由四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷合成六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷

以四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷为基质,经亚硝解脱苄合成了四乙酰基二亚硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADNSIW);用纯硝酸氧化TADNSIW制备四乙酰基二硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADNIW),收率93.0%,以上两步反应均在室温下完成。在85℃条件下,TADNIW经硝硫混酸硝解合成了六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW),反应时间50 m in,收率95.1%,质量分数98.80%。用硝硫混酸对TADNSIW进行硝解合成了HNIW,并优化了反应条件,反应温度90℃,反应时间60 m in,硝解剂必须大于14 mL(底物TADNSIW 1.2 g),收率为96.1%,质量分数98.87%。分别用FTIR,1HNMR和元素分析对目标化合物进行了表征。前体TADNSIW和TADNIW分子中只有乙酰基和亚硝基,它们的硝解反应体系较简单,反应时间短、反应条件温和,母液中只含有乙酸和硝解剂,产物易分离。     

四乙酰基二氯乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷的硝解研究

研究了几种硝解剂及硝解条件对四乙酰基二氯乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷（TADCIW）硝解产物的纯度和得率的影响。讨论了有关的机理,用发烟硝酸-浓硫酸或碱金属硝酸盐-浓硫酸硝解TADCIW,可得到纯度很高的四硝基二氢乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷（TNDCIW）,得率达到94%-98%,硝解时间短,硝硫混酸可以再利用;但用发烟硝酸-五氧化二磷或浓硝酸-浓硫酸硝解TADCIW的得率很低。     

四乙酰基二硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷分子结构研究

四乙酰基二硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADNIW)是合成六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HNIW)的中间体。该文用Gaussian 98软件包,采用密度泛函理论B3LYP和标准基组6-31G对所选构型进行了全优化计算,在结构上对TADNIW的键长、键角、二面角、Mu lliken电荷及集居数进行了理论分析,发现笼形化合物的六元环成船式构象,硝基处于桥头,骨架以亚稳态存在。结构分析表明,六元环上N—NO2键相对较稳定,采用一般的硝解条件反应不能进行,作者提出了新的反应机理,即水解-硝化假设:含有酰胺基团的一类化合物在含水的硝化介质中首先发生水解生成相应的仲胺,碱性较强的仲胺再在氮硝化催化剂的作用下,迅速硝化成硝胺。计算得到TADNIW分子总能量为-1 583.375 682 a.u.,前线轨道能量差ΔE(ELUMO-EHOMO)为4.123 eV。计算IR谱图与实验IR谱图对比,误差小于20 cm-1。     

四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷亚硝解脱苄反应

利用市售无机亚硝解试剂,采用3种不同的方法，在温和条件(30℃左右)下，使四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADBIW)脱除苄基，转化成HNIW的前体——四乙酰基二亚硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADNSIW)，并用FT-IR、MS、^1HNMR及元素分析法对TADBIW的脱苄产物进行了结构鉴定。提出了TADBIW亚硝解脱苄反应的机理，TADBIW作为三级胺脱除苄基的反应是以生成烯胺正离子(或称亚胺正离子)为中间体的反应，并由所获得的副产物苯甲醛证明该反应机理。     

六氮杂异伍兹烷衍生物的选择性硝解

以六氮杂异伍兹烷衍生物：四乙酰基-二(对氯苯甲酰基)六氮杂异伍兹烷（TABIW）为基质,经选择性硝解合成了四硝基-二(3,5-二硝基-4-氯苯甲酰基)六氮杂异伍兹烷（TANIW）,分别用FTIR、1H NMR及元素分析对产物TANIW进行了结构表征,并讨论了硝解剂、硝解温度、硝解时间、加料方式对反应的影响。结果表明：冰浴下,在搅拌作用下分批把反应物TABIW加入到发烟硝酸[m(HNO3)=98%]中,使之溶解。待溶解完全后,慢慢滴加发烟硫酸[m(SO3)=20%],待滴加完毕后首先升温至70 ℃并恒温反应1h,然后再升温至90 ℃并恒温反应3 h使反应完全,直接过滤得到产物,熔点为242～244 ℃,收率为71.4%。     

四乙酰基二亚硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷的合成与表征

采用无机亚硝解试剂由六苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HBIW)的一次氢解产物四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADBIW)合成四乙酰基二亚硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADNSIW),维持温度25℃,反应1h,TADNSIW得率为81 0%。对产物进行了分离、提纯,目标产物熔点为288～290℃。并用FT-IR、1HNMR、MS及元素分析法对目标产物进行了结构鉴定。定量地分离出副产物苯甲醛,并由此证明该文所提反应机理的合理性。     

