New development of anodizing process of magnesium alloys

Magnesium alloy, a kind of environment-friendly material with promising and excellent properties, is a good choice for a number of applications. The research and development of anodizing on magnesium alloys and its application situation are reviewed, and the anodizing development trend on magnesium alloys is summarized.     

有机胺对镁合金阳极氧化的影响

以NH4H2PO4、NaF和NaOH组成基础电解液, 采用有机胺作为抑弧剂, 对AZ91D镁合金高压阳极氧化过程进行了研究.结果表明: 有机胺对镁合金的阳极氧化有着显著的抑弧效应, 可使镁合金的阳极火花放电电压提高50～80V.在抑制阳极发生弧光放电的状态下, 镁合金表面可以沉积一层致密、具有较高硬度和优良耐蚀性能的氧化膜层.分析了有机胺对氧化膜层性能和表面形貌的影响以及不同有机胺在镁合金阳极氧化过程中的抑弧能力, 并初步探讨了有机胺在镁合金阳极氧化过程中的抑弧机理.     

A.C. anodizing of aluminium alloys

Three age-hardening aluminium alloys were compared with aluminium of commercial purity in terms of their susceptibility to anodization in an alternating current in 10% sulphuric acid at 35 V. Modifying additions of nitric acid and sodium sulphate were used to increase the rate of film growth. The former was relatively ineffective and the latter was very effective but vielded soft highly porous films. Neither is considered to be ideal in the context of functional engineering anodized surfaces.     

AZ31镁合金方波脉冲阳极氧化新工艺研究

采用正交设计,利用盐雾试验评价方法,研究了一种新型镁合金无铬、无氟、无磷脉冲阳极氧化工艺配方.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析仪(EDS)、X射线衍射法(XRD)、动电位极化曲线测量方法,评价了优化工艺配方条件下脉冲阳极氧化膜的微观组织结构及其耐蚀性能.结果表明,经优化配方阳极氧化处理可以显著提高镁合金的耐腐蚀性能.     

Plasma electrolytic oxidation for surface protection of aluminium,magnesium and titanium alloys

Abstract

Plasma electrolytic oxidation can harden the surface of aluminium to the extent that it enables steel replacement in many applications. On magnesium, the technology offers a chromium-free corrosion protection superior to that offered by hexavalent chromium. Finally, on titanium, the process offers wear protection, an anti-galling surface, and a bio-compatible surface. In all cases, the process offers coating structures and compositions which cannot be achieved by any other techniques.     

Corrosion behavior of magnesium and magnesium alloys

The automotive industry has crossed the threshold from using magnesium alloys in interior applications such as instrument panels and steering wheels to unprotected environment such as oil pan, cylinder head and wheels. The expanding territory of magnesium leads to new challenges.mainly environmental degradation of the alloys used and how they can be protected. The present critical review is aimed at understanding the corrosion behavior of magnesium and magnesium alloys in industrial and marine environments, and the effect of microstructure, additive elements and inhibitors on the corrosion mechanism.     

Impedance spectroscopy of the process of hard anodizing of aluminum alloys

This article discusses an in situ method for the diagnostics of the hard anodizing process based on impedance spectroscopy allowing the coating thickness during treatment to be estimated. The experimental results are given for the hard anodizing of aluminum alloys used in the aircraft industry. Parameters of an equivalent circuit of the electrolyzer were specified and the regularities of their evolution were established. A diagnostic model was proposed and its efficiency was demonstrated for an industrial serial production.     

The behaviour of second phase particles during anodizing of aluminium alloys

Several model second phase particles and a practical alloy (AA7075-T6) have been anodized in chromic and sulphuric acid to disclose the relation between particle composition, electrolyte nature and oxidation behaviour. Generally, magnesium-containing second phases are readily oxidized, because the presence of sufficient magnesium hinders the formation of a stable oxide, while copper- and iron-containing particles oxidize at reduced rates and support a relatively stable oxide. At low potential, in chromic acid, the oxidation rate of magnesium-containing particles is reduced, due to passivation induced by chromate anions. Conversely, for particles containing only copper and/or iron, chromate anions increase the oxidation rate.     

Color hard anodizing of aluminum alloys: Scientific and practical aspects

A new method of color hard anodizing is developed. The variation of hardness and colorability as a function of the amount of additives introduced into solution is studied. The mechanism of coloring, which is determined by the dispersity of metal particles in the film, is generalized. The resistance to corrosion and fading allows them to be used for more than 50 years without changing visually.     

耐热镁合金综述

综述了耐热镁合金的种类、发展和应用现状,阐述了合金元素在耐热镁合金中的作用及机制,展望了耐热镁合金的发展方向。     

Lattice parameters of magnesium alloys

The effect of solute additions on the lattice parameters of magnesium alloys is reported. Empirical equations are derived from the data which have allowed the calculation of the lattice parameters of ternary solid solutions from binary data. The data are taken both from the literature and from additional experimental work.     

