内耳平衡感受器的电镜观察及x射线能谱分析

本文应用扫描电镜对豚鼠的内耳平衡感受器的表面细微结构进行观察。内耳平衡感受器含椭圆囊斑、球囊斑及三个半规管的壶腹嵴。椭圆囊斑、球囊斑由耳石膜及感觉上皮组成。耳石膜由无数耳石结晶及胶状膜构成。耳石形态像米粒样,两端呈三棱锥体形,中间为圆柱体(图1),用x射线能谱分析证明含有钙元素。耳石附着于胶状膜上。胶状膜由粘多糖组成,膜中有许多小孔,呈网眼状结构,     

含水生物样品的环境扫描电镜观察

目前，在常规的扫描电镜中观察含水的生物样品有两种方法：（１）用戊二醛和锇酸固定细胞的骨架，再用乙醇脱水，二氧化碳临界点干燥后喷金，然后放入扫描电镜观察。（２）样品深度冷冻后使用冷冻样品台放入扫描电镜观察。以上两种制备方法都会使样品失去原来的自然面貌。...     

超高分辨率扫描电镜的生物样品的低加速电压高真实度的观察

低加速电压高真实度的观察是扫描电镜的观察方法之一。本文选用了高、低加速电压的二种扫描电镜分别对喷镀和无喷镀的生物样品进行了观察和比较，并对高真实度的观察生物样品表面的微细结构方面进行了探讨。     

液体样品的环境扫描电镜观察

环境扫描电镜的应用大大拓宽了常规扫描电镜的应用范围，对于绝缘样品不需要镀膜、含油含水的固体样品不需要干燥以及液体样品都可以直接放入样品室进行观察，因而能够反映样品原始形貌，不破坏样品原始结构。对于生物等样品的观察简便迅速，减少了样品制备之苦；对于液体...     

湿木材的环境扫描电镜观察

本文用环境扫描电镜(environmental scanning electron microscopy，ESEM)对饱水杉木切片进行了观察。结果表明：1)ESEM可用于观察未经任何处理的湿木材细胞；2)通过在不同条件下对样品的观察，得知样品温度5℃、样品室气压732Pa(样品周围的相对湿度85％)是比较合适的环境条件，拍摄得到的照片最清晰；3)环境方式下对样品的观察和对图像的记录等操作应尽快完成，以减少样品内水分的蒸发而使样品的变形降至最低。     

微波辐射对细胞膜通透性的影响

本实验通过电镜镧细胞化学方法，观察了微波辐射对生物样品细胞膜通透性的影响。在常规化学固定的情况下，镧颗粒沿细胞间隙密集分布而不能进入细胞内。生物样品经微波辐射后，在细胞内甚至在线粒体等细胞器内可观察到较多的镧颗粒。提示：微波辐射使生物膜的通透性发生了改变。     

薄膜的截面TEM样品制备

薄膜材料的厚度仅为微米量级或者更薄，对其微结构的研究十分困难，许多表征方法难以采用。透射电子显微分析（TEM）是薄膜材料微结构研究最重要的手段之一。尽管采用TEM平面样品研究薄膜的微结构在样品制备方面相对容易，但由于薄膜依附于基材生长，且通常具有择优取向和柱状晶生长等微结构特征，因而采用截面样品从薄膜生长的横断面进行观察和研究，可以得到更多的材料微结构信息。但是薄膜的TEM截面样品制备过程较为繁杂，难以掌握。已有的文献主要介绍了Si基片上生长薄膜的TEM截面样品制备方法，对金属基片薄膜截面样品的制备方法介绍不多。     

放线菌扫描电镜样品制备方法比较研究

目的:比较和筛选放线菌扫描电镜样品制备方法。方法:通过培养获得插片、菌饼和发酵液3种待处理样品,根据单因素试验设计原则采用双固定、单固定、磷酸缓冲液清洗、生理盐水清洗、蒸馏水清洗、丙酮脱水、乙醇脱水和直接表面镀金等8种方法对样品进行处理。结果:取样时间直接影响观察样品形态的丰富度;插片样品扫描获得的结果较为理想;不同的固定、清洗和脱水等处理过程也对样品的细节产生了影响。结论:插片样品直接干燥喷金扫描观察是一种简便、快速的方法,对于常规的放线菌观察与鉴定较为实用,也为其它微生物扫描电镜观察提供了参考。     

改良二甲基亚砜冷冻割断法的效果观察

二甲基亚砜冷冻割断技术是一种制作扫描电子显微镜样品，可观察组织细胞内部结构的方法。是利用一种特殊的自制液氮冷冻割断装置，把二甲基亚砜溶液滴成珠状，将固定好的样品放人液珠中，由于液氮的冷冻作用，使二甲基亚砜很快包裹着样品由液态变为固态，用器具将冰珠快速割断，以暴露出样品断面。     

油田注水开发过程中储层伤害的微观机理

国内外利用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)在油气工业中进行了大量的研究工作。由于ESEM的独特设计，采用多级真空系统及气体二次电子探测器等技术，使所观察的样品不需要镀膜可以直接观察，不破坏样品的结构，适用于油气地质中不同类型样品研究的需要。     

Determination of Otolith Afferent Response Parameters Using Small Amplitude Sinusoidal Roll and Pitch Tilts

Previous investigations of the response properties of afferent neurons innervating the otolith organs of the inner ear have used experimental protocols which required the rotation of an animal through a full 3600 about its roll and pitch axes. These are difficult experiments since recordings from individual neurons must be maintained throughout the course of the rotations. This paper describes an alternative method which permits the calculation of otolith neuron response parameters from data collected during small amplitude sinusoidal roll and pitch tilts. The effectiveness of this technique is demonstrated by analyzing a variety of simulated afferent responses to sinusoidal tilts. This method facilitates the practical determination of otolith properties as well as simplifying the procedures prerequisite to the testing of otolith dynamic response characteristics.     

