足要求,具有应用的技术可行性.     

粉煤灰对混凝土体积稳定性影响的研究

混凝土体积稳定性指混凝土由于水化反应、环境变化及介质侵蚀引起的体积变化。通过对水化热、自由收缩、约束条件下开裂敏感性、碱集料反应、孔径分析等进行系统分析，指出掺加粉煤灰能够改善混凝土体积稳定性，但掺量过高会影响混凝土强度。     

钢板混凝土组合剪力墙早期裂缝试验研究

针对钢板混凝土组合剪力墙结构早期开裂问题,设计了混凝土中掺加膨胀剂、内养护剂、钢纤维、膨胀剂与内养护剂复掺4种情况下的早期收缩及早期平板约束开裂试验,以此来研究钢板混凝土组合剪力墙中高强高性能混凝土的抗裂减缩效果.结果表明:膨胀剂、内养护剂、钢纤维、膨胀剂与内养护剂复掺都可以降低混凝土的早期收缩;膨胀剂与内养护剂复掺明显改善了膨胀剂的膨胀效果,使混凝土的膨胀应变及膨胀时间得到显著提升,降低28 d收缩达87.6%,且混凝土早期开裂时间推迟,裂缝宽度和数量都明显降低.本文的研究结果为钢板混凝土组合剪力墙早期裂缝的控制提供了参考.     

矿物掺合料对硫铝酸盐水泥混凝土性能的影响

通过试验研究不同掺量的矿渣和硅灰对硫铝酸盐水泥混凝土凝结时间、力学性能、体积收缩和早期抗裂性的影响。研究结果表明，在硫铝酸盐水泥混凝土中，掺入矿渣会延长混凝土的凝结时间，抑制收缩变化和早期开裂，但会显著降低力学性能；掺入2.5%的硅灰可以缩短硫铝酸盐水泥混凝土的凝结时间，提高力学性能、抑制收缩变化和早期开裂，但硅灰过量则会降低混凝土的力学性能。综合考虑硫铝酸盐水泥混凝土在工程中的实际应用，确定胶凝材料的最佳配比为硫铝酸盐水泥:矿渣∶硅灰=87.5∶10∶2.5，在此配比下混凝土的初凝和终凝时间分别为72min和114min,8h抗压、抗折强度分别为28.2MPa和4.1MPa。     

外加剂对混凝土收缩与开裂性能影响的试验研究

针对传统混凝土中加入矿物外加剂会导致混凝土开裂的问题,提出在传统方法上加入粉煤灰和硅灰。为验证方法的可行性,采用不同实验配方比,并结合单掺和复掺方式,对上述方法进行验证。实验表明:复掺30%~40%的粉煤灰和矿粉可有效降低混凝土的开裂面积;硅灰与粉煤灰和矿粉在二元或三元复合下可降低砂浆自收缩和干燥收缩,且混凝土强度不会降低。由此得出混凝土收缩与开裂和砂浆收缩存在显著相关性,砂浆的自收缩和干燥收缩是影响开裂的主要因素。     

Effect of superabsorbent polymer on the shrinkage and crack resistance of concrete at early age

The superabsorbent polymer (SAP) with different volumes and modes of entrained water is incorporated into concrete to study the effect of SAP on the compressive strength, flexural strength, shrinkage, plastic cracking and electrical resistivity of concrete at early age. The result indicated that the influence of SAP with different modes of entrained water on the early strength of concrete is relatively obvious. It is beneficial for the early strength of concrete to add pre-absorbed SAP whose internal curing (IC) is detracted from mixing water and unabsorbed SAP. But the early strength of concrete is decreased by adding pre-absorbed SAP. The effect of pre-absorbed SAP is limited on shrinkage of concrete when IC water is detracted from mixing water. The unabsorbed SAP gradually decreases the concrete shrinkage with its volume increase. The moderate volume of pre-absorbed SAP can decrease the early concrete shrinkage. In addition, SAP can effectively alleviate the early appearance and development of concrete cracks. Furthermore, the pre-absorbed SAP can efficiently enhance the crack resistance of concrete. When the unabsorbed SAP is added, the cracking of concrete is reduced with the increase of volume. The longer the curing age, the more obvious would be the influence of SAP on the internal humidity of concrete, which effectively delays the increase of concrete resistivity.     

粉煤灰掺量和细度对高强砼塑性开裂的影响

研究了粉煤灰掺量与细度对高强混凝土塑性开裂趋势的影响。试验结果表明:对于低水胶比的高强混凝土来说,随着粉煤灰掺量增大,其塑性收缩裂缝呈减少趋势;粉煤灰细度增大,塑性开裂并无增大趋势,反而有减小的作用。最后探讨了塑性开裂的机理。     

混杂纤维增强高强混凝土性能研究

为研究钢纤维、聚乙烯醇纤维混杂比例对高强混凝土性能的影响,通过合理设计坍落度试验、力学强度试验、收缩试验、抗裂试验、抗氯离子侵蚀试验,对比评价了纤维混杂比例对高强混凝土工作性、抗折强度、收缩性、抗裂性能以及氯离子渗透系数的影响。结果表明,钢纤维和聚乙烯醇纤维降低了新拌混合物的工作性。与单掺纤维相比,混杂纤维对高强混凝土力学性能改善效果不明显,但可明显改善混凝土抗裂性能,开裂面积抑制率最大为95.8%,同时能使高强混凝土收缩率和氯离子分别降低27.7%和66.5%,明显提高高强混凝土的耐久性能。通过扫描电镜试验分析探讨了纤维增强混凝土的作用机理,结果表明混杂纤维对基体内部结构的改善实现了对混凝土宏观性能的提升,最终推荐采用0.75%(体积分数)钢纤维和0.25%(体积分数)聚乙烯醇纤维。     

