Sicherheitnorm DIN EN 1012 – 2 für Vakuumpumpen und VBG 16

The European Standard EN 1012 – 2 Compressors and vacuum pumps – safety requirements is established in March 1996. The English text will be published in 1997. This standard is deduced from the ?Mashinery directive”? which has the state of a law in all EC member states and superseeds all so far existing national standards on this subject. In Germany for vacuum pumps it is the ?Unfallverhütungsvorschrift für Verdichter”? (compressors and vacuum pumps) VBG 16, which now is partially replaced by the new standard EN 1012. In the following the contents and the mode of employment of the new standard is discussed.     

Reinforced bending load‐stressed masonry – Suggestions for future designs / Bewehrtes biegedruckbeanspruchtes Mauerwerk – Vorschläge für zukünftige Bemessungen

European standardization bodies are currently working on the amendment to EN 1996‐1‐1, which will also affect the evaluation of reinforced masonry in Germany. For that reason, discussion suggestions are being made here for revisions to lay the groundwork for building materials evaluations and especially, evaluations of bending load‐stressed masonry walls or beams at their serviceability limit state (SLS) for load‐bearing capacities. Information already presented in E DIN 1053‐3:2008‐03 [N3] is being incorporated as well. Characteristic values for the compressive strength of the masonry parallel to the bed joints f_k,∥ are essential for the design of reinforced masonry, although they are currently not included in national application documents for Germany. For the time being, they can be mathematically calculated using conversion factors for the characteristic compressive strength values vertical to the bed joints f_k or by using the declared axial compressive strengths of the masonry units. The ultimate strains for masonry in general should be set consistently at ?_mu = ∣–0.002∣ as several masonry types do not exhibit higher compressive strain values. The use of steel strains higher than ?_su = 0.005 does not change any measurement results. Varying stress‐strain curves of the constitutive equations on masonry under compressive strain (parabolic, parabolic‐rectangular, tension block) lead to differing values of recordable bending moments despite having the same mechanical reinforcement percentage at higher normal forces. Therefore, clear guidelines should be made for the type of applicable constitutive equation for masonry walls under compressive strain. With the introduction of a tension block, the number values of the reduction factors λ for the compression zone height x, which is dependent on limit strains, and where applicable, reduced compressive strength, need to be determined, as with reinforced concrete construction. A modification of the bending moment based on the second order theory according to [N4] is presented for the calculation of reinforced masonry walls in danger of buckling. The use of reduction factors for the load capacity of the masonry cross section, such as for unreinforced masonry, does not appear to be appropriate as buckling safety evidence because here, the design task is the determination of a required reinforcement cross section.     

EU‐Forschungsprojekt ESECMaSE – Teilprojekt Optimierung von Hochlochziegeln für Aussteifungswände

Unbewehrtes Ziegelmauerwerk hat sich in den letzten Jahrhunderten als geeigneter Baustoff in den mitteleuropäischen Erdbebenzonen bewährt. Erhöhte Anforderungen aus den Lastnormen waren der Anlaß für umfangreiche Untersuchungen zur Schubtragfähigkeit von Mauerwerk. Die Optimierung von Produkteigenschaften von Hochlochziegeln für schubbeanspruchtes Mauerwerk war dabei einer von mehreren Untersuchungsansätzen. Der Optimierungsprozeß wurde in dem von der Europäischen Kommission geförderten Forschungsprojekt ESECMaSE (Enhanced safety and efficient construction of masonry structures in Europe) durchgeführt. Dabei wurden sowohl Untersuchungen zur Optimierung der Materialzusammensetzung als auch eine Optimierung des Lochbildes vorgenommen. Als Optimierungsergebnis wurden Prototypen hergestellt und in statisch zyklischen Schubversuchen untersucht. Die wichtigsten Materialeigenschaften, insbesondere die Längsdruck‐ und Längszugfestigkeit wurden erheblich verbessert. Erste Ergebnisse von Schubversuchen zeigen jedoch, daß die Bedeutung der Längsdruckfestigkeit bei anisotropen Baustoffen wie Hochlochziegeln bisher deutlich überschätzt wird.