制备六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷的硝解工艺近期进展

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(HN研)是当今已工业化生产的能量水平最高的炸药，HNIW的制备包括基本母体的合成、母体的氢解、氢解产物(硝解底物)的硝解(即生成HN研)及HNIW的转晶4步。综述了近几年来制备HNIW的硝解工艺的进展(包括作者的若干研究成果)，详细报道了硝解3种底物([四乙酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TADBIW)、四乙酰基二甲酰基六氮杂杂异伍兹烷(TADFIW)及四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW]）以制备HNIW的工艺条件，并评价了各自的优、缺点。     

四乙酰基二氯乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷硝解产物中副产物的分离和鉴定

硝解四乙酰基二氯乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷 (TADCIW)制备四硝基二氯乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷 (TNDCIW)时 ,所得产物经薄层色谱 (TL C)检测发现含有少量副产物。采用柱色谱分离出了该副产物 ,经 FTIR、1H- NMR、MS(CI)及元素分析对副产物的结构进行鉴定 ,确定它为五硝基一氯乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷 (PNMCIW) ,这为改进 TADCIW的硝解条件提供了依据。     

六苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷氧化产物的亚硝解反应

采用65％硝酸／亚硝酸钠体系对六苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷氧化产物四苯甲酰基二苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(1)和五苯甲酰基-苄基六氮杂异伍兹烷(2)进行亚硝解，脱去了剩余的苄基，将苄基转换为亚硝基，得到了四苯甲酰基二亚硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(3)和五苯甲酰基-亚硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(4)。     

绿色硝解合成六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷

以2,6,8,12四乙酰基-2,4,6,8,10,12六氮杂四环[5．5．0．0^3.11．0^5.9]十二烷（TAIW）为原料,利用绿色硝化剂五氧化二氮在硝酸介质中硝解制得CL-20。该方法通过改变硝化剂,不仅避免使用浓硫酸,而且原子经济性高,具有良好的环境效益。用元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱等对其结构进行了检测和表征,并探讨了反应温度和反应时间对CL-20产率的影响。实验结果表明,当反应温度为0℃,反应时间为1h时,CL-20的最佳产率达62％。     

The Use of theTrifluoroacetyl Protecting Group in the Synthesis of Mono‐ (4) and Di‐Amines (4,10) in the Polynitrohexaazaisowurtzitane Series

The first rational synthesis of the mono‐amine 2,6,8,10,12‐pentanitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (II) and the di‐amine 2,6,8,12‐tetranitro‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (III) is described. Both syntheses exploit the selectivity, under nitrolysis conditions, between an N‐acetyl group and an N‐trifluoroacetyl group, and the ease with which an N‐trifluoroacetyl group can be hydrolytically removed.     

A Simple Method for the Purification of Crude Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW or CL20)

A simple method for purifying crude hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW or CL20) to analytical purity is described. This involves filtering a solution of HNIW in heptane / ethyl acetate through a column of Darco activated carbon type G‐60 (∼20 g carbon/g HNIW). The method works extremely well for HNIW derived from 4,10‐diformyl‐2,6,8,12‐tetraacetylhexaazaisowurtzitane (final purity>99.95%, ∼90% recovery), and reasonably well for HNIW derived from 4,10‐dibenzyl‐2,6,8,12‐tetraacetylhexaazaisowurtzitane.     

Theoretical Studies on PNMFIW by AM1 and PM3 Methods

AM1 and PM3 semi‐empirical methods were used to conduct theoretical studies on possible polymorphs of pentanitromonoformylhexaazaisowurtzitane (PNMFIW), and a close link between PNMFIW and Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), especially in sensitivity, is shown. The optimized geometries of possible polymorphs of PNMFIW are similar to those of HNIW. PNMFIW in ε‐HNIW prepared from tetraacetyldiformylhexaazaisowurtzitane is predicted to have a D‐form. The average N N bond lengths of PNMFIW computed by AM1 and PM3 methods are shorter than those of HNIW. The differences in energy and thermochemistry values between PNMFIW and HNIW are insignificant except molecular energies 255.75 kJ⋅mol⁻¹ for D‐form PNMFIW and 460.36 kJ⋅mol⁻¹ for ε‐HNIW. Based on a Mulliken population analysis of the N N bonds, the impact sensitivities of A‐, B‐, C‐ and D‐forms of PNMFIW are estimated to be lower than those of the corresponding polymorphs of HNIW. Taking into account all N N bond lengths and overall molecule size, the shock sensitivities of all forms PNMFIW are predicted to be almost the same, and lower than those of HNIW.     

