电离层Faraday效应对远程预警雷达性能的影响

在对近地空间目标进行预警跟踪时,雷达发射的电磁波会在电离层中传播,电离层作为磁化等离子体,会导致电磁波产生Faraday旋转,从而对雷达探测性能造成影响。通过数值计算的方式,仿真了Faraday旋转效应导致的雷达极化失配损耗,并对仿真结果进行了分析。通过仿真结果可以看出:太阳活动高年,Faraday旋转角比太阳活动低年大;雷达工作频率越高,受Faraday旋转影响越小;目标仰角较低时,线极化失配损耗较小;椭圆极化方式下,极化失配损耗随椭圆轴比增大而增大;用圆极化方式可以最大程度地减小由Faraday旋转导致的雷达探测性能降低。     

用IGS发布的TEC数据提高法拉第旋转校正精度

电磁波穿过电离层时引入的法拉第旋转是导致全极化微波辐射计观测亮温产生交叉极化的重要原因.分析得知IRI（international reference ionosphere）模型产生的TEC（total electron content）数据在部分低纬地区无法满足全极化辐射计对法拉第旋转的校正精度要求.为提高校正精度,分析了沿观测路径积分法和应用IGS（International GPS Service）发布的TEC数据校正两种方法对校正精度的影响.结果表明,沿观测路径积分法不能有效改善校正精度,而应用IGS数据校正可大幅提高低纬地区法拉第旋转校正精度,满足全极化微波辐射计对极化旋转角的校正精度要求.     

Polarization rotation and the third Stokes parameter: the effects of spacecraft attitude and Faraday rotation

The third Stokes parameter of ocean surface brightness temperatures measured by the WindSat instrument is sensitive to the rotation angle between the polarization vectors at the ocean surface and the instrument. This rotation angle depends on the spacecraft attitude (roll, pitch, yaw) as well as the Faraday rotation of the electromagnetic radiation passing through the Earth's ionosphere. Analyzing the WindSat antenna temperatures, we find biases in the third Stokes parameter as function of the along-scan position of up to 1.5 K in all feedhorns. This points to a misspecification of the reported spacecraft attitude. A single attitude correction of -0.16/spl deg/ roll and 0.18/spl deg/ pitch for the whole instrument eliminates all the biases. We also study the effect of Faraday rotation at 10.7 GHz on the accuracy of the third Stokes parameter and the sea surface wind direction retrieval and demonstrate how this error can be corrected using values from the International Reference Ionosphere for the total electron content when computing Faraday rotation.     

Calibration of linearly polarized polarimetric SAR data subject to Faraday rotation

A model for linearly polarized fully polarimetric backscatter measurements is used, incorporating the effects of system noise, channel amplitude, phase imbalance, crosstalk, and Faraday rotation. A step-by-step procedure is outlined for correction (or calibration) of fully polarimetric data subject to Faraday rotation, to recover the true scattering matrix. The procedure identifies steps for crosstalk removal and correction of channel imbalances that are robust in the presence of Faraday rotation. The final steps in the procedure involve a novel strategy for estimation and correction of Faraday rotation. Three approaches to estimate the (one-way) Faraday rotation angle /spl Omega/ directly from linear (quad-) polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter data obtained by a spaceborne SAR system are described. Each approach can initially be applied to the signature of any scatterer within the scene. Sensitivity analyses are presented that show that at least one of the measures can be used to estimate /spl Omega/ to within /spl plusmn/3/spl deg/ to 5/spl deg/, with reasonable levels of residual crosstalk, noise floor, channel amplitude, and phase imbalance. Ambiguities may be present in the estimates of /spl Omega/ of /spl plusmn/n/spl pi//2 - the impact of this is discussed, and several approaches are suggested to deal with this possibility. The approach described in this paper is relevant for future L-band spaceborne SARs and removes one key obstacle to the deployment of even longer wavelength SARs (e.g., an ultrahigh frequency or P-band SAR) in Earth orbit.     

The effect of the ionosphere on remote sensing of sea surface salinity from space: absorption and emission at L band

The purpose of this work is to examine the effects of Faraday rotation and attenuation/emission in the ionosphere in the context of a future remote sensing system in space to measure salinity. Sea surface salinity is important for understanding ocean circulation and for modeling energy exchange with the atmosphere. A passive microwave sensor in space operating near 1.4 GHz (L-band) could provide global coverage and complement in situ arrays being planned to provide subsurface profiles. However, the salinity signal is relatively small and changes along the propagation path can be important sources of error. It is shown that errors due to the ionosphere can be as large as several psu. The dominant source of error is Faraday rotation but emission can be important     

