Application of shape memory alloy dampers in the seismic control of cable-stayed bridges

This paper focuses on introducing and investigating the performance of a new passive seismic control device for cable-stayed bridges made with shape memory alloys (SMAs). The superelasticity and damping capability of SMAs is sought in this study to develop a supplementary recentering and energy dissipation device for cable-stayed bridges. Three-dimensional long-span bridge model, including the effect of soil-structure interaction is developed and utilized in the study. SMA dampers are implemented at the bridge’s deck-pier and deck-tower connections. The bridge is subjected to three orthogonal components from two historic ground motion records. The effectiveness of the SMA dampers in controlling the deck displacement and limiting the shear and bending moment demands on the bridge towers is assessed. Furthermore, a study is conducted to determine the sensitivity of the bridge response to the hysteretic properties of the SMA dampers. The analytical results show that SMA dampers can successfully control the seismic behavior of the bridge. However, the effectiveness of the new dampers is significantly influenced by the relative stiffness between the dampers used at the deck-tower and deck-pier connections. The results also show that the variation in the SMAs’ strain hardening during phase transformation has a small effect on the bridge response compared to the variation in the unloading stress during reverse phase transformation.     

Investigations concerning seismic response control of self-anchored suspension bridge with MR dampers

To mitigate the seismic response of self-anchored suspension bridges, equations of motion governing the coupled system of bridge- magneto-rheological (MR) dampers subject to seismic excitation are formulated by employing the phenomenological model of MR dampers. A corresponding computer program is developed and employed for studying the seismic response control of a self-anchored suspension bridge with a main span of 350 m. The effect of variable current and number of dampers on seismic response control is investigated. The numerical results indicate the longitudinal displacement of the tower top and bridge girder decrease with the increase in input current and number of MR dampers attached longitudinally at the tower-girder connections, and the internal forces of the tower are effectively attenuated as well. It appears that small electronic current (0.5 A in this study) may sufficiently attenuate the seismic responses for practical engineering applications.     

Experimental evaluation of the seismic performance of steel MRFs with compressed elastomer dampers using large-scale real-time hybrid simulation

Real-time hybrid simulation combines experimental testing and numerical simulation, and thus is a viable experimental technique for evaluating the effectiveness of supplemental damping devices for seismic hazard mitigation. This paper presents an experimental program based on the use of the real-time hybrid simulation method to verify the performance-based seismic design of a two story, four-bay steel moment resisting frame (MRF) equipped with compressed elastomer dampers. The laboratory specimens, referred to as experimental substructures, are two individual compressed elastomer dampers with the remainder of the building modeled as an analytical substructure. The proposed experimental technique enables an ensemble of ground motions to be applied to the building, resulting in various levels of damage, without the need to repair the experimental substructures, since the damage will be within the analytical substructure. Statistical experimental response results incorporating the ground motion variability show that a steel MRF with compressed elastomer dampers can be designed to perform better than conventional steel special moment resisting frames (SMRFs), even when the MRF with dampers is significantly lighter in weight than the conventional MRF.     

近场脉冲型地震作用下黏滞阻尼器对双柱#br# 摇摆桥墩减震作用研究

为研究黏滞阻尼器对双柱摇摆桥墩在近场脉冲型地震作用下的减震作用,基于摇摆刚体假定和拉格朗日方程,对采用黏滞阻尼器的双柱摇摆桥墩进行实例分析、参数分析和抗倒塌能力分析。研究结果表明：黏滞阻尼器可减小双柱摇摆桥墩的地震位移反应,且作为速度型阻尼器,其在近场脉冲型地震作用下的减震效果比远场地震更为显著;在近场脉冲型地震作用下,随着黏滞阻尼器的无量纲阻尼常数(λ)的增大和阻尼指数(n_v)的减小,桥墩位移反应随之变小,当阻尼器失效位移大于120mm时桥墩峰值位移反应无显著变化;黏滞阻尼器的减震作用可有效提高双柱摇摆桥墩在近场脉冲型地震作用下的抗倒塌能力,λ越大和n_v越小,桥墩的抗倒塌能力越强。     

结构半主动变阻尼控制的研究

作为经典范例之一,半主动变阻尼系统得到了广泛的应用,然而近来的研究显示仍需要对其控制性能重新认识。本文以谐波作用下支座激励的理论为出发点,讨论了粘性变阻尼控制系统可能成立的基本条件和适用范围。算例以一个设置在基础层的半主动变阻尼器控制系统为例,采用离复位控制策略进行了数值模拟,并得出了两个重要结论:(1)变阻尼控制系统只有在结构动力反应远离共振的情况下,才有可能同时取得位移峰值和加速度峰值的减小;(2)结构动力反应与控制效果的改善依赖地面运动特性,在一般情况下相比被动阻尼控制并不能明显提高控制效果,甚至有所不及。     

