高含水老油田采出水处理技术研究

为解决吴起老油田因混采、混输、混合处理而导致的地面集输系统水体严重结垢、回注油层导致岩心伤害等问题。通过对吴起老油田各站点采出水进行分析,提出分流处理、就地回注技术方案,即让占吴起老油田采出水总量40 %的侏罗系采出水就地建站处理、然后就近回注侏罗系,其它水体仍然输往原刘坪站集中处理、回注三叠系长2。方案实施后水体配伍性改善,地面集输系统不再结垢,处理后采出水回注油层对岩心伤害小,注水效果改善明显。分流处理、就地回注是解决吴起老油田采出水结垢、回注伤害油层问题的最佳方法。     

河水与长6地层水混合特征研究

为了降低河水与长6地层水混合水回注长6地层时因结垢造成的伤害,通过离子含量、结垢量及垢型、混合水失钙率分析等,研究了陕北油田某采油厂河水和长6层产出水的混合性质;运用岩心流动实验评价了混合水对长6地层岩心的伤害。结果表明：长6地层水的矿化度为80000 mg/L以上,河水矿化度为120 0 mg/L左右; 30℃下,河水、长6地层水的体积比为6:4时,混合水的失钙率及结垢量最高,分别为9.5%和36 mg/L;处理过的混合水与长6地层水以体积比7:3混合后的失钙率及结垢量最低,分别为0.59%和 21.5 mg/L;经过处理的混合水悬浮含量、含油量分别由处理前的68 mg/L、115 mg/L降低到处理后的2.6 mg/L、3.7 mg/L,且注入体积为1～15 PV时,岩心伤害率为14.29%,低于20%。     

锦州南高点油田采出水配伍性试验

根据产量预测,在室内配制混合水,对锦州南高点油田的JZ21、JZ20和Jz9共3个区块进行配伍性试验.通过水质分析、软件模拟、混合试验和理论分析,确定了3种采出水的配伍性.总铁、硫化物、细菌和平均腐蚀率对采出水的配伍性没有影响,影响采出水、采出液配伍性的主要因素是结垢.从2011～2021年各年份的混合水都有结垢趋势,而以2020年的结垢趋势最为严重,以C<,a>CO<,3>垢为主.为了防止污水系统结垢,从2012年开始,应向混合水中投加适量防垢剂或缓蚀防垢剂.     

石西油田集输系统防垢研究

石西油田集输系统出现结垢问题 ,在详细分析采出水水质和结垢物组分的基础上 ,对结垢原因进行了分析。结果表明采出水有两种水型 ,这两种水为不相容水 ,混合后易结垢 ;石南油田采出水与石西采出水混合后结垢量增加 ;提出的防垢措施在现场得到应用     

延长油田长2与长6地层采出水混合结垢规律研究

采用静态模拟法对延长油田瓦窑堡采油厂长2与长6层位采油污水混合结垢规律进行了室内实验研究。结果表明,两种采油污水均属高矿化度污水,当长2与长6采油污水混合比例大于1.5:1,反应24小时后,会产生大量硫酸钙垢,结垢量均大于3000mg/L。当长2与长6采油污水混合比例小于1:4,反应8小时后,结垢量均小于250mg/L。长2与长6的高比例混合水中仍然残留有大量钙离子,与长2地层水混合时结垢量仍大于220mg/L,不适合回注。长2与长6的低比例混合水经絮凝处理、地面反应除去部分结垢离子后,与长6地层水混合时,结垢量小于40mg/L,可以部分回注长6地层。     

文209注清水区块油井结垢原因探讨

中原油田文 2 0 9区块油藏原始地层水矿化度 3.2× 10 5～ 3.7× 10 5mg/L ,自 1988年开始注矿化度 2 .4× 10 4mg/L的浅地层清水以来 ,油井井筒特别是下部结垢严重 ,垢物中CaCO3 约占 6 0 % ,CaSO4 约占 30 % ;在 4口油井实施的针对钙垢的酸化解堵和室内结垢模拟实验 ,表明油井近井地带也有结垢。注入的清水为Na2 SO4 型 ,HCO-3 和SO2 -4 浓度高 ;采出的地层水为CaCl2 型 ,矿化度 9× 10 4 ～ 2 .5× 10 5mg/L ,Ca2 + 、Mg2 + 和SO2 -4 浓度很高。理论分析、预测和室内实验研究结果表明 ,单一的地层采出水本身是结垢性的 ,有较强的生成CaCO3 和CaSO4 垢的倾向 ,地层采出水与注入清水混合后结垢性增强 ,从温度 40～ 6 0℃的井口到温度 80～ 12 0℃的井底和地层 ,地层采出水和清水、采出水混合水都会结垢。采出过程中温度和压力的变化有利于井筒内特别是井筒下部和近井地带的结垢     