Study on effects of solar radiation and rain on shrinkage, shrinkage cracking and creep of concrete

In this paper, the effects of actual environmental actions on shrinkage, creep and shrinkage cracking of concrete are studied comprehensively. Prismatic specimens of plain concrete were exposed to three sets of artificial outdoor conditions with or without solar radiation and rain to examine the shrinkage. For the purpose of studying shrinkage cracking behavior, prismatic concrete specimens with reinforcing steel were also subjected to the above conditions at the same time. The shrinkage behavior is described focusing on the effects of solar radiation and rain based on the moisture loss. The significant environment actions to induce shrinkage cracks are investigated from viewpoints of the amount of the shrinkage and the tensile strength. Finally, specific compressive creep behavior according to solar radiation and rainfall is discussed. It is found that rain can greatly inhibit the progresses of concrete shrinkage and creep while solar radiation is likely to promote shrinkage cracking and creep.     

Influence of shrinkage-reducing admixtures on the reduction of plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete

Fresh concrete exposed to high evaporation rates is prone to plastic shrinkage cracking, especially in structures with large surface area/volume ratios. The present work shows that the reduction of the surface tension of the mixing water is an effective way for decreasing such cracking. In this study, conventional and high strength concretes with superplasticizers and shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRAs) were exposed to drying in the plastic state. Continuous monitoring of the surface displacement facilitated the identification of the different stages of plastic shrinkage cracking. Measurements of capillary pressure, settlement, internal temperature and evaporation rate were also made. The results show the effectiveness of SRAs in reducing plastic shrinkage cracking, even in high strength concrete. This is attributed to the reduction in the evaporation rate, delay of the peak capillary pressure due to the development of menisci in the pores and lower settlement.     

Cracking control of concretes modified with short AR-glass fibers at early age. Experimental results on standard concrete and SCC

At early ages (less than 24 h), cracking can occur in concrete because it can be subjected to dimensional changes, due to shrinkage, can generate loads which are greater than the low strength capacity of the material at this age. This is especially the case in members with highly exposed surfaces, such as floor slabs or precast panels.

As any other cement based composite, Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) shrinks at an early age and can crack when shrinkage is restrained.

One possible solution to reduce the impact of early age shrinkage on concrete durability is to include low volumetric fractions of short fibers in order to control crack growth. To evaluate the cracking control ability of Alkali Resistant (AR) glass fibers in standard concrete and SCC, an experimental program, developed in accordance with the AR-glass fiber producer, was conducted. Two different types of AR-glass dispersible fibers, two concrete compositions and several volumetric fractions of fiber have been studied.

The experimental program included a mechanical characterization of the different concrete compositions (compression and flexural strength tests), free shrinkage tests, with and without air flow over the samples, and double restrained slab cracking tests (Kraai slab modified test).

The results obtained show that the inclusion of low volumetric fractions of the two types of AR-glass fiber under study can control the cracking produced due to very early age shrinkage on both standard concrete and SCC in two different ways: reducing the total cracked area and the maximum length of the cracks. Although, a non-linear dependence of cracked area on AR-glass fiber amount was found. A microscopic study of the cracked surface confirms the favorable effect of the presence of dispersed AR-glass fibers on cracking control.

When standard concrete and SCC results were compared, it was observed that, although SCC drying shrinkage was larger, standard concrete with a similar performance in the hardened state produced equivalent cracking area.     

Effect of Chloride‐Based Accelerator in the Presence of Water‐Reducing and Retarding Admixture on Autogenous Shrinkage

Rapid repair concrete mixtures commonly used for full‐depth concrete pavement repair sections can use large dosages of accelerating admixtures to increase strength gain rates and decrease the time to traffic opening. Most often, these mixtures also contain water‐reducing and retarding admixtures (WRRAs) to allow for the use of a low water–cementitious material ratio in order to meet strength requirements. The use of large dosages of accelerating admixtures in combination with retarding admixtures could have significant side effects on concrete. Autogenous shrinkage of low water–cementitious concrete can contribute to high tensile stresses and cracking problems. The effect of calcium chloride‐based accelerating admixture dosage, when used with WRRAs, on autogenous shrinkage was measured. It was found that the inclusion of calcium chloride‐containing accelerating admixtures has a nonlinear effect on the pore size distribution and consequently a nonlinear increase on the autogenous shrinkage.     

高强混凝土收缩与栓钉内约束相互作用的影响研究

根据当前工程中钢板-混凝土组合墙结构普遍开裂工程现象和栓钉约束下混凝土收缩变形研究较少的现实情况,对栓钉约束下高强混凝土收缩应力大小进行相对应的研究分析.采用钢筋内约束改进试验方法,研究栓钉内约束下高强混凝土收缩情况,分析不同类型栓钉内约束下高强混凝土收缩情况,通过设计正交试验,讨论出不同组合因素下,内约束强度最优组合.与此同时,通过建立有限元模型,分析出栓钉与高强混凝土之间相互作用,得出应力集中位置,较好地提供了栓钉约束下早期混凝土开裂的分布情况.