Comparison of the Crystals Obtained by Precipitation of CL‐20 with Different Chemical Purity

The precipitation of CL‐20 with different chemical purity is presented herein. Studies have shown that the first crystallization of the crude CL‐20 does not allow achieving the expected polymorphic purity and slightly increases chemical purity. Further precipitation processes result in gradual increase of the chemical purity about 1–2 % and in the improvement of the properties of crystals, i.e. density, polymorphic purity, and sensitivity to friction. This paper attempts a preliminary purification of the crude CL‐20 with columns filled with activated charcoal. A material of high purity, obtained by this process, was used in the process of precipitation. As a result of the crystallization a sample of CL‐20 was obtained with high chemical purity of 99.5 % and significantly reduced sensitivity to friction (128 N) and to impact (4 J). Additionally, samples of CL‐20, recovered from the filtrate after crystallization with a chemical purity of about 88 %, were purified on columns filled with activated charcoal. In this process a significant amount of impurities was removed and the purity was increased to 96 %.     

取代2，4，6，8-四氮杂双环［3.3.0］辛烷的合成及硝解

利用苄胺、甲醛、乙二醛的缩合反应以及亚甲基二乙酰胺与乙二醛之间的亲核加成反应合成了两取代的 2 ,4,6 ,8-四氮杂双环[3.3.0 ]辛烷。研究认为在通常的反应条件下 ,其硝解不会得到双环 HMX。文中提出了一种合成双环 HMX的可能途径     

Effects of Additives on ε‐HNIW Crystal Morphology and Impact Sensitivity

Crystals of γ‐HNIW were transformed into crystals of ε‐HNIW by application of a drowning‐out process in the presence of different additives, namely ethylene glycol, triacetin, and aminoacetic acid. They show different effects on the crystal morphology of ε‐HNIW and cause less angular and more regular structures. Investigation of the sensitivities of the different ε‐HNIW crystals shows that their angles and regularity have an influence on the impact sensitivity. Aminoacetic acid selectively inhibits the growth of individual ε‐HNIW crystal faces to modify the morphology into spherical shape, these ε‐HNIW crystals are of much lower sensitivity, even compared with general RDX and HMX explosives.     

Preparation of ε‐HNIW by a One‐Pot Method in Concentrated Nitric Acid from Tetraacetyldiformylhexaazaisowurtzitane

ε‐HNIW was prepared by a one‐pot method in concentrated nitric acid from tetraacetyldiformylhexaazaisowurtzitane (TADFIW). γ‐HNIW was firstly obtained, then γ‐HNIW was directly transformed to ε‐HNIW in the solution in which nitration reaction occurred. The acid number of ε‐HNIW prepared by the method mentioned above is less than 0.2‰, yield of ε‐HNIW is up to 91%, and the purity of ε‐HNIW is up to 99.5%. Because steps of filtration and drying of γ‐HNIW were omitted, the process by which ε‐HNIW was prepared simplified greatly.     

Study of Deactivation of Pd(OH)2/C Catalyst in Reductive Debenzylation of Hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

The conversion of hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW) to 2,6,8,12‐tetraacetyl‐4,10‐dibenzyl‐2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexaazaisowurtzitane (TADB) is the major challenge in the production of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) which only proceeds over supported palladium catalyst in a reductive debenzylation reaction. The catalyst is quickly deactivated during the debenzylation reaction. In this study, the change in Pd content in the catalyst during the reaction was measured. It was demonstrated that a portion of the palladium particles in the catalyst was leached during the reaction. The H₂ chemisorption isotherm on the catalyst at 303 K showed that the volume of chemisorbed H₂ on spent catalyst was significantly less than that on fresh catalyst. The N₂ physisorption isotherm on the catalyst at 77 K revealed that the surface area of spent catalyst was less than that of fresh catalyst. Moreover, the FESEM‐EDS and TEM images and also wide‐angle XRD patterns demonstrated that the mean sizes of palladium crystallites and particles in spent catalyst were larger than those in the fresh catalyst. These results demonstrated that the leaching of palladium particles and the aggregation of palladium particles in catalyst play active roles in the deactivation of catalyst in the debenzylation of HBIW.     

四种晶型六硝基六氮杂 异伍兹烷的密度测定

以 X射线衍射仪测得的晶体学数据计算了六硝基六氮异伍兹烷的四种晶型 (α- HNIW1/ 2 H2 O,β- HNIW,γ- HNIW和 ε- HNIW)的晶体密度 ,同时根据 GJB772 A- 97,40 1.1所规定的密度瓶法实测了上述四者的密度。计算值分别为 1.992 g/ cm3 、1.989g/ cm3 、1.918g/ cm3 及 2 .0 44 g/ cm3 ,实测值分别为 1.937g/ cm3 、1.983g/ cm3 、1.918g/ cm3 及 2 .0 35 g/ cm3 ,计算值比实测值分别高 0 .0 5 5 g/ cm3 、0 .0 0 6g/ cm3 、0 g/ cm3 及 0 .0 0 9g/ cm2 。