塑料周转箱搬运端手位置的人机工程学设计

以塑料周转箱在使用过程中的舒适性要求为启示,从人机工程学的角度出发,在分析了塑料周转箱搬运过程中的受力关系和人体力学特征的基础上,根据不同的使用状态和搬运形式,结合人工搬运作业的特点具体分析人机关系,提出了塑料周转箱端手应有的合理位置,以增强作业的舒适性,提高使用的安全性和手工搬运操作的效率。     

键盘的创新设计

传统键盘设计没有充分考虑操作者的作业特点和手臂舒适性,易使操作者患腕管综合症等疾病.基于人手的生理特点和键盘的人机功能,完成了现代健康型人机工程学键盘的设计,是对人机工程学键盘设计的尝试.新键盘的特点:改进了键盘的布局;设计了一体化支撑手枕;按键采用"x构架"技术,实现按键"静音"效果,减低噪音;制作材料考虑"抗菌性能"新型材料;键盘与电脑采用无线接口技术.     

计算机键盘设计中的人机工程学体现

目的人机工程学在计算机键盘设计中的应用方法。方法对台式电脑键盘运用人机工程学进行设计并加以研究阐述,主要是在主键盘、定位键盘和数字辅助键盘位置,在键盘色彩和整体的设计上进行全方面分析再对其进行改善。结论在台式电脑键盘运用人机工程学进行设计的过程中,对于整体布局与合理性更加注重。改善的设计可以对操作者肌肉过于紧张甚至疲乏加以良好调节,且在计算机的整个操作过程中很好地改进了键盘使用的舒适性。     

人机工程学应用研究综述

根据人机工程学知觉的基本特征、视觉特征、显示相合性以及人的心理需求等基本原理,从人机工程学的研究方法入手,分别阐述了生活中的人机工程学、人机工程学中的效率问题以及多媒体制作技术中如何合理利用人机工程学的基本原理;明确指出运用人机工程学可以科学指导人们生活、工作、学习以及休闲。     

人机工程学在包装设计中的应用

通过对包装设计的特点及人机工程学原理的阐述，探讨了人机工程学在包装设计中的应用的重要性，从而使设计更趋科学，并提高了工作效率。     

瓦楞纸箱提手孔位置对抗压强度的影响

对同一规格、不同开孔位置的某重型装饰灯具外包装瓦楞纸箱进行了抗压强度的试验,以探讨提手孔位置对纸箱抗压强度的影响。在瓦楞纸箱侧面中线上方H/6以内的高度进行四等分,得到实验的4个测试点,以此4点为中心开取弧型提手孔,分别对其进行空箱抗压强度测试。结果表明:纸箱侧面开孔后,纸箱的抗压强度会降低;当提手孔开孔位置处于箱面中线上方H/18高度时,抗压强度损失最小。     

基于感知的主观人机工程学探析

基于感知的主观人机工程学是对人机工程学在新形势下的重新审视,是对普通人机工程学研究盲区的补充和丰富。分析了主观人机工程学的概念起源,辨析了主观人机工程学与普通人机工程学的关系,并概括地提出了主观人机工程学的研究框架,以期在人机工程学领域取得更丰富的成果。     

屋盖开孔的近地空间建筑的风致内压

以屋盖开孔的近地空间建筑为研究对象,采用刚性模型测压风洞试验方法,研究了开孔率、开孔位置、内部容积、地貌类别等因素对风致内压的影响规律,与当前主要国家规范及以往试验进行对比。结果表明:屋盖开孔建筑的内压高度相关,内压存在高频Helmholtz共振,角部开孔工况的Helmholtz共振现象明显;屋盖开孔建筑的内平均风压在全风向角下表现为吸力,角部开孔工况的内平均风压较中心开孔工况大;屋盖开孔建筑的脉动内压随模型内部容积增大而减小,随来流湍流度增大而增大,侧墙的门窗开孔可减小平均内压和脉动内压;各国规范均不同程度地高估了屋盖开孔建筑的内部正风压,低估了内部负风压。     

手控键盘的创新设计

分析了目前手控键盘在设计上存在的三个问题:键盘功能键区的设置由于忽视了部分按键的使用频率而影响整个工作效率;键盘的总体结构没有充分结合人机工程学的原理;部分按键的位置没有考虑到人手的工作习惯.运用人机工程学、人的心理学以及生理学等原理,从主键盘的键位布局、键盘垫等方面,提出键盘的创新设计,进一步体现了键盘的人性化设计,体现产品的"以人为本"的设计思想.     

工业设计中的人机工程学理论、技术与应用研究进展

人机工程学是工业设计中重要的辅助手段.通过对近年来在国内外发表的人机工程学研究论文的分析与归纳,较为系统地总结了工业设计中的人机工程学理论、技术与应用研究的进展状况,探讨了人机工程学在工业设计领域内的应用方法、研究理论与技术,并针对信息化条件下工业设计的发展,提出了人机工程学的发展趋势与研究热点.     

