Compensation for harmonic currents and reactive power in wind power generation system using PWM inverter

In recent years, awareness of environmental problems is growing, and the price of electric power purchased by electric companies has been expensive for power plants utilizing natural energy. Thus, the introduction of wind power generation is being promoted in Japan. Generally, squirrel‐cage induction machines are widely used as generators in wind power generation systems because of their small size, light weight, and low cost. However, the induction machines do not have a source of excitation. Thus, inrush currents and instantaneous voltage drops occur when the generator is directly connected to a power grid. To reduce the inrush currents, an AC power regulator is used. Wind power generators are frequently connected to and disconnected from the power grid. However, when the inrush currents are reduced, harmonic currents are caused by phase control of the AC power regulator. And the phase control of the AC power regulator cannot control the power factor. Therefore, we propose the use of the AC power regulator to compensate for the harmonic currents and reactive power in a wind power generation system, and demonstrate the validity of this system by simulated and experimental results. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(2): 58–67, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20254     

PMSG风机直流电容虚拟惯性控制及惯性影响分析

为解决风电在电力系统中渗透率不断增加而导致的电网惯量不断降低的问题,提出了永磁直驱风机参与电网频率调节的直流电容虚拟惯性控制。该虚拟电容控制能够耦合直流电压和交流频率,利用储存在直流电容中的静电能提供惯性支撑,并能有效地抑制频率变化的斜率和减小最大频率偏差,提高频率的动态特性。此外,详细研究了影响虚拟惯性时间常数的关键参数以及虚拟惯性时间常数与直流电容的确切关系,并给出了相关参数的选取方法。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建仿真算例,仿真结果表明直流电容虚拟惯性控制能够准确模拟同步发电机的惯性响应,其控制性能优于传统转子虚拟惯性控制。     

A control method for small‐scale DC power systems including distributed generators

This paper describes a DC micro‐grid system interconnecting distributed power generators. The system consists of five generation and control units: a solar‐cell generation unit, a wind‐turbine generation unit, a battery energy‐storage unit, a flywheel power‐leveling unit, and an AC grid‐interconnecting power control unit. The control method is proposed for suppressing the circulating current by detecting only the DC grid voltage. This method brings high reliability, high flexibility, and maintenance‐free operation to the system. The method pays attention to DC output voltage performance of each unit. Each of the power control units and the energy‐storage unit is controlled to act as a voltage source with imaginary impedance. On the other hand, each of the two generation units is controlled to act as a current source. The power‐leveling unit is controlled to act as a current source having the function of frequency selectivity like a high‐pass filter. A 10‐kW prototype system verifies experimentally the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control method for the DC‐grid system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(2): 86–93, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20603     

太阳能光伏辅助市电供电系统

以太阳能电池作为辅助电源,实现了与市电共同负载用电设备无蓄电不入网的直接供电方案。将太阳能电池组光伏输出经DC／DC变换器升压后的输出与用电设备的整流桥输出连接,并跟踪市电电压变化使之在相同的光伏条件下维持一定的输出功率;另外也设计了DC／DC／AC变换器电路逆变成与市电同频同相的交流输出,通过单向控制电路与市电隔离,使电源变换电路的输出只加载到用电设备中而不逆流进入到电力网,从而避免高昂的蓄电成本,或并网的输送、占地、维护等成本和入网的技术限制。     

Controller saturation nonlinearity in doubly fed induction generator‐based wind turbines under unbalanced grid conditions

Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is widely used in wind energy generation systems due to its cost‐effective, partially rated back‐to‐back power converters, variable rotor speed operation, and maximum wind power capture. The conventional design assumes balanced grid voltage and utilizes power protection for the power converters. The DFIG wind turbine is naturally one of the major components in distributed generations of the smart grid system. However, newly developed smart grid system is rich in unbalanced loads. This paper summarizes the limiter settings of controllers and explores the nonlinear behaviors of the DFIG‐based wind power generation system with unbalanced loads. The generator rotor speed and an unbalanced load resistance are chosen as variation parameters. An emerging low‐frequency linear‐modulated oscillation at line second harmonic frequency with DC drifting is identified on the DC link voltage of the back‐to‐back power converters. In terms of second harmonic and the usually reported hazardous low‐frequency oscillation, the saturation nonlinearity and over‐modulation of the back‐to‐back power converter and its power flow are investigated and analyzed. The built‐in detailed model of the DFIG wind energy generation system in Matlab with SimPowerSystems library is used in this study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于TMS320F2808的风力发电网侧PWM整流器的设计

