Antifriction and Wear Characteristics of Electrolessly-Deposited Ni–P with PTFE Composites

This aim of this study was to investigate the tribological properties of a self-lubricating Ni–P–polyfluorotetraethylene (PTFE) composite coating prepared by the electroless plating method. The effects of PTFE contents in the coating, load and rotation speed on the tribological behaviors were evaluated using a ring-on-disk wear machine. The results show that there was a distinct decrease in the average value of the friction coefficient from 0.33 to 0.12 at 70 N with an increase in PTFE content from 4.2 to 15.2 wt%. The coating of Ni–P–4.2 wt% PTFE had good antifriction and wear properties at a load of 30–70 N, and that of Ni–P–10.6 wt% PTFE had passable wear resistance and better antifriction at <50 N. Antifriction and wear mechanisms of Ni–P–PTFE are discussed in detail based on the results from micrograph and element analyses of the worn surface, subsurface stratum and wear debris analysis by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), respectively. The lubricating film (LF) generated during wear played a key role in the antifriction effect, which in turn was dependent on the integrity and thickness of the film determined by the PTFE concentration and wear conditions. The formation, fracture, and delamination course of the LF during wear were also analyzed and characterized.     

High stress abrasive wear behaviour of aluminium hard particle composites: Effect of experimental parameters, particle size and volume fraction

High stress abrasive wear behaviour of aluminium alloy (ADC-12)–SiC particle reinforced composites has been studied as a function of applied load, reinforcement size and volume fraction, and has been compared with that of the matrix alloy. Two different size ranges (25–50 and 50–80 μm) of SiC particles have been used for synthesizing ADC-12–SiC composite. The volume fraction of SiC particles has been varied in the ranges from 5 to 15 wt%. It has been noted that the abrasive wear rate of the alloy reduced considerably due to addition of SiC particle and the wear rate of composite decreases linearly with increase in SiC content. It has also been noted that the wear resistance of composite varies inversely with square of the reinforcement size. The wear rate of the alloy and composite has been found to be a linear function of applied load but invariant to the abrasive size; at critical abrasive size, transition in wear behaviour is noted. This has been explained through analytically derived equations and wear–surface examination.     

Abrasive wear behaviour of laser sintered iron–SiC composites

Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) is one of the popular rapid prototyping technologies for producing metal prototypes and tooling of complex geometry in a short time. However, processing of metal matrix composites (MMCs) by laser sintering is still in infant stage. Thermal cracks and de-bonding of reinforcements are reported while processing MMCs by laser sintering process. There are reports on use of metallic-coated ceramic reinforcements to overcome these problems. The present investigation is aimed at using nickel-coated SiC in developing iron composites by DMLS technique and to characterize its abrasive wear behaviour.Microstructure, microhardness, and abrasive wear tests have been carried out on both DMLS iron and its composites sintered at a laser scan speed of 100 mm/s. Abrasion wear tests have been carried out using a pin-on-disc type machine. SiC abrasive papers of grit size 60, 80, and 150 having an average particle size of 268, 192, and 93 μm, respectively, have been used. Load was varied between 5 and 25 N in steps of 5, while the sliding distance and sliding velocity of 540 m and 2.5 m/s, respectively was adopted for all the tests. Optical, scanning electron micrograph and surface roughness observation of worn surfaces have been undertaken.An increase in microhardness and a decrease in density of the laser sintered iron–SiC composites was observed with increase in SiC content. The abrasive wear resistance of composites increases with increased content of SiC in iron matrix. For a given grit size of SiC abrasive paper, at all the loads studied, iron–SiC composites exhibit excellent abrasive wear resistance. Increase in abrasive wear was observed with the increase in abrasive particle size.     

