Energy Efficiency of Corona Discharge Reactor Driven by Inductive Energy Storage System Pulsed Power Generator

Characteristics of a pulse corona reactor driven by an inductive energy storage (IES) pulsed power generator are described in this paper with focusing on the influence of streamer-to-glow transition on NO removal efficiency. A pulsed high voltage with a short rise time of under 30 ns is employed to generate streamer discharges homogeneously in whole the discharge region. Fast recovery diodes are used as semiconductor opening switch (SOS) to shorten the rise time. The various resistors are employed as dummy load to clarify a suitable circuit parameter such as the capacitance of a primary energy storage capacitor and/or the inductance of a secondary energy storage inductor. The energy transfer efficiency of the pulsed power generator has a maximum value of 50% at 714 Omega dummy load resistance. A co-axial cylinder type discharge chamber was used as the corona discharge plasma reactor driven by the IES pulsed power generator. The pulsed power generator supplies 30 kV pulse with 300 pps repetition rate. The co-axial cylinder plasma reactor consists of 1 mm diameter tungsten wire and 19 mm i.d. copper tube with 30 cm length. NO removal from the simulated diesel engine exhaust gas (N₂:O₂=9:1, Initial NO concentration=200 ppm) increased with input energy into the reactor. The energy efficiency for NO removal was obtained to be 25 g/kWh at 30 % removal in gas flow rate of 2 L/min. However, the energy efficiency decreased to 5 g/kWh with increasing capacitance of the primary capacitor from several hundreds pF to several nF. This decrease was caused by a streamer-to-glow transition. The efficiency was affected by oxygen concentration in the gas mixture.     

一种用于脱硫脱硝的毫微秒脉冲电源的研制

电晕法烟气脱硫脱硝要求快速窄脉冲供电方式．介绍了一种新颖毫微秒波头脉冲电源，其输出电压波形．前沿上升时间小于20ns、脉宽小于100ns、基压和脉冲幅值分别可调，并且脉冲能显转移率和电源自身的能量效率也分别达到95％和70％以上．     

双极性窄脉冲介质阻挡放电合成臭氧的研究

利用火花隙开关的双极性陡前沿窄脉冲高压电源 ,产生双极性陡前沿窄脉冲 ,在放电反应器中引发介质阻挡放电。试验结果表明 :该种形式的放电兼有短脉冲电晕放电和介质阻挡放电的优点 ,合成臭氧产率高 :进气为露点 <-40℃的干燥空气 ,臭氧质量浓度在 4～ 8g/ m3时 ,产率为 90～ 12 0 g/ (k Wh) ;进气为工业瓶装氧气 ,臭氧质量浓度在 3～18g/ m3时 ,对应产率为 30 0～ 390 g/ (k Wh) ,对比普通的介质阻挡放电提高产率幅度 >30 %。     

Development of a positive creeping discharge along an aerial insulated wire

In high‐voltage aerial distribution systems, the insulated cables are supported by the binding wire with the post insulator at the utility pole. When a lightning strike occurs in the neighborhood of the insulated cable in an aerial power distribution system, inductive lightning surges invade the central line of the cable. Then, creeping discharges develop along the cable surface from the binding wire tip at the same time as flashover of the post insulator at a supporting point of the cable. If the cable insulator has weak points such as pinholes, a malfunction near the cable supporting point may occur, with melting of the wire due to punch‐through breakdown. To prevent such accidents, it is important to clarify the mechanism of the creeping discharge along the insulated cable caused by the lightning strike. The polarity of creeping discharges depends on the polarity of the inductive lightning surges, and the extension length and aspect of the discharge differ greatly depending on the discharge polarity. The development of these creeping discharges is attributed to complicated behavior of the positive and negative electric charges. In the present study, we examined in detail the development of a positive creeping discharge along a wire surface by using a high‐speed image converter camera. This paper describes the mechanism of development of a positive creeping discharge based on the experimental results. 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 173(3): 20–29, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20997     

The effects of steep-front, short-duration impulses on powerdistribution components

A line-type pulser has been developed to test the effects of steep-front, short-duration (SFSD) pulses on distribution components. The risetime is 50-100 ns and the pulse duration is on the order of 300 ns. Terminators often shattered or punctured rather than flashing over. The insulator flashover voltage is approximately 1.5 times CFO for standard lightning impulses. Arresters exhibit an inductive character, with the SFSD peak voltage at 10 kA approximately 4-5 times the 8-pulse×20-μs 10 kA discharge voltage. Polyethylene insulated cable has a characteristic degradation in which failure voltage decreases with number of SFSD pulses     

