低温液体容器无损存储传热模型

分析了低温液体容器无损存储时的传热规律,并建立了传热模型,得出了反映储罐绝热层温度变化的微分方程式。采用数值差分法可以求解出绝热层内部温度变化规律,从而推出储罐内液体的温度和压力的变化规律。     

低温贮运设备选型中有关问题的探讨

以一台 15m3 、设计压力为 1 0MPa、粉末真空绝热低温液体贮罐为例 ,分析了用户选型时进行经济性分析的重要性及设计人员对日蒸发率的误解 ;推荐了计算贮运设备单位漏热量的一种反算方法。     

低温液体储运设备的绝热设计

通过合理设计整体支撑结构,对造成漏热的几条主要途径加以控制.以30 m3液氧储槽为例,用近似的理论计算做绝热设计,得出该储槽漏热小于按国家标准液氧蒸发率计算允许值的结论.     

卧式高真空多层绝热低温容器无损贮存规律

介绍了卧式低温容器的传热特点,以及低温液体无损贮存的传热模型.通过2m3卧式高真空多层绝热低温容器在90%、85%和80%初始充满率下的静态无损贮存试验,拟合现有的传热模型,对升压过程中不同规律的3个阶段进行了分析,得到了第一、第三阶段升压的初步规律.     

大型低温液体贮罐安全泄放装置的选用

介绍了大型低温液体贮罐结构 ,分析了大型低温液体贮罐安全泄放装置选用时的考虑因素 ;对大型低温液体贮罐安全泄放装置采用的先导式安全阀的工作特点和安装使用进行了阐述 ;叙述了大型低温液体贮罐安全阀泄放量确定的方法     

周期性非稳态传热对低温容器的影响机理及实验

对低温容器分别在环境温度下和有外热源条件下进行热响应实验,发现低温容器静态蒸发率呈周期性变化,但变化周期仅为环境温度变化周期的1/2,环境温度的周期性变化并非是使高真空多层绝热容器蒸发率测量时产生周期变化的主要因素。在进行外热源加热容器外壁实验时发现,外壁温度变化并没有对低温容器的漏热量产生明显的影响,低温容器的绝热层对低温容器外壁面的温度波动有较强的衰减及延迟作用,热量在传入的过程中发生了剧烈的衰减,使容器内壁近似形成一个"等温层",从而使高真空多层绝热低温容器的漏热量几乎不受外界环境温度变化的影响。     

Development of No-Vent™ liquid hydrogen storage system for space applications

A number of technological advances required to store and maintain normal-boiling-point and densified cryogenic liquids, including liquid hydrogen, under zero boil-off conditions in-space, for long periods of time, have been developed. These technologies include (1) thermally optimized compact cryogen storage systems that reduce environmental heat leak to the lowest-temperature cryogen, which minimizes cryocooler size and input power, and (2) actively-cooled shields that surround the storage systems and intercept heat leak. The processes and tools used to develop these technologies are discussed. A zero boil-off liquid hydrogen storage system technology demonstrator for validating the actively-cooled shield technology is presented.     

Investigation on performances of non-loss storage for cryogenic liquefied gas

In this paper, effects of liquid volume fraction, temperature and work pressure in cryogenic vessels on the pressure rise rates in cryogenic vessels are analyzed. Graphs of the relation between storage-pressure and heat flow received by the container per unit of volume for various volume fractions are proposed, and also graphs of the relation between time and pressure of non-loss storage for various volume fractions are presented. The best volume fraction is defined. Also, the graphs of the relation between environmental temperature and the performance of non-loss storage are proposed. In addition, the phenomenon of liquid-temperature layering is analyzed and methods to reduce this layering are suggested. These results have significance in the design, usage and selection of cryogenic vessels.     