石南油田注水储层结垢影响因素及阻垢效果评价研究

为预防石南油田注入水注入储层后结垢对生产造成的不利影响,文章应用Scale-Chem结垢预测软件对石南油田注入水与地层水混合水样的结垢趋势、结垢量及结垢垢型进行预测,通过室内静态实验研究了注入水与地层水的混合比、温度、压力及pH值等条件对结垢量的影响：石南油田混合水样结垢类型为碳酸钙垢,当混合比为9∶1时,碳酸钙的结垢量最大;随温度升高,碳酸钙的结垢量逐渐增加;随压力升高,碳酸钙的结垢量逐渐减少;随着pH值增大,碳酸钙的结垢量逐渐增加。针对该区块注入水与地层水混合水样的结垢垢型,开展了阻垢剂筛选及影响阻垢效果因素的实验研究,得到了该地区阻垢效果最好的阻垢剂及最佳使用浓度,文章的研究结果为预防石南油田注水储层的结垢,提出了指导性建议。     

姬塬油田多层系开发地面工艺技术研究与应用

姬塬油田是长庆油田多油层复合滚动开发的主要油区,针对地层水不配伍、两种不同层系的油品混合后使输油管道结垢严重的情况,在大型联合站内采用分层集输、分层处理、采出水分层回注的工艺;对多层系开发、结垢量较小的分散区块,采用合层集输防垢防堵工艺。总结了防止多层系原油混合后结垢所采用的工艺流程、技术和设备,优化了地面集输工艺流程,降低了地面建设投资和生产运行费用,提高了油田地面建设水平。     

玻璃钢原油管线结垢特性实验分析

红山嘴油田注采联合站至采油一厂稀油处理站输油管道(简称红—克线)将红山嘴稀油井区含水原油转输至采油一厂稀油处理站进行处理,该管道采用玻璃钢管。红山嘴油田原油采出水矿化度较高,水中成垢离子含量较高,混合后结垢趋势明显。投产使用后由于对管道结垢现象认识不足,管线在投产8个月后首次清管,因管道结垢严重导致清管球堵塞,严重影响红—克线的正常运营。有必要对红—克线结垢特性进行实验分析,得出红—克线的结垢速率、结垢临界温度、沉积系数,为红—克线常温输送温度的确定提供依据,减少管道结垢量和能耗,保证红—克线的安全运营。     

桩西油田油井结垢机理与防治技术研究

桩西油田开发已进入中高含水期,原油生产过程中管线、井口、炮眼、地层结垢严重,给油田生产带来了极大的危害.桩西油田采出水含大量Ca2+和HCO-,结垢类型主要为钙镁垢和二氧化碳腐蚀结垢.采取地层模拟方法,建立地层组成和井筒条件变化的各种模型,研究地层和井筒结垢的机理和动力学因素,找到了抑制无机垢结晶和减缓无机垢沉积速度的...     

往复式空气压缩机常见故障及处理

介绍了往复式空气压缩机运行中常见故障,分析了产生故障的主要原因,提出了处理方法。     

Clothianidin dissipation in tomato and soil, and distribution in tomato peel and flesh

Clothianidin, a new neonicotinoid insecticide, was systematically evaluated. An analytical method using gas chromatography with electron capture detection was developed. Recoveries were between 92% and 102%, with relative standard deviations from 3% to 5% at three fortified levels. The decrease of clothianidin in tomato and soil samples under field conditions at Beijing, Shandong, and Anhui were determined. The dissipation rates of clothianidin fit first-order kinetics. Its half-lives ranged from 6.7 to 12.7 days in soil, and 7.0 to 11.9 days in tomato. On the suggested pre-harvest interval of 7 days, the distribution of clothianidin in tomato peel and flesh was studied. Most residues were found on the peel. Hence, removing the tomato peel before consumption is advisable. The stability of clothianidin fortified at 0.3 or 3 mg/kg in frozen green and red ripe tomatoes was also determined. The half-life mainly depended on the spiked levels of this pesticide.     

中国致密砂岩气及在勘探开发上的重要意义

致密砂岩气藏系指聚集工业天然气的致密砂岩场晕或圈闭,根据其储集层特征、储量大小及所处区域构造位置高低,可将致密砂岩气藏分为两类:"连续型"致密砂岩气藏和"圈闭型"致密砂岩气藏,前者通常位于构造低部位,圈闭界限模糊,无统一气水界面,往往气水倒置,储源一体或近源;后者位于圈闭高处,上气下水,储量规模较小但产量相对较高。中国致密砂岩气都是煤成气,组分以烷烃气(C1 4)为主,甲烷含量最高,烷烃气具正碳同位素系列;非烃气(主要是CO2和N2)含量低。截至2010年底,中国致密砂岩气的储量和年产量分别占全国天然气储量和产量的39.2%和24.6%,预计将来比例还会提高。与页岩气、煤层气等非常规气相比,中国近期在非常规气勘探开发中应以致密砂岩气为先。     

Aflatoxins and fumonisins in rice and maize staple cereals in Northern Vietnam and dietary exposure in different ethnic groups