Spark anodizing behaviour of titanium and its alloys in alkaline aluminate electrolyte

Spark anodizing of titanium, Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn in alkaline aluminate electrolyte produces highly crystalline anodic films consisting mainly of Al₂TiO₅ with α- and γ-Al₂O₃ as minor oxide phases, irrespective of substrate composition. However, the apparent efficiency for film formation decreases in the following order: Ti-6Al-4V, titanium and Ti-15V-3Al-3Cr-3Sn. A large amount of aluminium species are incorporated from the electrolyte, probably by plasma-chemical reaction, and become distributed throughout the film thickness. This distribution indicates that the electrolyte penetrates near to the film/substrate interface through the discharge channels. Thus, the outwardly migrating aluminium ions under a high electric field can be present even in the inner part of the anodic films. Voids are developed at the film/substrate interface, particularly on the vanadium-containing alloys, reducing the adhesion of the anodic film to the substrate.     

Environmental friendly anodizing of AZ91D magnesium alloy in alkaline borate-benzoate electrolyte

A kind of environmental friendly anodizing routine for AZ91D magnesium alloy, based on an alkaline borate-sodium benzoate electrolyte (NaBz) was studied. The effect of NaBz on the properties of the anodized film was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), respectively. The results showed that the anodizing process, surface morphology, thickness, phase structure and corrosion resistance of the anodized film were strongly dependent on the concentration of NaBz. In the presence of adequate NaBz, a thick, compact and smoothing anodized film with excellent corrosion resistance was produced. Moreover, the forming mechanism of the anodized film in the presence of NaBz additive was also approached, which was a suppression of arc discharge process by the adsorption of Bz⁻ on the surface of magnesium alloy substrate.     

As-cast microstructure of Mg-Al-Zn magnesium alloys

The research achievements on as-cast microstructure in Mg-Al-Zn alloy were summarized. Under permanent mould cast condition, there are four kinds of primary compounds with distinct crystallographic morphology, Mg17Al12（y）, Mg32（Al,Zn）49 （r）, MgZn （e） and a temary icosahedral quasi-crystalline compound （Q）. Accordingly, Mg-Al-Zn alloy can be grouped into γ-,τ-, ε- and Q-type alloy by each characteristic compound. The volume fi＇action of γ-Mg17Al12 in commercial γ-type alloy increases with increasing AI content. MgZn and MgxAlyZnz temary complex compounds emerge with the change of the element content Al and Zn and Zn/Al concentration ratio. A practical phase diagram showing microstructure constituent change with composition was proposed. The addition of micro-alloying elements Y and Sr results in not only obvious refinement of eutectic cluster but also eutectic morphological change fi＇om block to granule.     

Mg合金的腐蚀与防护

介绍了Mg合金的腐蚀原理、腐蚀类型以及合金元素在镁合金中的作用。综述了Mg合金的化学转化膜、阳极氧化、微弧氧化、化学镀等经典的表面处理方法 ,以及快速凝固工艺和表面改性技术对Mg合金表面耐蚀性能的影响。Mg合金易发生全面腐蚀、电偶腐蚀、点蚀、应力腐蚀和高温氧化。解决Mg合金腐蚀的方法有 :一是研究新合金 ,提高Mg合金自身的热力学稳定性 ,稀土Mg合金是最有前途的耐蚀合金 ;二是通过表面处理使Mg合金表面富SiO2 和Al2 O3 、含SiC和F-等物质或获得的非晶态的涂层结构能有效地提高Mg合金的耐蚀耐磨性能 ;三是改进加工工艺 ,快速凝固和激光退火不仅能获得力学性能优秀的Mg合金产品 ,还能获得纳米结构的表面涂层防护膜 ,提高Mg合金的耐蚀耐磨性能。使镁合金表面涂层结构纳米化、玻璃化是表面处理工艺的发展趋势。     

镁合金塑性变形机制

针对不同晶粒尺寸的镁合金AZ31及添加稀土Ce或Nd的AZ31Ce/AZ31Nd的轧制变形行为,探讨了滑移、孪生和晶界滑动三种变形机制在镁合金塑性变形过程中的作用.结果表明:多种变形机制共同作用可提高镁合金在热变形时的塑性变形能力;合金热变形及再结晶退火后,在平均晶粒尺寸为50 μm以上的大晶粒中,变形机制以滑移和孪生为主,位错运动和增殖会使位错在变形过程中互相缠结、钉扎以及受晶界的阻碍而终止运动;孪生容易发生在不利于滑移的晶粒中促进塑性变形;在5～20μm的小晶粒中,晶界滑动机制发挥了重要作用,它可以协调大尺寸晶粒的变形而对提高镁合金变形能力起有益的补充作用.     

The twin-roll casting of magnesium alloys

Recently, technologies for twin-roll casting have been widely developed to efficiently fabricate the lightweight Mg alloy sheets that are quite attractive for numerous weight-sensitive applications. This paper reviews the recent progress in the twin-roll casting of Mg alloys, focusing on the processing aspects that have close relations to the solidification behavior of Mg alloy strips. In addition, recent attempts to develop new Mg alloys utilizing the metallurgical advantages attainable by this novel casting process are also presented.