柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油含氧燃料时微粒特性的分析

研究了一台增压柴油机燃用乙醇一柴油时的微粒总质量排放及粒径分布特性,并对微粒中可溶性有机物(SOF)、干碳烟(DS)和硫酸盐的质量百分比及SOF中的组分进行了分析。结果表明：使用含氧燃料后柴油机排气烟度大幅度降低而微粒总排放量降低幅度要小一些;微粒中DS排放降低;SOF排放增加,与未燃甲酯的产生导致HC排放增加有关;多环芳香烃比例随发动机负荷增大而减小;含氧燃料使得粒径分布在0．2～0．5μm范围内的比重在小负荷时降低,大负荷时升高。     

乙醇/柴油/甲酯混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

对燃料甲酯作为乙醇／柴油混合燃料助溶剂的可行性进行了研究,并对比了柴油机分别使用柴油、乙醇／柴油／甲酯混合燃料、乙醇／甲酯混合燃料和纯甲酯燃料时的燃烧与排放特性。结果表明,燃料甲酯可用作乙醇／柴油的助溶剂。与原机相比,含氧燃料可以大幅度降低柴油机在中高负荷时的烟度,其中E30M70燃料的烟度最小。但当使用含有乙醇的混合燃料时,着火延迟,THC排放增加,且在中高负荷时的压力升高率大,NOx排放较高。     

生物含氧燃料对柴油机排放特性影响的研究

在柴油中分别掺混20％乙醇、20％生物柴油以及lO％乙醇和10％生物柴油,组成E20、B20、E10B10和柴油共4种燃料,在一台4缸柴油机上进行排放特性试验研究.结果表明:在中低负荷下,含氧燃料对HC和CO的排放影响较大,随着含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加HC和CO排放增加,在中高负荷下,3种含氧燃料的HC和CO排放基本相当;除了在2200r·min-1的中低负荷下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油高以外,其它工况下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放均较柴油低.含氧燃料不同对NOx排放的影响很小,3种含氧燃料的NOx排放都比柴油低.3种含氧燃料的碳烟排放也较柴油低,而且随含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加,碳烟排放减小.     

乙醇-柴油混合燃料对柴油机性能及排放的影响

通过对乙醇含量分别为5％、10％、15％和20％的混合燃料及纯柴油5种油品的对比实验，研究了燃用乙醇—柴油混合燃料时，柴油机燃油经济性、功率及排放特性的变化规律。实验结果表明，燃用乙醇-柴油混合燃料，柴油机的能量消耗率在乙醇含量为15％时最佳，功率有所下降，但由于乙醇添加量较小，总体来说对发动机性能影响不大，在排放特性方面，NOx的比排放量基本随着乙醇掺烧比例的增加而减少；HE、CO的比排放量基本上随着乙醇掺烧比例的增加而增加；随着乙醇掺入比例的增加，发动机的可见烟度和滤纸式烟度均有显著的降低，干碳烟(DS)的比排放量也呈下降趋势。     

生物含氧燃料成分对柴油机性能影响的试验研究

将占体积比80％的柴油分别掺混20％乙醇、20％生物柴油以及10％乙醇和10％生物柴油的混合物,连同纯柴油组成E20、B20、E10810和柴油共4种燃料,在一台4缸柴油机上进行燃烧、性能及排放特性试验研究。结果表明：含氧燃料成分的不同对折合油耗率基本不产生影响,但对燃烧和排放特性影响较大。发动机燃用E20的缸内最大爆发压力较柴油要大,B20、E10810较柴油要小;含氧燃料中生物柴油的加入使最大压力升高率减小,燃烧变得柔和;含氧燃料的放热时刻均落后于柴油的放热时刻。含氧燃料成分在中低负荷下对HC和CO的排放影响较大,随着含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加HC和CO排放增加,在中高负荷下,3种含氧燃料的HC和CO排放基本相当;除了在2300r／min的中低负荷下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油高以外,其它工况下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油要低。含氧燃料成分不同对NOx排放的影响很小,3种含氧燃料的NOx排放都比柴油低。3种含氧燃料的碳烟排放较柴油要低,而且随含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加,碳烟排放减小。     