Finite element analysis of vent/hand hole designs for corrugated fibreboard boxes

Corrugated fibreboard is an economical and efficient material for fabricating shipping containers that are widely used for the distribution, transportation and storage of goods. Corrugated fibreboard is usually considered to be an orthotropic material because the principal fibre directions, machine direction (MD) and cross‐machine direction (CD), are identical to the fibres in paperboard, which has apparent directional property differences. The purpose of this study is to investigate the principal design parameters of ventilation holes and hand holes in the faces of the shipping container, (corrugated fibreboard boxes), using finite element analysis (FEA). Various designs of ventilation holes were studied with respect to stress distribution and stress level. It was found that the appropriate pattern and location of the ventilation holes were vertical oblong‐shaped and symmetrically positioned within a certain extent of distance to the right and left from the centre of the front and rear faces of the boxes. On the other hand, the appropriate location and pattern of the hand holes were a short distance from the centre to the top of the boxes on both side faces. The appropriate pattern was a modified shape, such as the radius of curvature of both sides in horizontal oblong. The pattern and location of both the ventilation holes and the hand holes determined by the FEA simulation generally agreed well with laboratory experimental results. The decrease in compression strength of the box could be minimized with identical area of the ventilation holes if the length of the major axis of the ventilation hole is less than 1/4 of the depth of the box and the ratio of the minor axis to the major axis is 1/3.5–1/2.5, provided that even‐numbered holes are located symmetrically. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & son, Ltd.     

Measurement and analysis of shocks to products packaged in pails in single parcel ground shipments

The objective of this study was to measure and analyse the shocks and impacts experienced by pails in the single parcel distribution environment, with and without a secondary corrugated shipper. The study was conducted in the FedEx Ground shipping environment in the USA. Instrumented 5 gal pails were shipped with and without an outer corrugated box, and with and without handling (precautionary warning) labels, from East Lansing, Michigan to destinations in California and New York. Data recorders were used to collect and analyse shock distribution data (drop heights, drop orientations and number of drops). The results showed that the precautionary labels had no effect in improving the handling or reducing the drop height levels for both corrugated boxes and pails in this environment. Pails without boxes experienced 10 drops per one‐way trip with an average drop height of 0.23 m (9 in). Pails with boxes experienced 18 drops per one‐way trip with a higher average drop height of 0.30 m (12 in), which amounted to 80% more drops at a 25% higher drop height level than pails without boxes. Impact orientations of pails without boxes showed that 60% of the drops occurred on the sides, and 40% on the bottom. Pails shipped in corrugated boxes showed 22% of the drops occurred on the bottoms, 34% on the side faces, 28% on edges and remaining 16% on the corners. The data collected was analysed to develop pre‐shipment package performance tests that can be conducted in a lab environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The 'ergonomics paradigm': Foundations,challenges and future directions

The challenges confronting the multi-disciplinary human factors and ergonomics profession are rapidly growing as the pace of technological change redefines the way in which people interact with each other at work and at play. Areas such as human-computer interaction, cognitive ergonomics and information technology management are booming. Calls for greater influence on designing for teams and other large groups of people, i.e. macroergonomics are growing rapidly. All the while, physical ergonomics (e.g. occupational biomechanics, manual materials handling) continues to be a strong focus in the US and around the world. To keep pace with these challenges, each human factors professional should understand the history of the field, remember the complexity of the 'user' and be able to see how their efforts unify and expand the ergonomics discipline. This paper reviews the development of the ergonomics paradigm, explores the challenges confronting the ergonomics discipline and presents ways in which those challenges may be addressed using methodologies familiar to human factors practitioners and researchers.     

An analysis of the influence of hand hole and ventilation hole design on compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard boxes by an artificial neural network model

This research aimed at developing a high-performing corrugated fiberboard box compression strength prediction model and to analyze the influences of ventilation and hand hole designs for these containers on the box compression test (BCT) by applying artificial neural network (ANN) modeling. The input variables considered in this study are composed of nine parameters including box dimension as well as shapes, sizes, positions, and locations of ventilations and hand holes of a regular slotted container (RSC, FEFCO 0201). Back propagation algorithms (BPNs) of ANN models were developed from 970 BCT testing data points (single wall boards, C flute, 205/112/205 g/m²). Tested data was randomly broken into three groups for the model development as 80:10:10 for the training set, testing set, and validating set. According to the analysis performed, a BPN 9-13-1 model reflected the highest prediction performance with R² = 0.97. According to the analysis, BCT was significantly affected by the hand hole location followed by the geometrical dimensions of the box (height, length, and width) and the ventilation factors (shape, number, and location) in that order. Hand holes at the top flaps caused a lower BCT reduction compared with those at the vertical locations of the box. Slight changes to the eliminated board area for both hand holes and ventilation (±5%) contributed to less BCT reduction compared with its locations and shapes. Interestingly, increasing the box height significantly increased the BCT, and this was found to be limited only to shorter boxes fabricated from a high stiffness corrugated board.     