Polarization characteristics of VHF radio waves reflected by the Es-layer

Interference in VHF-TVs caused by the radio waves reflected from the ionosphere is a very serious problem in the area around Japan. The polarization rotation of the waves reflected by an E_s-layer are clarified by the measurement of a VHF television signal. Two types of polarization rotation are observed. In one case, the more common of the two, the polarization rotation varies randomly in a narrow range around an angle which rotate from the transmitted horizontal polarization in a short fading period. In the other case, which has a long fading period, the polarization rotation varies slowly in a wide range. It is shown that these polarization characteristics are caused by the Faraday effect in the ionosphere below the E_s-layer and in the E_s-layer itself     

Faraday效应对空间目标探测雷达的影响

分析了电离层Faraday旋转效应对空间目标探测雷达的影响。从磁离子理论出发,结合电离层模型和地球磁场模型,使用了一种快速的Faraday旋转角计算模型,并与传统使用的经验计算方法进行了比较,表明该方法普适性强,更适用于中国地区。针对当前国际上典型的空间目标探测雷达工作频段,选取我国海口（低纬地区）和长春（中纬地区）为代表,分别计算了太阳活动极大年和极小年间的Faraday旋转角,给出了仿真结果并进行分析,表明Faraday旋转效应给线极化方式雷达带来明显的回波能量损失。在进行雷达设计时,需要将该效应与雷达系统性能综合考虑,采用合适的天线极化方式。     

Propagation of high-frequency radio waves in the presence of a strong local ionospheric disturbance

On the basis of a numerically constructed electromagnetic-wave ray trajectories, the basic characteristics of propagation of high-frequency (1–10-GHz) radio waves in the presence of a strong local disturbance in the Earth’s ionosphere have been obtained. As an example of such disturbance, a simplified regular model of the region of the increased ionization of the atmosphere caused by a short-term release of a significant amount of radiant energy at altitudes of more than 10 km above the Earth’s surface has been developed.     

On the detection of Faraday rotation in linearly polarized L-band SAR backscatter signatures

The potentially measurable effects of Faraday rotation on linearly polarized backscatter measurements from space are addressed. Single-polarized, dual-polarized, and quad-polarized backscatter measurements subject to Faraday rotation are first modeled. Then, the impacts are assessed using L-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Due to Faraday rotation, the received signal will include other polarization characteristics of the surface, which may be detectable under certain conditions. Model results are used to suggest data characteristics that will reveal the presence of Faraday rotation in a given single-polarized, dual-polarized, or quad-polarized L-band SAR dataset, provided the user can identify scatterers within the scene whose general behavior is known or can compare the data to another, similar dataset with zero Faraday rotation. The data characteristics found to be most sensitive to a small amount of Faraday rotation (i.e., a one-way rotation <20/spl deg/) are the cross-pol backscatter [/spl sigma//spl deg/(HV)] and the like-to-cross-pol correlation [e.g., /spl rho/(HHHV/sup */)]. For a diverse, but representative, set of natural terrain, the level of distortion across a range of backscatter measures is shown to be acceptable (i.e., minimal) for one-way Faraday rotations of less than 5/spl deg/, and 3/spl deg/ if the radiometric uncertainty in the HV backscatter is specified to be less than 0.5 dB.     

穿越电离层双程传播-法拉第旋转的理论分析

对于双程传播,考虑目标的散射系数,利用多波模合成概念,导出了包含法拉第旋转角(Ω)的波场的表达式.波场仍分为两部分,一部分,因法拉第旋转角相互抵消,而不受影响,即寻常波.另一部分,波的相位以2Ω为参数,波的的振幅以4Ω为参数,而受到法拉第旋转的影响,即非常波.当工作频率低于1000 MHz时,法拉第旋转的影响,是严重的.一般说来,双程法拉第旋转角并非小量级,而且是以简谐函数出现,难于总结简明规律.如果,散射系数随入射波偏振的不同而改变,那么,两部分波所受到的影响将更为复杂,如结论所示.     

Faraday rotation in a stratified medium

The effect on Faraday rotation caused by stratification in an ionized medium and in semiconductor samples is examined. Expressions for rotation are derived in closed form for linear, exponential, and parabolic electron density profiles, including the effects of reflection at the boundaries. An expression in the form of a series is also derived for a general polynomial type of electron concentration variation. The change in rotation due to the deviation from the equivalent homogeneous carrier distribution is then examined for some experimental conditions in semiconductors and in the ionosphere.     

Towards reducing errors in radar measurement of Faraday rotation

A method, accurate to second order in small quantities, is described for estimating the Faraday rotation occurring along a radar propagation path, from radar scattering-matrix measurements. The estimation procedure contains a built-in check on its accuracy.     

星载极化干涉SAR系统电离层去相干研究

中低频段(UHF/VHF、P、L)星载极化干涉SAR系统运行于电离层之上,会受到相位扰动、法拉第旋转等电离层效应的影响,从而降低系统的成像质量以及参数反演的准确度.本文从电离层造成的成像散焦和极化平面旋转角度出发,重点分析和推导了电离层不规则体去相干以及法拉第旋转效应对相干最优的影响,并通过仿真实验模拟了典型系统条件以...     

