海洋石油平台焊接接头大型CTOD试验

依据英国BS7448断裂韧性试验标准，对焊接接头超大尺寸低温裂纹尖端张开位移（CTOD）试验测试技术进行了探讨，对采用焊条电弧焊与埋弧焊工艺施焊的、板厚为2．5in(63.5mm）的海洋石油平台焊接接头试样进行了CTOD试验，分别测试了－18℃两种工艺下焊缝金属和热影响区的CTOD断裂韧性，对试验结果及试验中的有关技术问题进行了分析讨论。试验表明，除两个热影响区（HAZ）试样外，其余试样均满足美国Phillips石油公司提出了最小CTOD为0．15mm的要求。试验结果为评价这种板厚焊接接头的焊后热处理规范提供了依据。     

海洋钢结构大尺寸焊接接头CTOD断裂韧性试验与分析

依据英国BS7448断裂韧性试验标准,研究了超大板厚碳钢焊接接头的低温断裂韧性(裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)) .针对厚为95 mm和60 mm的钢板分别开发了埋弧焊(SAW)和药芯保护焊(FCAW)2种焊接工艺,并研究了低温服役条件下(0℃)2种焊接工艺焊接接头各区(包括焊缝区和热影响区)的断裂韧性. 研究结果表明,所有试样均满足最小特征CTOD值0.15 mm的要求.本研究结果可为厚95 mm的D36钢板埋弧焊和厚60 mm的D36钢板药芯保护焊焊接接头免除焊后热处理提供依据.     

焊后热处理对海洋平台用钢焊缝低温断裂韧性的影响北大核心

分别采用焊条电弧焊(2G,3G)、CO2气体保护焊(2G,3G)与埋弧焊(2.0 k J/mm,3.5 k J/mm)工艺得到板厚分别为80 mm,80 mm,100 mm焊接接头。将试样均分为两组,根据英国BSI 7448—2005《断裂韧性试验标准》,分别进行焊态和热处理态低温断裂韧性(CTOD)测试。结果表明,相同热处理工艺对不同焊接方法焊缝中心线CTOD值影响不同。FCAW接头的低温韧性对热处理敏感性较低,热处理前后2G与3G位置的CTOD值都基本不变;埋弧焊接头断裂韧性提升幅度较小,低热输入下CTOD约提高5%,高热输入下约提高32%;焊条电弧焊2G和3G位置CTOD值分别提高14.15倍和1.5倍。试验结果为评价这几种焊接方法和相应板厚焊接接头的免除热处理提供了一定依据。     

焊后热处理对海洋平台用钢焊缝低温断裂韧性的影响

分别采用焊条电弧焊(2G,3G)、CO2气体保护焊(2G,3G)与埋弧焊(2.0 k J/mm,3.5 k J/mm)工艺得到板厚分别为80 mm,80 mm,100 mm焊接接头。将试样均分为两组,根据英国BSI 7448—2005《断裂韧性试验标准》,分别进行焊态和热处理态低温断裂韧性(CTOD)测试。结果表明,相同热处理工艺对不同焊接方法焊缝中心线CTOD值影响不同。FCAW接头的低温韧性对热处理敏感性较低,热处理前后2G与3G位置的CTOD值都基本不变;埋弧焊接头断裂韧性提升幅度较小,低热输入下CTOD约提高5%,高热输入下约提高32%;焊条电弧焊2G和3G位置CTOD值分别提高14.15倍和1.5倍。试验结果为评价这几种焊接方法和相应板厚焊接接头的免除热处理提供了一定依据。     

海洋平台用钢D36超大厚度焊接接头CTOD试验

依据英国标准BS7448断裂韧度试验标准(ISO/TC164/SC4-N400)和DNV-OS-C401,采用埋弧焊和CO2气体保护焊工艺对国产钢板板厚为80 mm的海洋石油平台导管架对接接头试样进行了低温裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验.测试了零度下该工艺的焊缝和热影响区的CTOD断裂韧度,探讨了这种大厚板焊接接头在埋弧焊和CO2气体保护焊工艺下免除焊后热处理的可能性,为海洋平台施工建造提供科学依据.     

导管架主腿及钢桩关键焊接节点的安全性评估

我国海洋采油事业发展迅速,工作重心逐渐向深海发展,这对导管架的安全性要求越来越高。目前国际上普遍采用焊后热处理的方法提高接头性能,而由于导管架结构庞大,热处理难度极大,因此,通过ECA(Engineering Critical Assessment,工程临界评估)实际工程案例,结合CTOD(Crack Tip Opening Displacement)试验,给出了T/K/Y形焊接节点免除焊后热处理的可靠证据,为提高工程结构安全性和降低工程难度提供了保证。     

X-65钢级管线接头对接焊技术的研究

介绍了采用不同焊料和在不同焊接条件下进行的X-65钢级无缝管的对接焊试验。试验表明：采用特殊的接头焊接技术焊接的X-65钢级管线，可以输送酸性油、气；采用纤维素焊条焊接的地下管线，焊接头可不进行热处理；若焊前先将接头预热，可保证焊缝的冲击韧性；采用碱性药皮焊条和焊前接头预热的施焊方法，焊接的空间管道接头热应力小。     