Practical Application of ±250‐kV DC‐XLPE Cable for Hokkaido–Honshu HVDC Link

The long‐term dc properties of DC‐XLPE insulation materials, which have been developed for dc use, were investigated. It was found that the lifetime of DC‐XLPE under dc voltage application is extended by the addition of nano‐sized filler. The time dependence of the space charge distribution at 50 kV/mm was observed for 7 days. Almost no accumulation of space charge in DC‐XLPE was found. The 250‐kV DC‐XLPE cables and accessories were manufactured and subjected to a type test and PQ test for use in the Hokkaido–Honshu dc link facility owned by the Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. These tests were performed under conditions that included a polarity reversal test for line commutated converter (LCC) systems as recommended in CIGRE TB 219. The test temperature was 90 °C. The type test and PQ test were successfully completed. The DC‐XLPE cable and accessories were installed in summer 2012 for the Hokkaido–Honshu dc link. After the installation of the dc extruded cable system, a dc high‐voltage test at 362.5 kV (=1.45 PU) for 15 min was successfully completed in accordance with CIGRE TB 219. This dc extruded cable system was put into operation in December 2012 as the world's highest‐voltage extruded dc cable in service and the world's first dc extruded cable for a LCC system including polarity reversal operation.     

直流滤波电容器试验问题研究

本文分析了高压直流输电用直流滤波电容器试验中的几个关键试验,通过对局部放电试验的分析,认为直流滤波电容器的局部放电性能应该以放电脉冲数来衡量,这与试验研究的结果是一致的;本文还提出了直流滤波电容器的热稳定性试验应该考虑的问题和交流热稳定性试验的试验电压确定方法;通过对极性反转试验和直流滤波电容器的耐久性试验进行分析,对极性反转试验方法提出了建设性的意见,建议对全膜电容器在直流电压下的老化问题进行深入研究.     

Improvement of the energy efficiency in the decomposition of dilute trichloroethylene by the barrier discharge plasma process

In order to improve the energy efficiency in the dilute trichloroethylene (TCE) removal by the nonthermal plasma process, the barrier discharge reactor was studied experimentally. It is investigated by combining it with catalyst of manganese dioxide at the downstream of the barrier discharge reactor. Decomposition efficiency by the barrier discharge reactor was about 83% at the gas flow rate 2 L/min, where the dilute TCE concentration is 250 ppm. Decomposition efficiency with passing through manganese dioxide was improved about 99% at the specific energy of 40 J/L. However, other by-products including ozone and oxidation by-products such as DCAC and TCAA were detected by the gas chromatograph mass spectrometry or the Fourier transform infrared spectroscope measurement. DCAC is generated at the plasma reactor, but TCAA is generated at catalyst during ozone decomposition. CO/sub x/ yield increased about twice with passing through catalyst in the Direct Process. Nitric oxides such as NO, NO/sub 2/, and N/sub 2/O did not generate so much in this barrier discharge process. The dielectric barrier discharge process combined with manganese dioxide is considered as a very desirable way to improve the energy efficiency.     

Laser-induced breakdown characteristics of nonuniform dc coronadischarge fields

Laser-induced breakdown of nonuniform field gaps in atmospheric air was caused by an XeCl excimer laser. This laser beam was focused on the center of a rod-to-plane, needle-to-plane or hemisphere-to-plane gap with dc voltage. The laser energy dependency of breakdown voltage was investigated for positive and negative applied voltages and gap lengths of 15 to 25 mm. It was found that the positive breakdown voltage was higher than the negative one in the hemisphere-to-plane gaps or the rod-to-plane gaps with low voltages, where there is little or no space charge. However, the effect of polarity is reversed in the rod-to-plane gaps with large spacings and the needle-to-plane gaps. On the basis of the dependence of the discharge mode on this polarity effect, it can be seen that it was caused by the difference in development of positive and negative streamers in the corona discharge     

