基于Netflow的网络流量监测系统研究

网络流量测量是认识网络规律、了解网络行为的前提工作.文章从网络流量监测系统的需求出发,提出了一种基于Netflow的网络流量监测系统的解决方案,重点阐述了网络流量监测系统的总体结构设计、数据包的采集和流量数据统计等内容.同时采用Visual C++6.0技术设计该方案的平台架构,指出了实现网络流量监测系统的关键技术和方法,实现了网络流量监测和管理;该系统的实现可以有效地监控网络流量状况.     

软件实现Netflow流量处理的关键技术和算法

主要以Cisco的Netflow技术为应用背景,讨论如何采用软件技术和算法来解决网络流量采集和处理所涉及到的性能瓶颈问题,主要 涉及数据的快速存储和访问、TOPN排序技术这两个方面。该文假设读者对各种传统排序算法、Netflow技术和计算机原理都有一定的了解。     

NetStream技术应用

NetStream技术是一种基于网络流量信息的统计技术,通过对华为9306型号交换机的配置实现对流量数据的采集与发送;基于V5版本的报文格式,开发了流量数据接收与存储软件,以完成流量数据的收集与存储;使用第三方流量监测软件Netflow Analyzer对统计信息进行了分析,分析的结果可以为网络计费、流量监控和分析等提供依据。     

互联网IP流分布与流向的分析统计与技术实现

由于两种被普遍采用的网络流量分析协议(SNMP协议和RMON协议)都有其显著的技术局限性,所以提出基于Netflow技术的方案,指出了该方案分析统计互联网IP流分布与流向中的技术优势,为网络规划及技术研究提供了参考.     

一种基于Netflow的网络流量统计分析系统

提出了一种以开源软件为基础,基于Netflow技术构建网络流量统计分析系统的设计思路。在分析利用Netflow技术进行网络流量统计分析原理的基础上,分别给出了在开源环境中、NFD设备、NFC设备以及NFA设备的配置实现过程。最后,笔者对在相应网络环境中获取的图表数据进行了演示。     

基于Netflow的流量分析技术研究

流量分析是统计用户通信量和检测异常流量的基础.传统的网络流量检测工具仅仅使用TCP/UDP/IP包头信息,因为TCP或者UDP端口号可能被不同的应用使用,故它们不能有效地识别不同应用的流量.本文论述了Netflow流量分析技术的特点和工作原理,并探讨了Netflow的应用和发展.     

使用Netflow进行网络流量监管

Netflow提供网络流量的会话级视图，记录下每个TCP／IP事务的信息。也许它不能象tcpdump那样提供网络流量的完整记录，但是当所有数据汇集起来，更加易于管理和易读。本文描述了在FreeBSD下如何安装和配置Netflow进行网络流量监管。     

Netflow在边界网流量测量中的应用研究

对于网络管理员来说,理解网络流量的特性、了解用户的网络行为是网络管理的重要内容,这可以通过流量测量来实现,在边界网实施流量测量则是一个十分理想的地点。IPFlow提供了一种较好的方式,使在流量测量中得到数据的容量和携带的流量特性信息之间达到一个较好的平衡。Netflow是Cisco公司对IPFlow的具体实现,目前Cisco和Juniper路由器均支持netflow。Flow-tools可以实时采集和分析netflow数据,它是在边界网上流量测量分析的有效工具。     

互联网流量采集分析系统设计与实现

为解决复杂网络环境下的多链路数据采集、互联网数据分发、流量识别与分析、数据发布等问题,利用虚拟管道、组播、网络数据采集与协议分析等技术,设计实现一个面向IP网络的数据汇聚分发采集分析系统。应用结果表明,该系统能识别网络流量中90%以上的应用协议,可识别的协议种类超过2 000种。     

基于Linux的高速网络流量采集与分析模型研究

网络流量测量是网络行为研究、网络规划和网络管理的基础,网络流量采集与分析是网络流量测量的核心技术。文章提出并实现了利用Linux的netfilter框架,在Linux内核空间实现网络流量的实时采集与分析,通过Linux的netlink协议与用户空间进程交换分析结果的思想。通过理论分析和实验证明,该方法不仅可行而且高效。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).