低温服役海洋钢结构免焊后热处理埋弧焊接头性能研究

随着海洋工程逐渐走向深水和低温区域,服役温度越来越低。在大型海洋钢结构焊接中,为保证焊接接头具有足够的韧性,对于厚度超过50 mm的焊接接头一般要求进行焊后热处理以消除内应力。近年来,有研究指出,如果焊接接头在设计温度下能通过CTOD测试,则可以免除焊后热处理。本文测试研究了80 mm厚EH36钢板埋弧焊接头在焊态下的常规力学性能以及-25℃下焊态CTOD性能,开发并优化了满足低温服役的埋弧焊免热处理工艺,对同类项目具有较大的借鉴意义。     

钢箱梁焊接接头的断裂韧度评定

采用冲击试验评定钢箱梁焊接工艺存在局限性,指出用裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验评定钢箱梁焊接工艺的优越性.介绍了焊接工艺CTOD断裂韧度评定的方法.针对港深西部通道香港段后海湾大桥钢箱梁焊接建造,运用英国标准BS7448对两项拟用焊接工艺进行CTOD试验评定.结果表明,埋弧自动焊工艺焊接接头的CTOD断裂韧度较高,该工艺可以直接用于钢箱梁焊接施工;而焊条电弧焊工艺焊接接头的CTOD断裂韧度较低,经扫描电子显微镜断口分析和X射线分析,发现其原因是焊缝中心存在气泡、微裂纹、夹杂物和硫等有害元素.试验评定结果为港深西部通道香港段后海湾大桥钢箱梁焊接质量控制提供了依据.     

工程机械用高强钢20MnTiB焊接接头的断裂韧性研究

本文针对工程机械用高强钢焊接接头有较大断裂倾向的特点,依据英国标准BS 7448断裂韧度试验标准,采用熔化极气体保护焊(GMAW)工艺对板厚为14mm的国产高强钢20MnTiB对接焊接接头试样进行了低温裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验.结果表明:在本文中所制订的焊接工艺条件下,无需焊后消氢处理20MnTiB高强钢的焊接接头CTOD平均值均大于标准验收值,有较高的断裂韧性值.     

Microstructure and fracture toughness of electron beam welded joints of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel

Two post-weld heat-treatments ( PWHT) , 900℃ oil quenched and low temperature tempered (PWHTA) and high temperature tempered and then 900~C oil quenched and low temperature tempered ( PWHTB ) , are employed to treat the weldment. Then the effect of two post-weld heat-treatment processes on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fiacture toughness of electron beam welded joints of 30CrMnSiNt‘2A steel have been discussed. The results show that, after two kinds of PWHT the microstructure and hardness at every zones of EBW joints are nearly same. Although the welds have good mechanical properties, fiacture toughness of both weld and heat-affected zone (HAZ) is low, the CTOD values of welds are comparatively higher than that of HAZ. Microstructure and fiacture toughness of two EBW joints have no evident differences.     

焊后热处理对DH36钢焊接接头断裂韧性的影响

文中对DH36钢埋弧焊焊接接头进行了焊后热处理,并根据BS7448标准对焊缝和热影响区进行裂纹尖端张开位移CTOD测试,研究焊后热处理对断裂韧性的影响.结果表明,焊后热处理对焊缝断裂韧性的影响并不一定是好的效果,热处理后,焊缝δ值有的升高有的降低;焊后热处理对热影响区粗晶区的断裂韧性有不利影响,热处理后,热影响区粗晶区的δ值均有所下降.经过焊后热处理,90 mm厚焊缝试样的δ值略有下降,60mm厚焊缝试样的δ值明显升高;90mm厚热影响区试样的δ值明显下降,60mm厚热影响区试样的δ值略有下降.     

Toughness and microstructure of 13Cr4NiMo high-strength steel welds

The microstructures and tensile, Charpy, and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) properties of 13Cr4NiMo soft martensitic stainless steel flux cored are welding process (FCAW) weld metals have been studied through different applied postweld heat treatments (PWHT). Phases and microstructural characteristics have been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction. The effect of the tempering and double tempering, with and without previous solution annealing, on the impact and fracture toughness has been studied. The role of the retained austenite resulting from tempering has been recognized, and it is suggested that the austenite particles improve the toughness of the welds through their transformation by the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) mechanism.     

焊后热处理对拘束焊焊缝金属冲击韧性与断裂韧性的影响

针对DH36钢厚板拘束焊焊接接头进行了620 ℃ × 2 h的焊后热处理，测试了热处理前后焊缝金属的冲击韧性和断裂韧性，对比分析冲击韧性与断裂韧性的差异，同时研究了焊后热处理的影响及其韧化机制. 结果表明，焊态下焊缝金属的冲击韧性良好，而断裂韧性较差；焊后热处理后，冲击韧性没有明显变化，但断裂韧性显著上升，平均CTOD值由0.123 mm显著升高至0.707 mm. 一方面，焊后热处理引起位错密度降低，位错缠结显著减少，细小碳化物析出并球化，有利于韧性的改善；另一方面，焊后热处理可消除大厚板拘束焊产生的应变时效局部脆化现象，提高断裂韧性. 由于冲击韧性与断裂韧性测试结果存在较大差异，采用单一温度的冲击韧性评估拘束焊焊缝金属的韧性与结构安全性可能存在风险.     