Dynamic polarization vector of spatially tuned neurons

The study of the dynamic properties of otolith neurons has been difficult previously because of the differing response sensitivities of individual cells to specific stimulus directions and the lack of a general mathematical scheme that could explain and account for all their response features. The present paper describes a method for estimating both the spatial and temporal properties of neurons like the otolith neurons that are spatially tuned to different stimulus directions. At each stimulus frequency, a response elipse can be constructed from the neural responses elicited by stimulation along three linear independent axes. The semimajor axis of the ellipse will specify the neuron's direction of maximum sensitivity (polarization vector), whereas the semiminor axis will provide its sensitivity in the perpendicular direction. The predictions of the method for nonzero length of the semiminor axis are qualitatively the same as the experimentally observed dependance of response phase on stimulus orientation.     

Development of a stage-scanning system for high-resolution confocal STEM

A stage-scanning system is composed of a specially designed transmission electron microscopy specimen holder equipped with a piezo-driven specimen stage, power supplier and control software. This system enables the specimen to be scanned three-dimensionally, and therefore confocal scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) can be performed with a fixed electron-optics configuration. It is demonstrated that stage-scanning confocal STEM images can be obtained with the lateral atomic resolution and the specimen can be moved three-dimensionally with high precision.     

琼脂铸模法制备透射电镜样品

本文介绍用琼脂铸模法制备透射电镜样品，如悬浮培养细胞、细菌、蓝藻、原生动物和花粉等细小分散的生物样品。该技术不但能将这类样品高度浓缩在一个微小的空间内，而且可简化样品制备步骤，减少样品损失，提高可观察样品的信息量。     

基于电子散斑干涉技术快速评价半导体器件可靠性

提出了一种基于电子散斑干涉(ESPI)技术的快速评价半导体器件可靠性的新方法.通过给试件施加序进的加速温度应力,采用ESPI技术测量其封装离面位移随温度变化的规律预测其工作寿命.对简单半导体器件样品进行了实验,得到了散斑条纹图随试件温度的变化规律,根据变化规律快速提取出了试件的激活能,推算出了试件常温条件下的工作寿命....     

Single pole-piece objective lens with electrostatic bipotential lens for SEM

This report describes the characteristics for the development of a compound lens that consists of a single pole-piece objective lens and an electrostatic bipotential lens. By applying a relatively small voltage of around 1 kV to the specimen and the bipotential lens, the image quality for low acceleration voltage is improved to a condition better than with just a single pole-piece lens. Even if the wafer is tilted to a large angle, the electric field near the specimen does not become asymmetrical, and there is no occurrence of astigmatic aberration or a reduction of the secondary electron signal. Therefore, 300 mm diameter wafers can be tilted with large angles to observe patterns, particles and defects with high-resolution SEM. Lastly, when the specimen is not tilted, a topographic image of the specimen surface can be obtained by detecting the secondary electron with dual detectors.     

Generation of two-dimensional spatial and temporal propertiesthrough spatiotemporal convergence between one-dimensional neurons

Primary otolith afferents are characterized by diverse temporal and spatial response properties. The temporal properties of these neurons vary from tonic to phasic response characteristics during stimulation with linear acceleration. This study examines the response properties of target neurons that arise from spatiotemporal convergence (STC) between purely tonic and phasic-tonic afferents. The transfer function of the phasic-tonic afferent is described by either fractional leaky differentiator or integrator terms. Target neurons would generally exhibit two-dimensional spatial sensitivity and are characterized by two perpendicular response vectors. It is shown that target neurons have different temporal properties during stimulation along different spatial directions. Specifically, they could exhibit tonic temporal response dynamics during stimulation along the second response vector. The phasic dynamics along one response vector are described by a complete ideal differentiator for frequencies below the corner frequency of the leaky operator terms     

微波辐射扫描电镜生物样品制备技术的研究

本文以生物样品为材料，对生物样品微波辐射扫描电镜样品制各技术进行了研究。实验结果表明，微波辐射制样是一个非常有效的方法。它不仅可以大大缩短各种反应的时间，而且还可以提高制样的质量。采用微波辐射技术制备扫描电镜生物试样可以将常规方法中临界点干燥前试样处理所需的６～８小时缩短为１．５～３．５小时，而其结果可以和常规制样方法的结果相媲美，甚至超过常规方法。     

Comparison of TEM specimen preparation of perovskite thin films by tripod polishing and conventional ion milling

In this article, the effects of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimen preparation techniques, such as ion milling and tripod polishing on perovskite oxides for high-resolution TEM investigation, are compared. Conventional and liquid nitrogen cooled ion milling induce a new domain orientation in thin films of SrRuO(3) and LaFeO(3) grown on (001)-oriented SrTiO(3) substrates. This is not observed in tripod-polished specimens. Different ion milling rates for thin films and substrates in cross-section specimens lead to artefacts in the interface region, degrading the specimen quality. This is illustrated by SrRuO(3) and PbTiO(3) thin films grown on (001)-oriented SrTiO(3). By applying tripod polishing and gentle low-angle, low-energy ion milling while cooling the sample, the effects from specimen preparation are reduced resulting in higher quality of the TEM study. In the process of making face-to-face cross-section specimens by tripod polishing, it is crucial that the glue layer attaching the slabs of material is very thin (<50 nm).