精细表面下细小缺陷的磁光涡流成像实时探测

磁光涡流成像检测装置可实现精细表面下细小缺陷探测。在该装置中，通过物体表面上方的交流激励线圈实现传统的涡流感应，涡流所感应的磁场由法拉第效应来检测。为了实现表面下缺陷的检测目标，激光穿过安放在激励线圈中的特殊的磁光晶体，激光偏振方向在晶体中的旋转大小取决于检测区域磁场的大小，缺陷将使检测区域磁场分量发生变化并使偏振光的旋转角发生相应变化，通过一光学装置转化成“明”或“暗”图像，该光学装置由传统的显微镜、照明系统、偏振器和CCD图像传感器组成。给出了初步的实验探测结果。     

Estimation of sea-surface winds using backscatter cross-sectionmeasurements from airborne research weather radar

A technique is presented for estimation of sea-surface winds using backscatter cross-section measurements from an airborne research weather radar. The technique is based on an empirical relation developed for use with satellite-borne microwave scatterometers which derives sea-surface winds from radar backscatter cross-section measurements. Unlike a scatterometer, the airborne research weather radar is a Doppler radar designed to measure atmospheric storm structure and kinematics. Designed to scan the atmosphere, the radar also scans the ocean surface over a wide range of azimuths, with the incidence angle and polarization angle changing continuously during each scan. The new sea-surface wind estimation technique accounts for these variations in incidence angle and polarization and derives the atmospheric surface winds. The technique works well over the range of wind conditions over which the wind speed-backscatter cross-section relation holds, about 2-20 m/s. The problems likely to be encountered with this new technique are evaluated and it is concluded that most problems are those which are endemic to any microwave scatterometer wind estimation technique. The new technique will enable using the research weather radar to provide measurements which would otherwise require use of a dedicated scatterometer     

The Influence of Antenna Pattern on Faraday Rotation in Remote Sensing at L-Band

The influence of the pattern of the receive antenna on measured Faraday rotation is examined in the context of passive remote sensing of soil moisture and ocean salinity at L-band. Faraday rotation is an important consideration for radiometers on future missions in space, such as SMOS and Aquarius. Using the radiometer on Aquarius as an example, it is shown that, while I = Tv + Th is independent of Faraday rotation to first order, it has rotation dependence when realistic antenna patterns are included in the analysis. In addition, it is shown that using the third Stokes parameter to measure the rotation angle can yield a result that is biased by as much as 1deg by purely geometrical issues that are associated with the finite width of the main beam.     

Ionospheric effects on satellite land mobile systems

Satellite-ground radio systems are now so sensitive that ionospheric changes can disrupt their performance. This paper discusses some satellite-to-ground propagation problems in the UHF and L bands caused by the Earth's ionosphere. Such problems include signal time delay, signal dispersion, Faraday rotation, and scintillation.     

Propagation of short radio waves and the potential of the Earth’s ionosphere radio-sounding method for calculation of maximum usable frequencies

The influence of the ionosphere on propagation of short radio waves is considered. Data on the monthly average diurnal values of critical frequencies at midlatitudes are presented. The applicability of the radio-sounding method to investigation of the state of the Earth’s ionosphere is demonstrated. Comparison of the data obtained from the path sounding of the ionosphere and from the radio-sounding method is performed. It is shown that satellite navigation systems can be used for prediction of the propagation conditions of short radio waves.     

时空变背景电离层对 GEO TomoSAR 成像影响分析

地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达层析成像（GEO TomoSAR）是一种将地球同步轨道 SAR（GEO SAR）与三维层析成像相结合的技术,它能够克服低轨 SAR 层析成像中重访时间长、时间去相干严重等缺点,实现对地面场景及时、精确地三维重建。但是由于 GEO SAR 轨道高,信号能够穿过整个电离层,使得 GEO SAR 信号时延长,引入严重的相位误差,进而影响 GEO TomoSAR 三维成像的精度。本文主要从背景电离层对雷达信号传播的影响机理出发,建立了时空变背景电离层影响下的 GEO TomoSAR 信号模型,进而分析了对三维成像的影响。经过分析,时空变背景电离层对 GEO TomoSAR系统的影响主要包括成像目标的相对位置偏移以及高度向成像散焦。最后,通过计算机仿真验证了理论分析的正确性。      

Angle Estimation Using Quaternion-ESPRIT in Bistatic MIMO-Radar

In this letter; we present a novel two-dimensional angle estimation for bistatic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar. We reconstruct the received signal of MIMO radar to model with quaternion theory, and then angle estimate using quaternion estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique for MIMO radar is proposed. The proposed algorithm can obtain automatically paired two-dimensional angle estimation in MIMO-radar. The proposed algorithm has much better angle estimation performance than the Wang’s quaternion algorithm, which has a much heavier computational load than the proposed algorithm. Simulation results verify the usefulness of our algorithm.