低温容器的研制

着重介绍了低温高压液氢容器和全包式预冷夹套低温容器的结构，容器分为三导：外容器是真空容器，夹套容器是预冷介质容器，内容器是低温介质容器。容器可用液氮预冷，大大节省预冷液氢，全包式的预冷夹套液氢容器，使预冷夹套发挥最大作用，其关键是使用了锥筒式支承，锥筒小端支承在内容器颈管上，大端支承在外容器上，在内容器上没有任何支耳和凸台，透用于带预冷夹套低温容器和多层绝热低温容器。     

低温绝热容器氦质谱检漏方法探讨

漏率是低温绝热容器产品的主要技术参数之一,利用氦质谱检漏技术对漏孔进行定位、定量检测可以起到控制产品质量的目的。文章首先对低温绝热容器用两种氦质谱检漏系统进行了比较和试验分析。结果表明：在测试条件一致的情况下,标准漏孔安装在系统中的不同位置,将对系统最小可检漏率、系统反应时间、漏率测算值产生影响。在对影响结果进行分析的基础上,对实际检漏工作提出相应建议。其次对分流和无分流两种检漏方法的选择原则进行了探讨。然后以53m^3液化天然气储运容器为例,对容器制造过程中的角焊缝、对接焊缝、夹层内存在的漏孔、阀门及容器整体的检漏方法进行了详述。最后对检漏过程中应注意的事项进行了说明。     

真空粉末绝热低温液体贮槽封结真空度探讨

介绍真空粉末绝热低温液体贮槽需要的工作真空度,通过实例计算得出:提高封结真空度对增加贮槽的真空寿命的程度有限,漏率才是影响真空寿命的关键因素。比较国内外对封结真空度的要求后,阐明降低封结真空度指标的可行性和重要意义。     

新型低温高压液氢容器的夹套预冷计算

提出了一种新型的低温高压液氢容器结构,并对其中的夹套结构进行了工程设计、预冷分析及预冷计算,从而说明采用夹套结构可以节省昂贵的液氢,此液氢容器结构也适用于贮存液氧。     

基于AMESim的液氮可控传输性能分析

针对超低温冷却加工液氮可控传输难题,分析了热流量、管路压降等复杂因素对液氮可控传输的影响机制,提出了基于AMESim的液氮可控传输性能分析方法,建立了受热管道液氮两相流动传热数值模型,并在此基础上,研制出一套液氮可控传输原理性系统。通过对比实验表明,提高系统的输入压力能够增大低温流体的流量,缩短系统进入热平衡状态的时间,提高输出流体的干度和流型的稳定性;研制出的液氮可控传输原理性系统在输入压力为1.3 MPa时,在一定的开口范围内,能够稳定输出流量可控的低干度流体,且符合超低温冷却加工的要求。     

Electro-magnetic stress-induced degradation of insulation vacuum of a large cryo-magnetic system

In superconducting magnets, the cold mass is placed in a vacuum vessel to reduce heat load to the liquid helium system. Helium leaks into the vacuum vessel can degrade the insulation vacuum, which can, in turn, cause an increase in the heat load to the liquid helium system. These leaks are called cold leaks, as they show up when the coil is cooled with liquid helium. K500 superconducting cyclotron magnet at Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata has such cold leaks in the helium vessel that developed during cool down. The leak rate increases with the increase of current in the superconducting coils. This paper describes a series of experiments carried out on the superconducting cyclotron magnet to find the level of degradation of insulation vacuum and measure the increase in heat load with magnet current. The leak rate was also measured and the leak size was estimated analytically. Detail magneto-structural analysis was done using Finite Element Method (FEM) to identify highly stressed zones in the helium vessel and found out that highly stressed zones coincide with the weld zones. The magneto-structural stress was applied on an estimated size of single crack and found that crack tip stress could reach beyond elastic limit of the material. We can predict that the full design current may be unachievable in this situation. Mitigation of increased heat load was also done using an additional vacuum pump for the insulation vacuum space.     