低温等离子体去除空气中NO2技术的研究

用针—板电极实验研究了影响脉冲放电等离子体去除NO2效率的主要因素:正脉冲电压的去除效率远高 于负脉冲;脉冲峰值电压越高效率越高;随着NO2初始质量浓度的增加,去除效率呈现为先增后减的非单调曲线。 还首次研究了磁场对NO2去除效率的影响及其规律,实验表明磁场能有效提高NO2的去除效率。     

GIS电缆终端局放检测中电晕干扰特性的研究

架空线电晕对于变电站内的GIS(Gas Insulated Switchgear,气体绝缘组合电气设备)电缆终端局部放电检测干扰严重,为排除高频电流传感器耦合到的其他干扰信号,本文首先提出聚类分析法,以信号峰值、上升时间、下降时间、最大频率作为数据矩阵的变量,结果表明聚类分析法能够有效将高频电流信号进行分类,便于提取架空线电晕放电信号。其次,重点研究了电晕干扰信号的上升时间、极性特征、频谱特征和相间干扰,结果表明,电晕干扰表现为密集的脉冲形式,电晕脉冲的上升时间为25~175ns,下降时间为85~230ns,具有相对集中和对称分布的特点,电晕脉冲具有明显的极性特征,正负脉冲的上升下降时间变化趋势不同,同时正脉冲宽度略低于负脉冲宽度。电晕脉冲的频率为1.25~2.5MHz,电晕脉冲具有相间干扰的特性,被干扰相的幅值降低、频率增大、上升时间降低。     

极性反转电压下非线性电导硅橡胶复合材料电荷积聚特性

直流电缆附件是直流输电系统的薄弱环节,为研究非线性电导对极性反转电压下电缆附件硅橡胶绝缘电荷积聚特性的影响,通过添加SiC颗粒制备具有非线性电导的硅橡胶复合材料试样,利用三电极法和表面电位测量系统获得试样的电导率和表面电荷特性。实验结果表明：由于试样中SiC晶粒的晶格振动引起载流子晶格散射,高温会造成试样电导率降低;试样表面电荷平面分布特性表明,电晕电压极性反转后,平板试样内部残留的原极性电荷与表面的异极性电荷提高了局部电场强度,使试样的电导率升高,加速了表面电荷向试样内部迁移和异极性电荷中和过程,抑制了表面电荷的积聚。     

极性反转电压下非线性电导硅橡胶复合材料电荷积聚特性

直流电缆附件是直流输电系统的薄弱环节,为研究非线性电导对极性反转电压下电缆附件硅橡胶绝缘电荷积聚特性的影响,通过添加SiC颗粒制备具有非线性电导的硅橡胶复合材料试样,利用三电极法和表面电位测量系统获得试样的电导率和表面电荷特性。实验结果表明：由于试样中SiC晶粒的晶格振动引起载流子晶格散射,高温会造成试样电导率降低;试样表面电荷平面分布特性表明,电晕电压极性反转后,平板试样内部残留的原极性电荷与表面的异极性电荷提高了局部电场强度,使试样的电导率升高,加速了表面电荷向试样内部迁移和异极性电荷中和过程,抑制了表面电荷的积聚。     

氢氧等离子体合成过氧化氢过程的能效研究

为提高氢氧等离子体合成H2O2技术的能量效率,通过分析放电过程的反应器能效及电源能量注入效率,确定了影响合成总能效的主要因素。考察了反应器电极间距、电源放电频率及注入功率对反应器能效和电源能量注入效率的影响。发现减小电极间距、提高放电频率和注入功率有利于提高反应器能效,但不利于提高电源能量注入效率。本研究中可以得到150 gH2O2/kWh的反应器能效,但由于较低的电源能量注入效率,致使合成H2O2的总能效不超过9 gH2O2/kWh。因此,提高等离子体法合成H2O2过程的总能效,不仅需要设计高能效的等离子体反应器,还需为反应器负载开发适配的电源,而后者是提升该技术能量效率的关键。     

基于时间反演技术的电力电缆单相接地故障测距方法

提出了一种基于时间反演技术的电力电缆单相接地故障测距新方法,当电力电缆发生单相接地故障时,利用电压波动方程时间反演的对称性,将在线路终端采集到的时域电压波反演成等效电流行波并传回输电线路,计算出各假定故障点的电流能量值,根据时间反演的时间-空间同步聚焦特性,确定故障点到线路终端的距离。Matlab仿真验证表明,该方法能够准确有效地实现电力电缆单相接地的故障测距,不但适用于不同过渡电阻的接地故障,而且具有收敛速度快,测距精度高等优点。     