喷油参数对丁醇/柴油混合燃料燃烧及排放影响

针对高压共轨柴油机,研究了不同喷油压力和主预喷间隔角度下,正丁醇/柴油混合燃料对压燃式发动机燃烧及颗粒物排放的影响规律.结果表明:柴油中掺混正丁醇后,滞燃期延长,预混合燃烧量增加,燃烧持续期缩短,碳烟及颗粒物排放大幅降低,微粒粒径减小,核态微粒比例增加,NO_x排放变化不大.喷油压力由80MPa提高至100MPa,混合燃料消光烟度明显降低,继续提高喷油压力不但对碳烟排放降低作用减弱,还会进一步造成NO_x排放增加,同时核态微粒数量明显增加.主预喷间隔角度过小会造成主预喷燃油燃烧重叠,使碳烟排放增加,随主预喷间隔角度增加,总微粒、积聚态微粒数量浓度明显降低,核态微粒比例增加,当主预喷间隔角度增大到20°CA后,继续增大主预喷间隔角度对碳烟排放降低作用不明显.     

乙醇-甲酯-柴油含氧燃料对柴油机性能与燃烧特性的影响

在一台四缸柴油机上燃用乙醇-甲酯-柴油混合燃料,使得乙醇含量达到30%.研究了氧含量对柴油机动力性、经济性以及燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,在发动机不做调整的情况下,含氧燃料会使发动机动力有所下降,有效燃油消耗率上升,但等效燃油消耗率基本不变.乙醇含量越多,燃烧滞燃期越长,E20B、E30B的滞燃期比柴油分别长1.2°CA和2.5°CA;燃烧持续期会缩短,全负荷时E10B的燃烧持续期比柴油缩短了5°CA,E30B的燃烧持续期比柴油缩短了10°CA;另外随着乙醇含量的增多,最大爆发压力升高,放热率峰值增大.     

正丁醇燃料特性对柴油机低温燃烧影响的机理

在一台单缸柴油机上,将20%体积分数的正庚烷、异辛烷和正丁醇分别与柴油进行掺混燃烧,研究了正丁醇沸点、燃料组分、十六烷值和含氧特性等理化特性对柴油机低温燃烧(LTC)的影响机理.结果表明,十六烷值是影响LTC燃烧特性的主导参数,柴油+正庚烷和柴油+异辛烷的燃烧特性分别与纯柴油和柴油+正丁醇接近.碳烟排放上,柴油+正庚烷与纯柴油差别很小,表明在20%掺混条件下,物理特性和燃料组分对LTC碳烟排放影响较小;柴油+异辛烷的碳烟排放较纯柴油降低明显,表明十六烷值是影响LTC碳烟排放的重要因素;柴油+正丁醇的碳烟排放比柴油+异辛烷有较大降低,表明正丁醇含氧特性对改善LTC碳烟排放具有重要作用.燃料理化特性对NOx、CO和HC等气体污染物排放影响较小.     

正丁醇对柴油机低温燃烧和排放的影响

在一台改造的单缸柴油机上,研究了柴油中掺入正丁醇燃料在不同EGR率、进气压力下对燃烧、性能和排放的影响.结果表明,柴油中添加正丁醇燃料使着火滞燃期延长,缸内最大爆发压力和燃烧温度下降,低温燃烧"失火"的EGR率降低,指示油耗减少,燃油经济性改善;正丁醇可明显降低碳烟排放,使烟度随EGR率变化趋势更加"平坦",烟度峰值对应的EGR率,变低,正丁醇比例越高,烟度越低;正丁醇对气体排放的影响与进气压力有关,正丁醇可以有效降低NOx排放,进气压力越大,正丁醇降低NOx的效果越明显;进气压力为0.15 MPa时,正丁醇比例越大,CO排放越低,但进气压力为0.24 MPa时,B20燃料CO排放最高;正丁醇对THC排放影响不大,但B20燃料在高EGR率条件下,其THC排放明显增大.因此,柴油燃料添加正丁醇是降低低温燃烧烟度和NOx排放,改善低温燃烧性能的有效途径.     

GTL/柴油混合燃料对直喷式柴油机排放特性的影响

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态工况测控系统和微粒采集系统,试验研究了GTL/柴油混合燃料对小型直喷式柴油机稳态及恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下排放特性的影响规律.研究结果表明:与普通柴油相比,添加GTL燃料有利于降低柴油机排放,对消光烟度及微粒排放降低效果更明显.在稳态工况下,随GTL添加比例的增加,有害排放物均有所降低,当GTL添加比例超过20 %后改善效果不明显.在恒转速增转矩瞬态工况下,当GTL添加比例小于20 %时,NOx排放降低,PM排放变化不明显,当GTL添加比例增加到60 %时,PM、DS排放显著降低,但NOx却有所升高.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.