地震作用下相邻建筑结构碰撞反应分析

地震作用下,相邻建筑结构由于不同动力特性的差异,并且没有足够的间距,容易遭受碰撞破坏。相邻结构间的碰撞作用是导致结构破坏甚至倒塌的重要原因之一。将相邻结构简化为多自由度楼层处碰撞模型,采用简化的Hertz-Damp模型,以相邻15层与8层钢筋混凝土框架结构为例,研究结构在地震作用下的碰撞反应,分析两相邻结构间不设置防震缝及按规范设置防震缝时,在不同加速度峰值情况下,碰撞作用对结构层间位移角和层间剪力的影响。研究表明,碰撞作用显著放大较高结构碰撞层及以上楼层的层间位移角和剪力,对较低结构具有总体抑制作用,但对顶层可能会产生不利影响;按规范设置防震缝时,7度设防结构在遭受7度罕遇地震时无碰撞发生,但遭遇8度和9度罕遇地震时发生碰撞,碰撞作用对结构反映的抑制作用比结构间无防震缝时明显降低。     

考虑碰撞效应的相邻框架结构地震易损性分析

针对间距不足和高度不等的相邻钢筋混凝土框架结构,设置考虑碰撞刚度和阻尼非线性的碰撞单元,通过对三维非线性有限元模型的时程分析研究地震碰撞效应,并开展增量动力分析,分别以所有层和碰撞层最大层间位移角为工程需求参数,提出考虑碰撞效应的地震易损性分析方法。以6层和4层、6层和5层、6层和3层相邻钢筋混凝土框架结构为例,对比分析不同周期比下考虑与不考虑碰撞效应的相邻结构地震易损性曲线。结果表明：对于6层和4层相邻结构,考虑碰撞效应后,6层结构所有层的最大层间位移角对应的失效概率略有减小,4层结构的反之,而较低结构的碰撞层及较高结构的碰撞层以上层的最大层间位移角对应的失效概率明显增大,即碰撞效应对结构整体响应影响不明显,而对局部响应影响显著;6层和5层、6层和3层相邻结构地震易损性曲线具有类似规律,且相邻结构自振周期越接近,碰撞对结构地震易损性影响越小。     

墙式连接金属阻尼器RC框架振动台试验研究

为研究金属阻尼器墙式连接方式的有效性,检验金属阻尼器对RC框架的减震效果,设计并制作1/4缩尺的4层无控结构(纯框架)和减震结构(设置金属阻尼器)振动台试验模型.选取一条人工合成地震动和Takatori天然地震动,调幅到不同地震动强度进行振动台试验,对模型结构动力特性(自振频率、阻尼比)和结构响应(位移、加速度、剪力)...     

某框架结构采用传统方法和粘弹性阻尼器抗震对比分析

以西安市某综合楼为例,采用传统做法和粘弹性阻尼器两种方法进行抗震加固,通过PKPM和大型有限元SAP2000结构分析软件对该工程进行地震反应分析,对结构抗震能力不足之处采取加固措施。分析表明,两种加固方法都能降低结构的地震反应,达到抗震性能要求。但采用粘弹性阻尼器的减震方法与传统方法相比,其造价、减震效果、工期及工作量都是传统方法无法比拟的。采用粘弹阻尼器确实有很好的经济效益和社会效益,在建筑物的抗震加固中将会有广阔的前景。     

粘滞流体阻尼器用于建筑结构的减震设计原理与方法

研究了粘滞流体阻尼器用于建筑结构消能减震设计的原理、分析方法。包括阻尼器的设置、消能支撑的型式、支撑钢杆的设计、抗震设防目标、消能减震建筑结构的特点。给出了消能减震结构的附加水平控制力、附加有效阻尼比、地震影响系数、阻尼矩阵的计算方法;介绍了振型分解反应谱法和直接动力时程分析法的设计计算要点。最后给出了采用粘滞流体阻尼器进行消能减震设计的实用设计步骤。     

基于桩-土非线性动力分析改进的Winkler模型

一种数值模型用来研究地震作用下桩基础反应,在Winkler模型基础上,考虑了桩的柔性与能量耗散及辐射。模型用来研究桩-土-结构共同作用分析,包括桩土非线性效应,考虑桩土体系非线性及其在强震作用下会产生大的变形,桩采用材料与几何非线性的梁-柱元相同,而土体假想为沿桩长段均匀的非线性弹簧-阻尼器,进而采用修正的Ramberg-Osgood模型。利用剪切模量与阻尼一个关系导得土的阻尼。为了模拟土中辐射阻尼效应,桩与土采用粘性阻尼器连接。模型同文献中的振动台测试对比表明,该模型与测试结果较吻合,进而为强震作用下桩土分析提供一种数值分析方法。     