直驱永磁风力发电系统中,永磁发电机的输出电压的幅值和频率随风速的波动而变化,不可直接并网.其实现并网最简单的办法是加入直流环节.因PWM整流技术具有输入电流正弦、功率因数可控、能量双向流动、直流母线电压可控制和抗负载扰动能力强等优点而获得广泛的重视.因此PWM整流是实现并网积极而有效的方法.     

变速直驱永磁风力发电机控制系统的研究

在直驱永磁风力发电系统中,永磁发电机的输出电压的幅值和频率随风速的波动而变化,不可直接并网。根据风力机运行特性和最佳风能利用原理,本文设计了由不可控AC/DC整流器和可控DC/AC逆变器组成的控制系统,通过控制逆变器的输出电压或电流实时跟踪给定值,来控制永磁发电机电磁转矩,实现最大风能的获取和无功功率可调。本文在理论上分析了方案的可行性,并搭建了基于DSPTMS320LF2407的实验室硬件平台。     

A novel method to improve low‐voltage ride‐through capability of wind turbine generators

With increasing penetration of wind farms, power grids have responded by developing specific grid codes to maintain their stability. One of the main grid codes is the low‐voltage ride‐through (LVRT) capability, which requires the wind generator to remain connected when the grid voltage sags for a certain time period. A wind farm with squirrel cage induction generators suffers this LVRT problem the most because of their direct connection to the grid and reactive power consumption. In this paper, a new method is proposed to solve this problem by shunt‐connecting a motor‐driven mechanical load to the cage wind generator. For driving mechanical loads, the induction motor is most widely used in industries. This paper studies the terminal voltage holding effect of an induction machine during grid voltage sag due to the magnetic flux holding effect and the saturation characteristic. Taking advantage of this effect, the induction motor that is used for driving mechanical load is then proposed to improve the LVRT capability of wind turbine generators. Furthermore, the change of the rotating speed or slip of the induction machine is found to have a great impact on improving the LVRT. By adding some inertia to the motor‐driven mechanical load, an enhanced voltage holding effect, and therefore LVRT improvement, is expected for the wind farm. Both simulation and experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Disconnection control of wind power generators for the purpose of reducing frequency fluctuation

This paper proposes a new approach for disconnection control of wind power generators to reduce the frequency fluctuation caused by wind power. The approach is based on the correlation between frequency and total output of wind power generators and the turbulence degrees of individual wind power generators. At a control center, frequency and all the outputs of wind power generators are monitored, and the correlation and the turbulence degrees are computed on‐line. If the large variation of frequency is detected, then whether the variation comes from the wind power generators or loads is checked by using the correlation. When the wind power generators cause the frequency variation, the wind power generator with maximum turbulence degree is searched and disconnected from the power systems. This search and disconnection process is repeated until the correlation reaches the level where the frequency variation observed is not caused by the wind power generators. The effectiveness of the proposed approach was confirmed with the simulation studies of a two‐area interconnected power system including many wind power generators. The results show that the correlation and the turbulence degree are useful for the reduction of frequency fluctuation so as not to disconnect too many wind power generators. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(1): 10–18, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20911     

Stochastic optimal power flow incorporating offshore wind farm and electric vehicles