Tribological properties of flame sprayed Fe–Ni–RE alloy coatings under reciprocating sliding

Fe–Ni–RE self-fluxing alloy powders were flame sprayed onto 1045 carbon steel. The tribological properties of Fe–Ni–RE alloy coatings under dry sliding against SAE52100 steel at ambient conditions were studied on an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester in a ball-on-disc contact configuration. Effects of load and sliding speed on tribological properties of the Fe–Ni–RE coatings were investigated. The worn surfaces of the Fe–Ni–RE alloy coatings were examined with a scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and an energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). It was found that the Fe–Ni–RE alloy coatings had better wear resistance than the SAE52100 steel. An adhered oxide debris layer was formed on the worn surface in friction. Area of the friction layer varied with variety of sliding speed, but did not vary with load. The oxide layer contributed to decreased wear, but increased friction. Wear rate of the material increased with the load, but dramatically decreased at first and then slightly decreased the sliding speed. The friction coefficient of the material was 0.40-0.58, and decreased slightly with the load, but increased with sliding speed at first, and then tended to be a constant value. Wear mechanism of the coatings was oxidation wear and a large amount of counterpart material was transferred to the coatings.     

A study on friction and wear characteristics of nanometer Al2O3 /PEEK composites under the dry sliding condition

The friction and wear properties of the polyetheretherketone (PEEK) based composites filled with 5 mass% nanometer or micron Al₂O₃ with or without 10 mass% polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) against the medium carbon steel (AISI 1045 steel) ring under the dry sliding condition at Amsler wear tester were examined. A constant sliding velocity of 0.42 m s⁻¹ and a load of 196 N were used in all experiments. The average diameter 250 μm PEEK powders, the 15 or 90 nm Al₂O₃ nano-particles or 500 nm Al₂O₃ particles and/or the PTFE fine powders of diameter 50 μm were mechanically mixed in alcohol, and then the block composite specimens were prepared by the heat compression moulding. The homogeneously dispersion of the Al₂O₃ nano-particles in PEEK matrix of the prepared composites was analyzed by the atomic force microscopy (AFM). The wear testing results showed that nanometer and micron Al₂O₃ reduced the wear coefficient of PEEK composites without PTFE effectively, but not reduced the friction coefficient. The filling of 10 mass% PTFE into pure PEEK resulted in a decrease of the friction coefficient and the wear coefficient of the filled composite simultaneously. However, when 10 mass% PTFE was filled into Al₂O₃/ PEEK composites, the friction coefficient was decreased and the wear coefficient increased. The worn scars on the tested composite specimen surfaces and steel ring surfaces were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A thin, uniform, and tenacious transferred film on the surface of the steel rings against the PEEK composites filled with 5 mass% 15 nm Al₂O₃ particles but without PTFE was formed. The components of the transferred films were detected by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results indicated that the nanometer Al₂O₃ as the filler, together with PEEK matrix, transferred to the counterpart ring surface during the sliding friction and wear. Therefore, the ability of Al₂O₃ to improve the wear resistant behaviors is closely related to the ability to improve the characteristics of the transfer film.     

Wear behaviour of Al/(Al2O3p+SiCp) hybrid composites

In this study, dry sliding metal–metal and metal–abrasive wear behaviours of the aluminium matrix hybrid composites produced by pressure infiltration technique were investigated. These composites were reinforced with 37 vol% Al₂O₃ and 25 vol% SiC particles and contained up to 8 wt% Mg in their matrixes. While matrix hardness and compression strength increased, amount of porosity and impact toughness decreased with increasing Mg content of the matrix. Metal–metal and metal–abrasive wear tests revealed that wear resistance of the composites increased with increasing Mg addition. On the other hand, abrasive resistance decreased with increasing test temperature, especially above 200 °C.     

Preparation and tribological properties of the carbon nanotubes–Ni–P composite coating

A method to prepare the carbon nanotubes (CNTs)–Ni–P composite coating with different mass content of CNTs on the surface of 45^# steel by electroless plating was proposed. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to observe the appearance of the as-prepared CNTs and the CNTs–Ni–P composite coating, and then the roughness of the coating surface was also analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, the wear and friction behavior of the CNTs–Ni–P composite coating were investigated under oil-lubricated condition, Due to the self-lubrication property and the unique antifriction structure, CNTs can greatly improve the wear resistance of the CNTs–Ni–P composite coating, where the wear resistance of the CNTs–Ni–P composite coating is optimized with the intermediate mass content of 2 kg/m³ CNTs.     