基于人机工程学的办公桌桌面高度优化研究

从产品设计与人机工程学角度出发,构建了基于健康坐姿的办公桌桌面作业的评价指标,并根据层次分析法原理,采用专家评判法计算得到了各指标的权重值与重要性排序;通过摄像法测量得到了不同的实测数据;通过对实验数据进行分析与比较,在参考各指标权重的情况下,计算得到了最优化的办公桌桌面高度。     

The cask age: the technology and history of wooden barrels

This paper explores the use of wooden casks (barrels). It shows the principles of their construction, organization of the cooper industry over time and examples of how barrels facilitated trade and logistical activities throughout the 2000 years in which they were a predominant shipping container form. The paper finds that, although the shape and construction are very different from today's shipping containers, the same design considerations apply. Package shape and weight were designed to promote material handling productivity. The geometry facilitated transport by maximizing cube utilization and tight stowage in ships and wagons. The materials and technology were readily available at low cost. The construction provided protection from handling and transit forces. Trade associations cooperated to set standards for quality control, developed educational programs and worked with governments to regulate standards. Printing identified product and stock keeping units (product and brand). The shelf‐life of food products was extended. The closure permitted easy filling and closing, stayed closed during transit, and facilitated opening and emptying. Containers were widely reused or recycled. The reasons for the end of the barrel era relate to changes in technology, logistics, markets and overall economic activity. The industrial revolution created an increase in demand and stimulated mechanization, resulting in lower quality barrels as well as the development of other substitutes. The trend to paper‐based substitutes was enabled by the invention of the papermaking machine and the process for pulping wood in the 1800s. Rail transport changed the geometry of transport vehicles and enabled mechanical handling practices that favoured the box shape. These innovations enabled a shift in marketing and retailing, ushering in the consumer packaging revolution. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

民机部件 APU 门运输用瓦楞纸包装箱的优化设计

目的针对民机大型部件运输用传统木制包装箱结构重、成本高等问题,使用质量小、成本低的新型瓦楞纸材料研制民机大型部件运输用包装箱。方法以APU门为例,使用有限元软件MSC.Patran/Nastran计算APU门包装箱的强度,加载侧向载荷,使用木质材料和瓦楞纸板材料进行对比。结果同样的结构强度,瓦楞纸箱相比木制包装箱减重60%,瓦楞纸箱的侧向结构需要优化。结论瓦楞纸板用作民机大型部件的包装箱材料是可行的,且有很大的质量与成本优势,但设计中应全面考虑出现的各种载荷。     

Introduction de l'informatique dans la gestion et le contrôle des entrepôts frigorifiquesThe introduction of data processing in the management and control of cold stores

A cold store is required to preserve foodstuffs which may arrive in quantities of a few hundred tons or in boxes weighing only a few kilos. The pallet is the unit of volume allowing rationalization of storage.Two cases can be classified: full pallet storage and order preparation for retailers. With full pallet storage the series of operations carried out are: receiving goods, putting them into a defined place, maintaining the required storage environment, finally delivering pallets. Incidental to these functions are: Inventory control, (invoicing, etc.), management of stocks, (the computer can choose the best storage place for each pallet according to the delivery rate and the shortest distance), instructions to semi-automatic fork lift trucks or to fully automatic stacker cranes, optimization of refrigeration machines to minimize power consumption and to give warning of maintenance requirements or breakdown, security protection against fire and robbery.From full pallets, orders are prepared from a few boxes of each article to deliver to retailers. The computer chooses the right moment to bring out pallets from the main stock, moving them to the best place in the preparation area and finally indicating to the workman in what order he has to take boxes from the pallets.The main advantages are: better use of space, better control of the quality of the materials being stored, and lower energy costs. Paradoxically the main obstacle to further progress is the difficulty of efficiently replacing human operators for single box handling.     

A methodology for modelling comprehensive international procurement costs

As the economy becomes more globalised and competitive, firms are manufacturing goods in a wider variety of locations. This may be to reduce costs by moving to a low cost country or to place production closer to potential customers. What is often lacking in these facility location decisions is a holistic assessment of the costs associated with production location decisions. Too often the assessment is focused only on a limited set of cost factors (e.g. direct manufacturing and shipping) and does not take into account the dynamic nature of some costs. To address these limitations a comprehensive cost model to assess the cost of procuring goods from alternative locations is presented. A methodology is detailed for monetising many costs associated with international procurement. An illustrative case study analysing the procurement of goods from two locations in Mexico and one in the US is detailed. Results of the case show that the non-direct manufacturing costs associated with procurement (e.g. inventory holding costs and shipping) can be greater than direct manufacturing costs. The effects of fuel and labour cost sensitivity on the alternative locations are also detailed.