Investigations concerning seismic response control of self-anchored suspension bridge with MR dampers

To mitigate the seismic response of self-anchored suspension bridges, equations of motion governing the coupled system of bridge-magneto-rheological (MR) dampers subject to seismic excitation are formulated by employing the phenomenological model of MR dampers. A corresponding computer program is developed and employed for studying the seismic response control of a self-anchored suspension bridge with a main span of 350 m. The effect of variable current and number of dampers on seismic response control is investigated. The numerical results indicate the longitudinal displacement of the tower top and bridge girder decrease with the increase in input current and number of MR dampers attached longitudinally at the tower-girder connections, and the internal forces of the tower are effectively attenuated as well. It appears that small electronic current (0.5 A in this study) may sufficiently attenuate the seismic responses for practical engineering applications. __________ Translated from China Civil Engineering Journal, 2006, 39(11): 84–89 [译自: 土木工程学报]     

北京A380机库采用粘滞阻尼器的减振控制分析

为研究大跨度网架机库结构的减振控制效果,采用粘滞阻尼器作为减振装置,在三向地震波输入下,对北京A380机库进行减振控制分析。以减小屋盖结构节点竖向位移为减振控制目标,分别在网架结构、抗侧力结构以及网架和抗侧力结构中布置粘滞阻尼器,并进行不同控制方案的比较。结果表明,在网架结构中布置阻尼器时,非线性阻尼器和线性阻尼器的控制效果基本相同,"替换方式"布置阻尼器的控制效果好于"附加方式",替换下弦与中弦之间腹杆的减振效果好于替换中弦与上弦之间的腹杆,在网架四边中部布置阻尼器的控制效果优于在四边均匀布置或布置在无控结构竖向位移最大的节点周围,阻尼器数量宜适中;抗侧力结构中布置阻尼器的控制效果优于布置在网架结构中;网架与抗侧力结构均布置阻尼器,可进一步提高减振控制效果。研究成果可为大跨度网架结构采用粘滞阻尼器减振控制提供参考。     

基于全时程迭代的金属阻尼器减震结构地震响应分析方法研究

准确地估算等效阻尼系数和等效附加刚度对于附加金属阻尼器的减震结构的设计具有实用意义。首先基于等效线性化基本理论推导出等效阻尼系数和等效附加刚度计算公式,并引入全时程迭代的思想,形成一种附加金属阻尼器减震结构的地震响应分析方法。继而通过对3层剪切型结构的地震响应分析,探讨了该计算方法迭代过程的收敛性。最后,通过对3层剪切型结构和8层平面框架结构的地震响应分析,考察了该计算方法的计算精度和可靠性。与现有方法相比,提出的等效阻尼系数和等效附加刚度计算公式物理意义明确,同时考虑了金属阻尼器自身参数和结构动力响应对等效线性化参数的影响,采用的全时程迭代方法具有收敛速度快、计算精度高等优点。     

Optimal probabilistic design of seismic dampers for the protection of isolated bridges against near-fault seismic excitations

A probabilistic, simulation-based framework is presented in this paper for risk assessment and optimal design of supplemental dampers for multi-span bridge systems supported on abutments and intermediate piers through isolation bearings. The adopted bridge model explicitly addresses nonlinear characteristics of the isolators and the dampers, the dynamic behavior of the abutments, and the effect of pounding between the neighboring spans against each other as well as against the abutments. Nonlinear dynamic analysis is used to evaluate the bridge performance, and a realistic stochastic ground motion model is presented for describing the time history of future near-fault ground motions and relating their characteristics to the seismic hazard for the structural site. A probabilistic foundation is used to address the various sources of structural and excitation uncertainties and ultimately characterize the seismic risk for the bridge. This risk is given by the expected value of the system response over the adopted probability models. Stochastic simulation is used for evaluating the multi-dimensional integral representing this expected value and for performing the associated optimization when searching for the most favorable damper characteristics. An efficient probabilistic sensitivity analysis is also established for identifying the importance of each of the uncertain model parameters in affecting the overall risk. An illustrative example is presented that considers the design of nonlinear viscous dampers for the protection of a two-span bridge.     