Friction and Wear Behavior of Copper Matrix Composites Reinforced with SiC and Graphite Particles

The objective of this paper is to investigate the friction behavior and wear mechanism of copper matrix composites reinforced with SiC and graphite particles. The results indicate that a graphite-rich mechanically mixed layer (MML) formed on the tribo-surface was responsible for the good tribological properties of the hybrid composites at low normal loads. When graphite content was high enough for delamination wear to take place at high load, wear resistance deteriorated. A continuous supply of graphite to the tribo-surface is an important precondition for the formation of a graphite-rich MML and the benefit of its anti-friction properties for the copper hybrid composites.     

表面改性硅灰石纤维填充PTFE复合材料的摩擦学性能

用KH550硅烷偶联剂表面改性的硅灰石纤维(WF)填充PTFE,在MPX-2000型磨损试验机上研究复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,并与经典的炭纤维(CF)填充PTFE复合材料进行比较。采用SEM对磨损面和对偶面进行分析。结果表明:较高载荷(200和300 N)下复合材料摩擦因数随WF含量变化的幅度不大,较稳定地维持在较低值;细小尺寸WF填充PTFE复合材料的耐磨性能较好,在WF质量分数为10%时,复合材料的磨损量只有相同含量CF填充PT-FE复合材料的81%;细小尺寸WF填充PTFE复合材料的磨损面较为平整,存在轻微黏着磨损,其对偶面转移膜平整光滑、结构致密;而CF/PTFE复合材料磨损面存在许多裸露和碎断的CF,犁削和磨粒磨损是主要的磨损形式。     

Tribology at high-velocity impact

The tribological events taking place when a high-velocity projectile hits a SiC particulate reinforced AA 5083 composite material was examined under real conditions. The samples were cast in a disc shape by squeeze casting method. Different volume fractions of SiC particles were used. They were solidified under 180 MPa in a steel mould with a 650–700 °C temperature range. SiC particles with the size of 250–500 μm, and 30% and 45% in volume fraction were incorporated into the matrix material. The composites were machined to ensure a smooth surface and to obtain samples without burrs. The samples had a diameter and thickness of 140 and 20 mm, respectively. The terminal ballistic tests were carried out in an army zone under standard test conditions. An AP 7.62 mm armour piercing projectile with a speed of 710 m/s was used for testing the composite.The frictional characteristics and wear mechanisms caused by high-velocity impacts to the composite were determined by SE microscopy studies. The evaluations of the tribological events on both the hole and projectile tip surfaces resulting from high-velocity friction were carried on. As the projectile moved thorough the composite, some material broke from the matrix body and conglomerated along the path followed by the missile. Then these conglomerated blocks yielded and slided along the hole surface. There were also scratching and local melting on the hole surface. Similarly, some ploughing took place on the hole, some SiC particles were removed from the matrix body by the friction effect of projectile and these particles were conglomareted on the tip surface of the projectile. Thus, the nature of wear mechanism on the projectile surface was predominantly abrasive while those of the friction surfaces of the composites were predominantly abrasion and melt wear.     

纳米Cu粉填充碳纤维/PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

考察纳米Cu粉含量、粒径对碳纤维/PTFE复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜分析磨损面和对偶面转移膜形貌,并探讨其磨损机制。结果表明:纳米Cu粉能提高碳纤维/PTFE复合材料的耐磨性,在高载荷下,纳米Cu粉的增强效果更加明显;纳米Cu粉的粒径越小,复合材料的耐磨性越好;添加质量分数0.3%纳米Cu粉的碳纤维/PTFE复合材料耐磨性最优,1.4 m/s,200 N下实验条件下,其磨损率比未添加时降低了45%;SEM分析显示纳米Cu粉能在对偶面上形成平整致密的转移膜,具有显微增强作用。     