In this paper, an optimal power flow model of a power system, which includes an offshore wind farm and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) connected to grid, is presented. The stochastic nature of wind power and the uncertainties in the EV owner’s behavior are suitably modelled by statistical models available in recent literatures. The offshore wind farms are assumed to be composed of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) having reactive power control capability and are connected to offshore grid by HVDC link. In order to obtain the optimal active power schedules of different energy sources, an optimization problem is solved by applying recently introduced Gbest guided artificial bee colony algorithm (GABC). The accuracy of proposed approach has been tested by implementing AC–DC optimal power flow on modified IEEE 5-bus, IEEE 9-bus, and IEEE 39-bus systems. The results obtained by GABC algorithm are compared with the results available in literatures. This paper also includes AC–DC optimal power flow model, implemented on modified IEEE-30 bus test system by including wind farm power and V2G source. It has been shown that the uncertainty associated with availability of power from wind farm and PEVs affects the overall cost of operation of system.     

Study of Low‐Voltage Ride‐Through Performance for Wind Power Generation with Doubly Fed Induction Generator

The introduction of wind power generation is increasing rapidly. The ratio of wind power generation to the total generation capacity is becoming higher and higher. When a phase‐to‐phase fault occurs in the power system, the frequency of the power system is lower due to disconnection of wind power generation with doubly fed induction generators (DFIG). Therefore, the power system might become unstable. This paper describes an LVRT (low‐voltage ride‐through) performance improvement scheme for wind power generation with DFIG. The wind power generator is disconnected from the grid in case of a power system fault. It is made to operate in isolation from the grid by controlling the inverters installed with the generators. After clearance of the power system fault, wind power generation is immediately reconnected to the grid. As a result, instability in the power system disappears. The performance of LVRT is confirmed by using the simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results show excellent results for the three‐phase short‐circuit fault with a voltage dip of 100%. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(1): 17–26, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22423     

Development of frequency stabilizing scheme for integrating wind power generation into an isolated grid

Integration of wind power generation into small islands has been one of the demonstration projects in Okinawa Prefecture. Since such integration could degrade power quality including frequency in an island grid, a frequency stabilizing system using flywheels has been installed into a small island. In order to establish a proper frequency stabilizing scheme for the small island, an accurate model of a diesel generator including governor is vital. Therefore, the model was developed based on the measured values of generator dump tests. A new frequency stabilizing scheme was also developed through time‐domain simulation of the island grid model, which consists of the above‐mentioned diesel generator model and an equivalent load change representing wind power variation. The proper parameters of the scheme were derived considering role sharing between the diesel generators and the flywheels. The developed stabilizing scheme was applied to the flywheels in the island grid and revealed excellent performance in mitigating frequency variation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 180(1): 24–35, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21277     

基于虚拟同步发电机的MMC受端换流器控制策略

模块化多电平换流器(modular multi-level converter,MMC)的电力电子拓扑结构决定了其零惯性的特性,对系统惯性无支撑作用,系统发生直流传输功率波动和交流系统发生短时功率失衡都可能导致与火电机组相连的交流电网频率产生较大偏差。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)的MMC受端换流器控制策略。该控制策略在MMC功率外环控制中加入一阶惯性环节,为系统提供惯性参数和阻尼参数,使换流器在运行外特性上与同步发电机相类似。通过建立VSG数学模型,对惯性参数和阻尼参数的动态响应进行分析。基于Opal-RT实时仿真,搭建五端MMC-MTDC系统验证所提出的控制策略的正确性与有效性。仿真结果充分表明,当交直流系统功率发生波动时,该控制策略能够在不依靠复杂通信系统的条件下,有效地抑制交流电网频率波动,VSG控制策略能有效为系统提供惯性和阻尼,提高交流系统频率稳定。     

电网短路故障对并网双馈风电场的影响

分析了电网发生短路故障对并网运行风电场的影响。从双馈风电机组的单机模型出发,研究了由双馈风电机组构成的风电场单机等值方法。在仿真软件EMTP-RV中搭建了包含双馈风电机组构成的风电场电力系统模型。分析了电网发生三相接地短路和单相接地短路故障时,风电场的有功功率和无功功率输出特性、并网公共连接点母线电压波动以及系统频率等暂态变化。研究结果对未来风力发电工程的建设有参考价值。     

