微波辅助合成草酸二异戊酯

以二水合草酸、异戊醇为原料,采用微波加热方式合成了草酸二异戊酯.考察了酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、带米剂用量和微波辐射时间等因素对产品收率的影响,确定适宜的反应条件如下:草酸与异戊醇的摩尔比为1:2.7,一水合硫酸氢钠为催化荆、其用量为原料总质量的1.6%,苯为带水剂、其用量为草酸质量的0.74倍,微波辐射时间为10min.在此条件下,产品收率达89.1%.微渡加热条件下的反应速率约是常规加热法的7倍.通过红外光谱、质谱,对产品进行了结构表征.     

微波辐射磷钨酸催化合成环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮

在微波辐射下,以磷钨酸为催化剂,以环己酮和1,2-丙二醇为原料合成了环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮.研究了反应物投料比、微波辐射功率、微波辐射时间、催化剂用量、带水剂用量等因素对产品收率的影响.确定了最佳反应条件为:环己酮0.2 mol,n(环己酮)∶n(1,2-丙二醇)=1∶1.5,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的0.50%,微波辐射功率600 W,辐射时间16 min,带水剂(环己烷)用量15 mL.在此条件下,环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮的产率可达82.0%.     

微波辐射硫酸铁催化合成丙二酸二乙酯的研究

研究了利用微波辐射技术,在硫酸铁的催化下以丙二酸和无水乙醇为原料合成丙二酸二乙酯的反应,探讨了原料配比、反应时间、催化剂用量、带水剂、反应温度等对酯化率的影响。通过实验确定了最佳反应条件：n（乙醇）∶n（丙二酸）为3∶1,催化剂硫酸铁用量为1.0g,带水剂环己烷用量为20mL,微波辐射时间为10min,结果表明：该反应条件温和,方法简便,酯化率可达72.1%。利用折光率、红外光谱分析等对产品进行了物性、组成和结构表征。     

微波辅助合成丁酸环己酯

探讨了在微波辐射下以丁酸和环己醇为原料直接酯化合成丁酸环己酯的方法.系统考察了催化剂、物料比、反应时间、带水剂用量等因素对酯化反应的影响.结果表明适宜的合成条件为:选用硫酸氢钠作催化剂,用量为反应物总质量的3%(2.0 g),酸醇摩尔比为1∶1.7,微波辐射时间为10 min,带水剂二甲苯用量为50 mL.此时反应的酯化率为91.8%、酯收率为90.1%,其反应速率约是常规加热法反应速率的12倍.     

硫酸高铈催化合成乙酯异戊酯

以冰醋酸、异戊醇为原料,硫酸高铈为催化剂合成乙酯异戊酯,通过正交设计法考察了催化剂用量、原料配比、带水剂用量和反应时间等因素对反应的影响。结果表明:在催化剂用量0.4g,醇酸比1.2∶1,带水剂环己烷用量5mL,反应时间1h的条件下,酯化率可达97.35%。     

微波辐射磷钨酸催化合成环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮

在微波辐射下,以磷钨酸为催化剂,对以环己酮和1,2-丙二醇为原料合成环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮进行了研究.较系统的研究了反应物投料比、微波辐射功率、微波辐射时间、催化剂用量、带水剂用量诸因素对产品收率的影响.最佳反应条件为:环己酮为0.2mol,n(环己酮):n(1,2-丙二醇)=1.0:1.5,微波辐射功率600W,辐射时间16min,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的0.5%,带水剂(环己烷)15mL.在此条件下,环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮的产率可达82.0%.     

新型柴油十六烷值改进剂一草酸二异戊酯的合成

以草酸和异戊醇为原料,环己烷为带水剂,采用酸性化合物作为催化剂,合成草酸二异戊酯。考察了酸醇比、反应时间、催化剂用量和带水剂用量等因素对于酯化反应产率的影响。以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂的最佳反应条件为：草酸和异戊醇的物质的量比为1∶3,催化剂用量为草酸质量的2.5%,带水剂环己烷的用量为30mL/0.1mol草酸,反应时间为120min,反应的酯化率在95%以上。以硫酸氢钠为催化剂的最佳反应条件为：草酸和异戊醇的物质的量比为1∶2.5,催化剂用量为1.2g/0.1mol草酸,带水剂环己烷的用量为30mL/0.1mol草酸,反应时间为90min,反应的酯化产率可达93%。由该方法得到的草酸二异戊酯的酯化率和产品的纯度均较高,具有广泛的应用前景。     

丙酸丁酯的合成研究

研究了利用微波辐射技术,在对甲苯磺酸的催化下以正丙酸和正丁醇为原料合成丙酸丁酯的反应,探讨了原料配比、反应时间、催化剂用量、带水剂用量、微波功率等参数对酯化率的影响。结果表明:此法工艺简单,催化剂用量少,催化活性高,反应时间较短,正丙酸转化率高。通过实验确定了最佳工艺条件为:n(正丁醇)∶n(正丙酸)=1.8∶1.0,对甲苯磺酸用量0.3g,带水剂环己烷的用量5mL,微波功率595W,微波辐射时间10min,酯化率达99%以上。     

微波辐射对甲苯磺酸催化合成乙酸环己酯

以冰醋酸和环己醇为原料 ,环已烷为带水剂 ,对甲苯磺酸作催化剂 ,采用微波辐射技术 ,在常压下直接合成乙酸环己酯。最适宜反应条件为 :n(环己醇 )∶n(乙酸 ) =1 5∶1 0 ,对甲苯磺酸用量 0 2 0 g ,带水剂用量 5mL ,微波功率 5 95W ,辐射时间 15min ,产率达 97%以上     

硼酸三丁酯的合成

以正丁醇和硼酸为原料采用微波辐射法合成硼酸三丁酯,考察了催化剂、带水剂、反应时间和反应温度对反应的影响。通过试验得到适宜工艺条件(试验室)为:硼酸用量为0.10mol、n(正丁醇)/n(硼酸)为5.2(正丁醇兼作带水剂)、m(NaHSO4催化剂)/m(原料总量)为2.2%和微波辐射时间为13.0min。该条件下产品平均收率为87.4%,反应速率(以酯的收率计)约是常规加热法的18～20倍。通过元素和红外光谱分析对产品进行了物性及结构表征。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。