基于多时相遥感图像的人造目标变化检测算法

传统的像素级变化检测方法的检测性能受到以下因素的严重制约: 图像辐射差异、配准误差和差异图像分类门限的选取, 并且难以从检测信息中提取出关键的变化. 本文针对遥感图像中人造目标的变化检测问题, 提出了一种综合特征级和像素级的两步变化检测算法. 首先将大幅多时相遥感图像分成一系列子图像对, 采用有监督子图像对分类方法, 提取人造目标变化的感兴趣区域, 然后采用像素级变化检测算法对感兴趣区域进行变化检测, 得到定量的检测结果. 实验结果表明了该算法的可行性和有效性.     

基于对偶树复小波变换与PCA方法结合的图像变化检测算法研究

图像变化检测是遥感图像处理领域重要方向,大多数变化检测算法都存在算法复杂度高、抗噪性弱等缺陷,利用对偶树复小波变换的平移不变性与能提高方向分辨率的优点,把对偶树复小波变换运用于变化检测中,可以提高图像细节变化的检测和算法抗噪性。首先用对偶树复小波变换对图像进行尺度分解,把图像在每个尺度上分解成一个低通子图和六个方向的高通子图。然后运用PCA(主向量分析法）提取每个尺度与方向上的特征并降维,然后运用k均值算法将图像像素分成为变化与不变化两类,最后通过多尺度融合,得到变化检测图像。     

基于非下采样剪切波变换与引导滤波结合的遥感图像增强

针对遥感图像中对比度低、细节信息缺失和边缘梯度保持能力较弱等问题,提出了一种基于非下采样剪切波变换（NSST）与引导滤波相结合的遥感图像增强算法。首先,原始图像通过NSST被分解成低频子带和高频子带两部分。然后,对低频子带进行线性增强,提高整体对比度;采用自适应阈值法抑制高频子带的噪声,再对去噪后的高频子带进行引导滤波增强,提高图像的细节信息和边缘梯度保持能力。最后,对两部分子带进行NSST反变换,得到增强后的图像。实验结果表明,与直方图均衡、基于Contourlet变换和模糊理论的图像增强算法、基于非下采样Contourlet变换与反锐化掩膜结合的遥感图像增强算法以及基于非下采样Shearlet变换与参数化对数图像处理相结合的遥感图像增强算法相比,该算法的图像信息熵、峰值信噪比（PSNR）和结构相似性（SSIM）都有一定的提升,能明显地改善图像视觉效果,使得图像纹理更加清晰。     

基于NSCT域邻域收缩的SAR图像去噪

针对合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）图像受到相干斑噪声的干扰,严重影响了SAR图像的后续处理的问题,提出一种在非下采样轮廓变换（Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform,NSCT）域将中值滤波和邻域收缩法相结合的SAR图像去噪算法。该算法对原始SAR图像进行NSCT分解,得到低频子带和高频子带图像,对低频子带使用中值滤波处理以去除低频子带中的低频噪声,利用NSCT分解系数之间的相关性,使用邻域收缩法对子带图的系数进行收缩,以消除高频子带中的高频噪声。实验证明,该算法与小波域邻域收缩去噪算法和NSCT硬阈值去噪算法相比,在去噪性能和视觉效果方面均有所提高,在消除噪声同时可以较好地保护纹理细节信息。     

热含量不变量的SAR图像点特征变化检测

针对区域变化检测受分类器精度影响大、无法探测出内部细微变化这一问题,本文提出了基于热含量不变量的合成孔径雷达（Synthetic aperture radar,SAR）图像点特征变化检测.该方法利用热核特征,具有计算简便、矩阵扰动性小的特点,且有效地降低了噪声的干扰.由热核不变量的统计特性,采用期望极大化（Expectation maximization,EM）算法解决了SAR图像的自动变化检测.同时通过对权的讨论,给出了适用于SAR图像的权函数定义.对单波段单极化SAR与多极化SAR图像,本文算法相比于基于像素和似然比的方法,能够更快速更精确地检测到变化区域.     