双馈风力发电机组系统接入与稳定运行仿真

分析了包含大量异步风力发电机组的风电场并网运行后对电力系统静态和动态稳定性的影响。从系统接入和稳定运行的角度研究了双馈风力发电机组及普遍采用的定子磁链定向矢量控制策略在提高风电系统稳定性方面的优势与不足。以实际机组为例在PSCAD/EMTDC平台上建立了仿真模型,结果表明双馈风力发电机组在风速发生变化时不仅能够以变速恒频方式运行并追踪最大风能,且电网电压也比传统鼠笼式风力发电机组更为稳定。在系统发生最严重的三相接地故障时,风电场具有更好的暂态稳定性。     

基于储能装置的柔性直流输电技术提高大规模风电系统稳定运行能力的研究

大规模风电集中接入电网对直流输电技术提出了更高的要求。为此,提出了基于储能装置的柔性直流输电并网传输系统拓扑结构。根据dq同步旋转坐标系下VSC-HVDC(Voltage Source Converter HVDC)系统的数学模型,设计了相应的换流器直接电流控制策略。其中送端换流站解耦控制器实现了风电场输出有功功率和无功功率的独立控制,受端换流站采用将储能装置充放电功率偏差值作为直流电压控制器附加信号的控制策略。最后,以配备双馈风电机组的风电场经柔性直流输电系统接入电网进行仿真分析,针对风电场在噪声风引起的输电功率波动、受端换流站侧交流系统短路故障等情况进行仿真验证,结果表明该控制方案有效可行。     

A Photovoltaic-based Improved Excitation Control Strategy of Three-phase Self-excited Induction Generator Suitable for Wind Power Generation

Abstract—Self-excited induction generators are extensively used for wind power generation in remote and grid-isolated areas. It is challenging to maintain constant voltage and frequency under variable loads and variable wind speed conditions for such kinds of generators. This article proposes a hybrid reactive power control technique for induction generators through a fixed capacitor bank connected at the stator terminals and a strategically switched inverter source. The inverter's DC bus is connected to a photovoltaic panel and a storage battery. This scheme provides stable voltage output with changing loads and widely varying wind speeds. The capacitor provides the bulk excitation current for the induction generator, while the inverter provides the additional reactive current desired to regulate the generator output voltage under variable wind speeds and variable loads. Suitable simulations and experiments validate the proposed concept.     

Effects of output power fluctuation on short‐circuit current of induction‐type wind power generators

Effects of the fluctuation inherent in wind speed are studied by a probabilistic method. The random variation in wind speed is responsible for random behavior in output power and internal voltage of a wind power generator. In case of fault occurrence at the instant of high internal voltage, the resultant short‐circuit current will be big, and vice versa. The DC component is also affected. According to the study, 2.4% and 1.3% increase of short‐circuit current in AC and DC components are observed respectively in a large variation case. This implies that the wind speed variation should be considered for accurate short‐circuit study. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(3): 27–36, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20721     

双馈感应风力发电机低电压穿越综合分析

在过去10年中发电和电网的稳定性已成为关键问题。大容量风力发电并入电网的快速发展引起了对电力系统动态行为的高度关切和对风能合理利用所需电网规范的迫切需求。在电网故障时双馈风力发电机的低电压穿越能力是其中一个核心问题。该文全面研究与电网连接的双馈风力发电机的低电压穿越问题,通过仿真对低电压穿越原则和并网风力发电机的控制进行详细的理论研究,介绍在电网故障期间风力发电机的瞬态特性和复杂的动态行为,并对并网操作中最具挑战性的问题进行调研。     

电网电流不对称引起大规模风机跳闸原因分析

随着风电场规模的不断扩大,深入研究风电场与电网的相互作用成为进一步开发风电所必需的工作.以双馈异步风力发电系统为研究对象,着眼于并网风电场与电网之间的相互影响,测量风电场并网运行中的电能质量数据,分析甘肃境内某风电场(M风电场)由于电网电流不对称故障引起大规模风机跳机的情况.实践证明,通过调整风机及变频器参数可有效排除风机跳闸故障,保障风电场安全、稳定运行.