Mycotoxins in food are increasingly a food safety hazard concern in particular in developing countries. This study was performed to determine the occurrence and determinants of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in rice and maize and to assess health risks through dietary intake exposure among ethnic minority groups in northern Vietnam. A total of 111 rice and 102 maize samples, were tested for occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins, i.e. aflatoxins (AF’s) and fuminisin B (FB). Results showed that 107 (96.4%) rice and 84 (82.4%) maize samples were contaminated by fungi. Aspergillus flavus was found in 68 (61.3%) rice and 30 (29.4%) maize samples, Aspergilus parasiticus in 40 (36.0%) rice and 27 (26.7%) maize samples. AF’s - were detected in 27 rice (24.3%) and 27 maize samples (26.4%) at minimum and maximum levels in rice of 2.06 and 77.8 ng/g and 20.5 and 110 ng/g in maize, respectively. Nine (8.1%) rice and 24 (23.5%) maize samples contained FB at ranges of 2.3–624 ng/g in rice and 5.6–89.8 ng/g in maize. Data collected through interviews and observations in households showed that type of crop, storage duration and presence of fungi, particularly mycotoxigenic fungi were important risk factors for AF’s and FB contamination. Based on daily food consumption data, the estimated average exposure dose of aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) from rice was 21.7 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 33.7 ng/kg bw/day for children. For FB, the rice based average exposure amounted to 536 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 1019 ng/kg bw/day for children. The calculated excess risk of liver cancer incidence by ingestion of cereals containing AFB₁ was 1.5 per 100,000 adults and 2.3 per 100,000 children per year. The average intake of FB was calculated to be lower than the tolerable diet intake (TDI). Our findings highlight that rice and maize are contaminated with mycotoxins at levels representing actual health hazards for the ethnic minority groups consuming these stable cereals. Proper drying and storage conditions in households are likely to reduce the mycotoxin contamination.     

Aflatoxin M1 in raw and UHT cow milk collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) concentrations were determined in raw and UHT cow milk samples collected in different regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia during the autumn months of 2014. The mean AFM1 levels in the raw milk samples were (ng/kg): 6.22 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 5.65 in Croatia. In all except one milk sample, AMF1 levels were below the LOQ value of 34.2 ng/kg (ELISA method). In four milk samples, AFM1 concentrations exceeded the EU MRL of 50 ng/kg. Samples were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis which confirmed elevated values determined by ELISA. Elevated levels were in the range 56.6–132.6 ng/kg. Two positive milk samples from Bosnia and Herzegovina originated from Una Sana Canton, two from Croatia from eastern Croatia. The highest AFM1 levels of 132.6 ng/kg was measured in milk from eastern Croatia. In 214 samples of processed UHT milk from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, AFM1 ranged from 2.29 ng/kg to 21.4 ng/kg, all below the LOQ value. AFM1 exceeded the EU MRL value in only 0.62% of milk samples, indicating the sporadic use of contaminated feedstuff at farms in both countries.     

改进中加强 创新中发展——改革开放30年企业思想政治工作的实践与探索

改革开放30年来，企业思想政治工作随着形势的不断变化，曾经面临着诸多新问题。企业思想政治工作正是在解决这些问题的实践中不断探索，创新思路和方法，提升效果和水平，成为企业改革、发展、进步的动力源泉。     

Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins occurrence in sultanas and dried figs commercialized in Brazil

The presence of aflatoxins, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in dried fruits was investigated. A total of 62 dried fruit samples were analyzed (24 black sultanas, 19 white sultanas and 19 dried figs). A total of 10 A. flavus isolates were found, nine in one white sultana sample (corresponding to 18% infection) and one isolate in dried figs (2%), and all of them were aflatoxin B₁ and B₂ producers. A. parasiticus was not found. Aflatoxins were detected in 3 of 19 (16%) white sultana samples analyzed and, the limits were not higher than 2.0 μg/kg. In dried figs 11 of 19 (58%) samples were contaminated with aflatoxins and, with exception of one sample that was contaminated with 1500 μg/kg of B₁ aflatoxin, the others had less than 2.0 μg/kg. Neither aflatoxigenic or aflatoxins contaminated black sultanas.     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in dried chestnuts and chestnut flour produced in Italy

The occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in chestnut products made in Italy was surveyed. Thirty-seven samples of chestnut flour and fourteen of dried chestnuts were collected from retail outlets located in northern Italy. After extraction and purification through an immunoaffinity column, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were analysed using both HPLC-FLD and HPLC-MS/MS. The mycotoxin contamination found in this survey was widespread and remarkable. As regards aflatoxins, the incidence of aflatoxin B₁ was 62.2 and 21.4% in chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively; in the same products, the percentage of samples exceeding the value of 2.0 μg kg⁻¹ for aflatoxin B₁ (maximum limit fixed by EC Regulation 165/2010 in dried fruits) was 24.3% and 7.1%. A widespread and high incidence of AFG₁ was also found (40.5%). The maximum values for aflatoxin B₁ and total aflatoxins were 67.88 and 188.78 μg kg⁻¹, respectively (chestnut flour sample). Ochratoxin A occurred in all samples, showing very high values (mean 12.38 and 13.63 μg kg⁻¹ for chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively); the percentages of samples exceeding the limit of 10 μg kg⁻¹ (EU limits for dried vine fruit) were 64.9 and 42.8% for chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively. The maximum value was 65.84 μg kg⁻¹ (dried chestnut sample).