极性反转条件下油纸界面电荷对沿面闪络电压的影响

高压直流输电系统出现潮流反转时,换流变压器的油纸绝缘会承受极性反转电压,容易造成绝缘失效.基于油纸沿面绝缘结构的极性反转闪络试验平台,研究了油纸界面电荷对沿面闪络电压的影响以及直流极性反转条件下油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压与单极性直流电压下沿面闪络电压的差别,并分析了油纸绝缘沿面放电针板电极模型的界面电荷在极性反转条件下对油纸绝缘沿面闪络电压的影响,发现油纸积聚的界面电荷密度越大极性反转时发生沿面闪络的电压越低.     

空气中纳秒脉冲均匀介质阻挡放电研究

大气压空气中均匀介质阻挡放电具有广泛的应用前景,实现均匀放电是介质阻挡放电应用关键之一,因而利用上升沿40ns,脉宽70ns的重复频率纳秒脉冲电源激励在大气压空气中产生介质阻挡放电,介绍了纳秒脉冲均匀介质阻挡放电的电特性和放电图像及放电发射光谱,获得了2ns曝光时间的高速摄影放电图像。发现空气中1mm气隙距离下可以实现均匀放电,气隙距离增加至4mm时放电转变为明显的丝状放电,通过观察发射光谱显示等离子体谱线主要是来自400nm以下的氮分子第二正系。结果证实了大气压空气中利用ns脉冲激励可以产生稳定介质阻挡放电,且能实现均匀放电,是典型非平衡态低温等离子体。     

控制电缆屏蔽层接地方式的抗干扰分析

国内外对于控制电缆屏蔽层应一端接地还是两端接地仍存在很大的争议.从分析地电位升高的危害和控制电缆屏蔽层接地的作用入手,通过比较不同接地方式下引起地电位干扰的2种地网电流对控制电缆的感应电压的大小,得出两端接地时的干扰电压比一端接地时要小.因此控制电缆应采用屏蔽层两端接地的方式.     

Surface-discharge characteristics in a ferrite-cathode diode

The surface-discharge characteristics of a HV diode with a planar ferrite cathode are described. This experimental setup consists of a constant HV power supply, a polarity inversion line pulser with a 200 m coaxial cable, a turbomolecular pump and a discharge chamber. The chamber was of a diode type which was evacuated by a turbomolecular pump with a pressure of 13.3×10^-3 Pa and was composed of a tungsten disk anode, a planar ferrite cathode, and a polymethylmethacrylate tube body. The cathode was set perpendicular to the anode plane, and the space between the anode and cathode electrodes had a value of 0.5 mm. The coaxial cable of the pulser was charged from 10 to 40 kV by the power supply, and the rectangular pulses with output voltages of -1× the charged voltage were produced with short rise times of ~20 ns. The effective duration of the pulse was determined by the cable length and had a value of ~1 μs. The process of the flashover investigated in this report consisted of two stages. In the first stage, because the discharge current flowed inside the cathode plate, the current was primarily regulated by the cathode impedance in proportion to the resistance. Next, the current substantially increased with corresponding growth of the surface discharge on the ferrite cathode. The duration of the initial current increased with the thickness of the cathode and the diameter of the contact electrode. In the present work, the maximum current was determined by the characteristic impedance of the pulser cable since the discharge impedance in the diode substantially decreased during the surface discharge     

大气压介质阻挡高频放电三种模式的Lissajous图形

大气压介质阻挡放电存在多种放电模式。本文利用高频高压电源,分别进行了大气压氦气均匀的介质阻挡放电和大气压空气丝状介质阻挡放电的试验,通过测量外施电压、回路电流和拍摄ICCD短时曝光的放电图像,研究了氦气单脉冲辉光放电、多脉冲辉光放电和空气丝状放电的Lissajous图形特征。结果表明:两种辉光放电均起始于汤森放电,放电电流最大时为辉光放电;而丝状放电为流注放电。高频下辉光放电的Lissajous图形不同于工频的两条平行线,而是左右两边有一次曲线性阶跃的平行四边形;伪辉光放电的电流波形每半个周期内有几个电流脉冲,Lissajous图形中放电阶段对应的两条边就有几次曲线性阶跃;丝状放电的Lissajous图形近似为平行四边形。