Enhancement of abrasive wear resistance in consolidated Al matrix composites via extrusion process

Abstract

The present study addresses the dry wear behaviour of aluminium matrix composites under different sliding speeds and applied loads. Values of the friction coefficient of the matrix alloy and composite materials were in expected range for light metals in dry sliding conditions. The higher coefficient of friction was the consequence of established contact between hard SiC particles and the counter body material. The rough and smooth regions are distinguished on the worn surface of the composites similar to the unreinforced Al alloy. Plastic deformation occurred when the applied specific load was higher than the critical value. The high shear stresses on the sliding surface cause initiation and propagation of the cracks in the subsurface, leading to the loss of material from the worn surface in the form of flakes. The debrises of the composites at low wear rate comprise a mixture of the fine particles and small shiny metallic plate-like flakes and are associated with the formation of more iron rich layers on the contact surfaces.     

On dry sliding friction and wear behavior of PPESK filled with PTFE and graphite

Novel poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) resins have become of great interest in applications such as bearing and slider materials. In this paper, dry sliding wear of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and graphite-filled PPESK composites against polished steel counterparts were investigated on a block-on-ring apparatus at the same sliding velocities and different loads. The results indicated that the addition of 5–25 wt% PTFE and 5–30 wt% graphite contribute to an obvious improvement of tribological performance of PPESK at room temperature. Worn surfaces were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, the friction coefficient and wear rate of the PPESK composites decreased gradually with addition of fillers. A moderately low friction coefficient and specific wear rate were reached when the filler contents were above 20 wt%. The mechanical properties of PPESK composites were also investigated. The tensile and impact strength of PPESK composites decrease slightly as the addition of fillers contents were below 15 wt%.     

The tribological behaviour of electroless Ni-P-Gr-SiC composite

The tribological behaviour and wear mechanism of Ni-P-Gr (graphite)-SiC (manufactured by electroless plating) is surveyed in this paper. The worn surface, wear debris and the compositional changes that take place during wear were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX). By comparison with Ni-P-Gr and Ni-P-SiC, the results indicate that hybrid Ni-P-Gr-SiC composite presented well anti-friction and wear resistance which is resulted from a graphite-rich mechanical mixed layer (GRMML) formed on the contact surface. Hard SiC particles mixed with GRMML played a load-bearing role at high load when relative motion occurs. After heat treatment at 400 °C for 1 h, the wear rate of the hybrid composite decreased with an increase in microhardness. During sliding, the temperature of the hybrid composite occured less change than Ni-P-SiC coating and further guaranteed the stable state of the whole wear process.     

Hot wear properties of ceramic and basalt fiber reinforced hybrid friction materials

In the present study, hybrid friction materials were manufactured using ceramic and basalt fibers. Ceramic fiber content was kept constant at 10 vol% and basalt fiber content was changed between 0 to 40 vol%. Mechanical properties and friction and wear characteristics of friction materials were determined using a pin-on-disc type apparatus against a cast iron counterface in the sliding speeds of 3.2–12.8 m/s, disc temperature of 100–350 °C and applied loads of 312.5–625 N. The worn surfaces of the specimens were examined by SEM. Experiments show that fiber content has a significant influence on the mechanical and tribological properties of the composites. The friction coefficient of the hybrid friction materials was increased with increasing additional basalt fiber content. But the specific wear rates of the composites decreased up to 30 vol% fiber content and then increased again above this value. The wear tests showed that the coefficient of friction decreases with increasing load and speed but increases with increasing disc temperature up to 300 °C. The most important factor effecting wear rate was the disc temperature followed by sliding speed. The materials showing higher specific wear rates gave relatively coarser wear particles. XRD studies showed that Fe and Fe₂O₃ were present in wear debris at severe wear conditions which is indicating the disc wear.     