一种新的结合非下采样Contourlet域融合和参数化内核图割的SAR图像无监督水灾变化检测

目的：基于非下采样Contourlet变换(NSCT)融合策略可以有效地抑制背景信息增强变化区域的信息。但是融合后图像具有复杂的统计特征,传统的基于统计特征的变化检测难以实现。基于参数化内核图割的遥感图像分割不受统计特征的限制。为此提出了一种基于NSCT融合和参数化内核图割的SAR图像无监督水灾变化检测新算法。方法：将均值比差异图像和对数比差异图像采用基于NSCT的融合算法进行融合,将融合后的差异图像采用参数化内核图割算法进行前景/背景的分割,得到最终的变化检测结果。结果：融合后的差异图像利用前两种差异图像的互补信息提高了变化检测精度。算法不受统计模型限制,不需要先验知识,适用性强。结论：实验结果表明,本文算法的检测精度优于传统的变化检测方法。     

自适应PCNN和改进C-V结合的遥感图像变化检测

为获取保留图像信息较完好的差异图并得到更好的变化检测结果,提出一种基于自适应脉冲耦合神经网络（PC‐NN）和改进Chan‐Vese （C‐V）模型的非监督的不同时相遥感图像的变化检测算法。用差值法、比值法对两幅遥感图像进行差异图获取;用自适应PCNN图像融合算法对两幅差异图进行融合,获取保留图像信息较好的差异图;用基于改进C‐V模型的分割算法对融合后的差异图进行分割,得到变化检测结果图。实验结果表明,该算法具有很好的变化检测效果,总检测精度较高。     

基于Contourlet变换和均值漂移的SAR图像分割

基于斑噪特性和纹理特征,提出了一种完全无监督的SAR图像分割算法。针对SAR图像的Contourlet变换,提出了子带选取的能量标准,对选定的子带计算能量特征和共生特征;依据特征向量的相似度剔除相近特征向量,用均值漂移算法获取纹理区域数和相应的中心特征,用像素的特征向量与相应中心特征向量的距离确定它们的分类。该文提出的方法不需要先验知识和训练样本。实验表明,基于Contourlet变换的均值漂移分割算法对混合Brodatz图像和SAR图像的分割取得了满意结果。     

SAR图像的NSCT域自适应收缩相干斑抑制

提出了一种基于Nonsubsampled Contourlet（NSCT）变换域自适应收缩的SAR图像相干斑抑制算法。首先将SAR图像分解至NSCT域,其次对NSCT系数进行Pizurica自适应收缩。利用NSCT变换的良好的方向选择性及平移不变性,同时结合Pizurica自适应收缩的方向空间相关性及其局部噪声度量,自适应地得到各方向的高频子带系数对应的收缩因子,修正NSCT系数,最终将修正后的子带系数通过NSCT逆变换获得经过斑点噪声抑制的图像。实验结果表明,与小波域软阈值和Contourlet域软阈值算法相比,该算法在有效抑制SAR图像斑点噪声的同时能更好、更清晰地保持图像的边缘细节特征。     

基于自适应伽马转换函数的遥感图像增强

针对传统的遥感图像增强方法视觉效果不够理想的缺点,提出了一种基于平稳小波变换和分段自适应伽马灰度转换函数的遥感图像对比度增强方法。首先,对遥感图像进行平稳小波变换,接着对得到的最大尺度低频子带图像采用基于核函数的样本加权模糊C-均值聚类算法将该图像分为低、中和高亮度区域,并对各亮度区域依据其各自特点分别采用不同的自适应伽马灰度转换函数进行增强,然后利用贝叶斯萎缩阈值法和非线性自适应增益函数相结合计算高频子带的增益系数,从而得到增强后的高频子带图像;最后,由低频子带图像和高频子带图像重构得到增强后的图像。实验表明,该方法提高了遥感图像的全局对比度,改善了视觉效果,增强了图像的细节并抑制了噪声,获得了较好的图像增强整体效果。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.