考虑法向离群的自适应双边滤波点云平滑及IMLS评价方法

针对目前在点云双边滤波平滑算法中,人工输入不合理参数导致的点云平滑效果不佳,且易导致体积收缩及现有去噪后点云质量评价方法存在表达局限性等问题,提出一种自适应参数的点云双边滤波算法和基于隐性移动最小二乘(IMLS)的质量评价方法。首先构建KD-tree数据结构用于点云拓扑,之后搜索各点邻域,利用奇异值分解法计算法向量信息,并在双边滤波公式中引入法向离群因子以剔除邻域内离群点,然后通过扩展高斯核函数的权值计算式,在点云邻域内自适应获取空间与法向特征参数,最后应用改进模型进行点云平滑并引入IMLS方法评价点云质量。实验结果表明,考虑法向离群的自适应双边滤波点云平滑算法具有良好的去噪效果,相比其他算法体积收缩更小,且IMLS评价方法客观有效。     

基于K-近邻点云去噪算法的研究与改进

针对三维扫描获取的带噪声和离群点的点云数据,提出了改进的去噪算法。通过K-近邻搜索建立散乱点云之间的拓扑关系,进而采用高斯影响函数作为核函数来估计当前测点对周围邻近点的影响力,从而限制噪声并剔除离群点。重点讨论了密度熵的概念以及如何优化高斯核函数的参数,解决了窗宽尺寸在使用中不易确定的问题。仿真实验证明,该算法能够很容易地检测出离群点,同时也避免了将模型上的点误判为离群点的问题。     

应用于三维点云数据去噪的改进C均值算法

针对三维激光扫描仪采集到的点云数据中离群点不易区分和去噪难度大的问题,提出了一种改进的C均值算法。通过分析三维点云数据特征,在传统C均值算法中引入模糊聚类权重因子,降低类内距离和拉大类间距离,有效增强了离群点特征以降低识别难度。进而将识别出的噪声分类别处理,利用改进的C均值算法去除大尺度噪声,构造双边滤波算法去除小尺度噪声数据。与密度聚类算法、正交整体最小二乘平面拟合和基于特征选择的双边滤波点云去噪等算法相比,去噪准确度分别提升了7.3%、6.5%和6.0%,实验结果表明该算法可以有效去除大尺度噪声并能较好地保留有效数据。     

基于全向声呐的引水隧洞点云模型去噪方法研究

三维重建技术逐渐成为引水隧洞运营期安全检测的关键手段。而受隧洞特殊水文环境噪声、数据采集设备噪声以及载体运动噪声等影响,采集的点云数据不可避免的会遭受到噪声干扰,导致有用信息缺乏,不利于三维重建的进行。因此,该文提出了基于声呐数据特征点的点云去噪算法,实现隧洞点云数据的去噪。首先,该文依据引水隧洞声呐点云数据的特点,定义视觉距离和视角向量特征参数;其次,通过耦合视角向量与点云法向量估计点云漂移向量,并使用核函数方法估计视角距离参数的概率密度分布从而计算漂移距离;最后,采用漂移算法在保持点云模型特征的同时实现噪声的滤波。实验结果表明,该文提出的算法在去除隧洞点云模型数据噪声的同时能很好的保持引水隧洞模型的细节特征,为后续隧洞病害的检测提供高精度点云数据模型。     

一种新的三维点云模型去噪光滑算法研究

提出一种三维点云模型的去噪光滑算法。该算法根据密度滤波和点法矢量信息对离群噪声点进行去除;再利用张量投票算法和数据点的近邻点在其最小二乘平面上投影的分布均匀性检测出模型的边界特征,并对特征实现加强操作;最后,采用双边滤波对模型表面进行光滑。实验表明,该算法能有效地对模型进行去噪光滑处理,且由于对模型边界特征进行了保留与加强,从而避免了模型光滑操作对模型特征造成损害的问题。     

基于密度的离群噪声点检测

针对三维扫描仪获取的带噪声和离群点的点云数据,提出了基于局部离群点概念的去噪算法。通过k-近邻(KNN)搜索建立散乱点之间的拓扑关系,进而计算当前测点的局部离群因子以衡量该点的离群程度,从而限制噪声并剔除离群点。重点解决了高密度扫描点云周围分布的低密度离群噪声点的识别问题。实验结果证明,该算法能有效检测出紧挨模型边界的噪声点,并最大限度地保持模型边界。     

一种新的散乱点云快速去噪算法

针对三维扫描仪获取的含噪点云数据会严重影响到后期三维重建的精度,提出一种新的散乱点云快速去噪算法。该算法首先通过改进的K-means聚类算法来建立点云的空间拓扑关系,然后对聚类后每一类的点云进行噪声点识别及去除。实验结果表明算法简单快速,在散乱点云实现有效聚类的基础上不但去噪效果良好,而且能够快速去除点云中的明显离群噪声点,保留理想目标点云。     

基于双判定因子的道路绿化带分割

以高速公路的无人机影像点云数据为研究对象, 提出一种基于双判定因子的道路绿化带分割算法. 首先对点云数据进行串行下采样, 在降低点云数目的同时尽可能多地保留点云特征点; 其次, 对降采样后的点云数据进行正射影校正; 最后, 提出一种结合法向量夹角与 RANSAC 平面分割双判定的点云分割算法, 实现了对高速公路中绿化带的准确分割, 采用绿化带边界提取算法最终实现高速公路环境信息的分割. 以G85高速凤翔段的无人机影像点云作为实验数据, 分别采用本文算法、基于法向量夹角的分割算法、基于RANSAC平面拟合分割算法进行验证. 实验结果表明基于双判定因子的道路绿化带分割算法对环境噪点及离群点有较好的抗干扰性, 可以有效过滤路面高曲率点, 提取结果较好.     

几何特征保持的文物点云去噪算法

三维激光扫描是一种快速获取高精度点云的新技术,但由于受物体本身的构造、粗糙程度、纹理以及测量环境等因素的影响,获取的点云数据大多存在孤立的噪声点。针对文物点云数据模型中复杂噪声难以去除的问题,提出一种几何特征保持的点云去噪算法。首先通过栅格划分删除点云中的大尺度噪声;然后定义点云中数据点的曲率因子和密度因子,并通过对其加权构造模糊C均值聚类（Fuzzy C-means clustering, FCM）的目标函数;最后采用该特征加权FCM算法删除小尺度噪声,从而实现点云的去噪处理。实验结果表明,该几何特征保持的去噪算法对文物点云数据具有良好的去噪效果,是一种有效的点云去噪算法。     

基于局部估计密度的局部离群点检测算法

局部离群点检测是近年来数据挖掘领域的热点问题之一.针对交通数据去噪问题,提出一种基于局部估计密度的局部离群点检测算法,算法使用核密度估计方法计算每个数据对象的密度估计值,来表示该数据对象的局部估计密度,并在核函数的带宽函数计算中引入数据对象的k-邻域平均距离作为其邻域信息,然后利用求出的局部估计密度计算数据对象的局部离群因子,依据局部离群因子的大小来判断数据对象是否为离群点.实验表明,该算法在UCI标准数据集与模拟数据集上都可以取得较好的表现.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.