氧化锌晶须/聚醚砜复合材料的制备及摩擦学性能研究

采用机械共混-模压成型方法制备了ZnOw/PTFE/PES复合材料,通过摩擦磨损实验方法对材料的摩擦学性能进行了研究,并用SEM对磨损表面进行了观察和分析,探讨了复合材料的磨损机制。结果表明:用机械共混-模压法能制得摩擦学性能优良的ZnOw/PTFE/PES复合材料;随着ZnOw含量的增加,复合材料的磨损机制由黏着磨损及疲劳磨损、轻微的黏着磨损向磨粒磨损及疲劳磨损的转变。     

Scratch hardness and mechanical property correlation for Mg/SiC and Mg/SiC/Ti metal–matrix composites

Scratch hardness results conducted on magnesium based metal–matrix composites using submicron SiC (4.8–15.4 wt%) and micron sized Ti (2.7 wt%) particulates are presented. These results are further correlated with composites' bulk mechanical properties such as the normal hardness, the elastic modulus and the yield strength. The data show that the scratch hardness correlates well with the normal hardness and the elastic modulus as all of these parameters increase with an increase in the weight percent of the reinforcing particulates. The scanning electron microscopic study reveals that the composites have greater tendency to form brittle cracks at the edges and wear debris in comparison to pure Mg. The addition of 2.7 wt% of Ti marginally increases the scratch resistance of the composites.     

On the friction and wear behavior of PTFE composite filled with rare earths treated carbon fibers under oil-lubricated condition

Carbon fibers (CF) were surface treated with air-oxidation, air-oxidation followed by rare earths (RE) treatment and RE treatment, respectively. The friction and wear properties of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites filled with differently surface treated carbon fibers, sliding against GCr15 steel under oil lubrication, were investigated on a reciprocating ball-on-disk UMT-2MT tribometer. The worn surfaces of the PTFE composites were examined using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental results revealed that surface treatment of carbon fibers reduced the wear of CF-reinforced PTFE composites. Among all the treatments to carbon fibers, RE treatment was the most effective and lowest friction and wear rate of CF-reinforced PTFE composite was exhibited, owing to the effective improvement of the interfacial adhesion between the carbon fibers and PTFE matrix.     

Wear properties of Saffil/Al,Saffil/Al2O3/Al and Saffil/SiC/Al hybrid metal matrix composites

The purpose of this study is to investigate the wear properties of Saffil/Al, Saffil/Al₂O₃/Al and Saffil/SiC/Al hybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs) fabricated by squeeze casting method. Wear tests were done on a pin-on-disk friction and wear tester under both dry and lubricated conditions. The wear properties of the three composites were evaluated in many respects. The effects of Saffil fibers, Al₂O₃ particles and SiC particles on the wear behavior of the composites were elucidated. Wear mechanisms were analyzed by observing the worn surfaces of the composites. The variation of coefficient of friction (COF) during the wear process was recorded by using a computer. Under dry sliding condition, Saffil/SiC/Al showed the best wear resistance under high temperature and high load, while the wear resistances of Saffil/Al and Saffil/Al₂O₃/Al were very similar. Under dry sliding condition, the dominant wear mechanism was abrasive wear under mild load and room temperature, and the dominant wear mechanism changed to adhesive wear as load or temperature increased. Molten wear occurred at high temperature. Compared with the dry sliding condition, all three composites showed excellent wear resistance when lubricated by liquid paraffin. Under lubricated condition, Saffil/Al showed the best wear resistance among them, and its COF value was the smallest. The dominant wear mechanism of the composites under lubricated condition was microploughing, but microcracking also occurred to them to different extents.     

Sliding wear transition for the CW614 brass alloy

Dry sliding wear tests were performed on a CW614 brass alloy using a pin-on-ring configuration. Wear kinetics were measured within a load range of 20–80 N and sliding velocity ranging from 1 to 7 m/s. Chemical compositions, morphologies and microstructures of worn surfaces and wear debris were characterised by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). Two main wear regimes have been observed: severe wear and mild wear. The results of wear tests and metallographic investigations on worn surfaces have been summarised in a wear mechanism map. It was found that the wear transition is controlled by a critical temperature at the contact surface.