Analysis of self-pressurization phenomenon of cryogenic fluid storage tank with thermal diffusion model

Self-pressurization phenomenon is one of the most important problems in the storage of cryogenic liquid. Until now, it has been difficult to predict exact pressurization process due to its complex non-equilibrium thermal behavior. This paper analyzes the self-pressurization with the trend of pressurization curves from experiment using liquid nitrogen with various heat leaks and liquid fractions. The trend of pressurization curves are classified on the basis of shape of pressurization curve. The qualitative relation between transient period, heat leak and liquid fractions is suggested. Thermal diffusion model (TDM) considering thermal stratification and thermal equilibrium model (TEM) can properly predict the respective pressurization curves with suitable condition for each model.     

低温推进剂贮箱大面积冷屏热分析及成本优化

运载火箭低温贮箱采用大面积冷屏与多层隔热材料组成的复合结构可以有效减少低温推进剂蒸发损耗,延长低温推进剂在轨贮存时间。通过建立多层隔热材料耦合90 K大面积冷屏的传热模型,获得了引入大面积冷屏后对多层隔热材料层间温度分布及热流密度影响的变化规律,对比了采用冷屏技术和直接对液氢采用主动制冷两种方式,同等条件下采用冷屏在主动制冷系统重量和功耗方面可分别节省60%和64%。研究了低温推进剂不同在轨贮存时间和冷屏安装在多层隔热材料中不同位置时热管理系统重量和功耗成本,以成本最小为目标获得了90 K冷屏布局最优化设计方法。     

Cryogenic leak test procedure for a large superconducting cyclotron helium vessel

A procedure for testing the vacuum integrity of very large stainless steel weldments used at cryogenic temperatures has been developed at Michigan State University. This development, which uses large quantities of liquid nitrogen, is a modification of a technique commonly applied to small devices and involves cooling the cryostat's liquid helium vessel (bobbin) to liquid nitrogen temperature, and then proceeding immediately with leak testing. This method was applied to the K800 superconducting magnet helium vessel, which seemed leak tight at room temperature, but was found to have an easily detectable helium leak when cooled. After repairing the leak, retesting revealed no leaks, where upon the K800 cryostat construction was completed; i.e. the bobbin was wrapped with superinsulation, a liquid nitrogen radiation shield was added, and the assembly was inserted into the vacuum jacket. The final leak test occurred when the cryostat was cooled to liquid helium temperature and was found to be helium leak tight.     

On minimizing the heat leak of current leads in cryogenic vacuum systems

Electronic devices such as infrared detectors in remote sensing instruments are frequently placed in cryogenic vacuum systems, such that the ratio of signal to noise can be enhanced. The heat leak of leads supplying usually small electric current to these electronic devices is a critical issue in system designs. Cu is a typical material for current leads. In this work, however, we suggest employing the Peltier current lead to lower the heat leak. It comprises a thermoelectric element and a Cu lead at the hot and cold ends, respectively. In considering the heat radiation between Cu leads and the vacuum vessel, both all-Cu and Peltier current leads are optimised so as to minimise their resulting heat leaking into cryogenic vacuum systems. Moreover, temperature–entropy (T–s) diagrams are constructed to track the actual thermodynamic processes in the two types of current leads. The heat leak of a current lead in the presence of heat radiation can be easily identified from the simple 2-D T–s plane. It is also proved that the effect of heat radiation on the heat leak of current leads is usually negligible.     

低温绝热气瓶的有限元热分析与试验研究

通过有限元方法对充满低温液体的气瓶进行传热分析,与试验的结果相结合,分析气瓶的颈管、支撑结构和绝热结构的漏热量并对产品结构进行优化设计,来保证达到优良的绝热性能.     

填料间壁式低温换热器研究

换热器是低温设备的重要部件，研制高效换热器可以大大提高低温设备的性能。提供了换热器传热及流动阻力计算所需的部分实验数据，提出了以网络概念分析这种换热器传热过程的方法和建模方法。计算机解给出了完整的温度分布和效率，计算机模拟分析了诸项损失对换热器性能的影响。