Effect of post weld heat treatment on weldability of high entropy alloy welds

The effect of post weld heat treatment (PWHT) temperature on laser beam welds in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) using a cold-rolled cantor system (CoCrFeMnNi) was investigated. Laser welding of low heat input was applied to reduce thermal distortion. The cold-rolled HEA welds indicated larger grain size and inferior tensile/hardness properties as compared to the base metal (BM). By applying PWHT, the welds showed superior hardness to the BM with no variation in the face-centred cubic phase and a decrease in the size and fraction of CrMn oxide inclusions. As the PWHT temperature increased (800–1000°C), the variation in the grain size decreased between the weld metal and heat-affected zone, thus resulting in approximately the same tensile strength and elongation of the transverse welds as compared to the BM.     

海洋平台E36钢热处理前后断裂韧性研究

工程上普遍认为,通过焊后热处理（PWHT）,如果方法得当,可以提高焊缝金属的断裂韧性值。但是,近年来诸多研究发现,焊后热处理对断裂韧性也并不是都有好的影响,比如,热处理之后,焊接接头热影响区的断裂韧性就可能有恶化的现象。本研究设计了对比CTOD（裂纹尖端张开位移）试验,发现热处理之后热影响区组织变粗大,碳化物大量析出并聚集长大,使得断裂韧性大大降低。     

Influence of pre- and post-weld heating on weldability of modified 9Cr–1Mo(V–Nb) steel pipe under shielded metal arc and tungsten inert gas welding processes

Abstract

Welding of modified 9Cr–1Mo(V–Nb) steel pipes has been carried out via shielded metal arc (SMA) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding processes. The weld joints have been produced using different preheating temperatures, followed by post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) at various temperatures. The microstructures of the weld and of the heat affected zone (HAZ) of the weld joints have been studied under the optical microscope and correlated with the preheating and PWHT. The average hardness of the weld and different regions of the HAZ, and tensile properties of the weld joints have also been studied and correlated with the preheating and PWHT. The tensile properties of the SMA and TIG weld joints produced using preheating and PWHT at various temperatures are compared and correlated with their microstructures. It is noted that a comparatively high preheating temperature of the order of 573 K is beneficial, and PWHT is necessary to reduce the susceptibility to cold cracking of weld joints of the present steel. The PWHT at 1123 K enhances ductility to fracture, but decreases the tensile strength of the base material, causing fracture of both the SMA and TIG weld joints from this region close to the HAZ. The tensile properties of SMA welds are found to be superior to those of the TIG welds, especially for PWHT at temperatures up to 1023 K.     

焊后热处理对复杂结构件完整性的影响

通过考虑热处理前后δ_CTOD值和残余应力变化,研究了焊后热处理对复杂结构件完整性的影响. 对厚板(80 mm)对接接头进行了焊态和热处理态的残余应力测量和断裂韧性(CTOD)试验. 相对厚板对接接头焊态,热处理态的残余应力有效降低,焊缝δ_CTOD值基本不变,热影响区δ_CTOD值有较大幅度下降;对带拘束和装配应力复杂焊接结构进行局部热处理并测试焊态和热处理态的残余应力. 结果表明,残余应力降低不明显,有的部位残余应力水平反而上升. 基于以上试验结果,对多种情况进行结构完整性的评估,发现了局部热处理并不能够改善复杂结构的安全性.     

In situ neutron diffraction measurement of strain relaxation in welds during heat treatment

Neutron diffraction (ND) is commonly used to investigate the stress redistribution before and after post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) in welded structures. However, there is a lack of information on the evaluations of strains during PWHT. The present work employed in situ ND to measure the relaxation of residual strains during conventional PWHT in multi-pass high-strength low-alloy steel welds. It was found that strain relaxation occurs principally during the heating stage of the heat treatment. The findings have important economic bearings and can be used to characterise comparable material combinations and optimise the PWHT process for high-strength low-alloy weld joints. This unique information also provides a valuable benchmark for the finite element modelling of this complex process.     

碱液输送管道焊后热处理必要性的探讨

碱(氢氧化钠)是能够导致钢管材料应力腐蚀的一种腐蚀介质。对管道的焊口进行焊后热处理来消除残余内应力可以有效地避免应力腐蚀的发生。但是,对于碱液输送管道是否必须进行焊后热处理以避免应力腐蚀,在同一个项目的不同的承包合同中(如南海石化东联码头上部设施建造项目),设计却出现过不同的要求。本文根据相关的国家标准和规范,探讨了碱液输送管道焊后热处理的必要性。