Optimization layout of viscous dampers and its application in retrofitting of a high-rise steel structure

阻尼器优化布置是结构减震设计过程中的重要环节，通常需要通过多次动力响应计算来完成。为此，提出了一种通过结构静力分析确定阻尼器合理布置位置的方法，并能够快速计算出优化方案的附加阻尼比。将该方法应用于一栋位于日本东京都新宿区29层钢结构建筑的减震加固设计中，分析了该建筑的强震观测系统在日本“311地震”中采集到的部分楼层加速度时程数据，并基于分析结果验证了所建立的非线性数值分析模型的可靠性。采用所提方法对结构进行减震加固，得到双向共64个阻尼器的优化布置方案及其附加阻尼比，并通过动力方法对结果进行了验证。同时针对长周期及长持时特性的地震波，对减震结构进行动力弹塑性时程分析，评估其抗震性能。分析结果表明：减震优化方案的减震效果明显，结构整体地震反应和构件损伤较非减震方案都大大减小；减震优化方案有效改善了高层钢结构楼层变形不均匀的情况，层间位移角均满足小于1/100的性能要求；通过减震优化后大部分钢支撑和钢梁的塑性率都降低至小于1。     

黏滞阻尼器的优化布置及其在高层钢结构加固中的应用

阻尼器优化布置是结构减震设计过程中的重要环节,通常需要通过多次动力响应计算来完成。为此,提出了一种通过结构静力分析确定阻尼器合理布置位置的方法,并能够快速计算出优化方案的附加阻尼比。将该方法应用于一栋位于日本东京都新宿区29层钢结构建筑的减震加固设计中,分析了该建筑的强震观测系统在日本“311地震”中采集到的部分楼层加速度时程数据,并基于分析结果验证了所建立的非线性数值分析模型的可靠性。采用所提方法对结构进行减震加固,得到双向共64个阻尼器的优化布置方案及其附加阻尼比,并通过动力方法对结果进行了验证。同时针对长周期及长持时特性的地震波,对减震结构进行动力弹塑性时程分析,评估其抗震性能。分析结果表明：减震优化方案的减震效果明显,结构整体地震反应和构件损伤较非减震方案都大大减小;减震优化方案有效改善了高层钢结构楼层变形不均匀的情况,层间位移角均满足小于1/100的性能要求;通过减震优化后大部分钢支撑和钢梁的塑性率都降低至小于1。     

Seismic response of R/C structures subjected to simulated ground motions compatible with design spectrum

In seismic response analysis of building structures, the input ground motions have considerable effect on the nonlinear seismic response characteristics of structures. The characteristics of soil and the locality of the site where those ground motions were recorded affect the contents of ground motion time histories. This study describes a generation of synthetic ground motion time histories compatible with seismic design spectrum, and also evaluates the seismic response results of multi‐story reinforced concrete structures by the simulated ground motions. The simulated ground motion time histories have identical phase angles to the recorded ground motions, and their overall response spectra are compatible with seismic design spectrum with 5% critical viscous damping. The input ground motions applied to this study have identical elastic acceleration response spectra, but have different phase angles. The purpose of this study was to investigate their validity as input ground motion for nonlinear seismic response analysis of building structures. As expected, the response quantities by simulated ground motions presented better stability than those by real recorded ground motions. It was concluded that the simulated earthquake waves generated in this paper are applicable as input ground motions for a seismic response analysis of building structures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

脉冲地震作用下千米级斜拉桥减震设计方法

为研究近断层脉冲地震动作用下千米级斜拉桥的减震设计方法,以某漂浮型千米级斜拉桥为背景,建立了有限元模型,选择了典型的近断层脉冲型地震动,同时设计了3种减震体系,在塔梁之间分别采用弹性连接装置、流体粘滞阻尼器以及两者的组合装置。随后对模型进行了非线性动力分析,分析了脉冲效应、减震体系的设计参数和减震效果,结果表明:脉冲长周期放大结构反应,剪切波速不影响结构反应,组合装置的减震效果最好。最后,建议了基于目标减震率的减震体系设计流程。     

Mine blast-induced ground motion response reduction using semi-active devices

The aim of this paper is reducing the responses of structures under the mine blast-induced ground motion by using semi-active tools. In other words, the objective of this study is to provide a method to reduce the destructive effects of underground mine-blast excitation. Investigating the behavior of structures under the mine blast excitation is essential because some buildings are subjected to the blast load of mines due to the rapid urbanization in different regions. Also, the importance of studying this excitation, based on the distinctive nature of mine blast-induced underground motion, becomes more apparent. For proper investigation and comparison of responses, a seismic excitation is considered. To reduce the responses of two proposed shear structures, magnetorheological (MR) and orifice dampers are utilized. The optimum location for these dampers is investigated. To generate the optimal force each time step the clipped-optimal algorithm is used based on the input force. The control force can be changed by adjusting the input voltage and magnetic field of dampers. In this research, structural responses based on optimal and maximum voltage are scrutinized. The results indicated that the proposed method is appropriate for reducing the responses of structures under the mine blast-induced ground motion and seismic excitation.