抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深的解析解

通过对抛物线形断面收缩水深的基本方程进行恒等变形 , 得到的无量纲收缩水深是一个典型的一元四次方程式。根据一元四次方程式的解得到抛物线形断面的收缩水深的解析解表达式,为求解抛物线形断面的收缩水深提供了一种新的解法。该解析公式形式简洁、结果准确、适用范围广,克服了目前查图、查表及试算迭代法的缺点。     

三次抛物线形渠道断面收缩水深的计算公式

三次抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深的计算需求解高次隐函数方程,不容易求解,传统的图解法或者试算法计算过程复杂,精度较低,不便于工程实际应用。通过对三次抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深的基本方程进行适当处理,得到了快速收敛的迭代公式,再与合理的迭代初值配合使用,得到三次抛物线形渠道断面收缩水深的计算公式。误差分析及实例计算表明,在一般工程常用范围内,收缩水深的最大相对误差仅为 0.16 ﹪,计算公式形式较简捷、精度较高、适用范围比较广。     

抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深的直接计算方法

通过对抛物线形断面收缩水深的基本方程进行恒等变形,得到了快速收敛的迭代公式,再与合理的迭代初值配合使用,得到抛物线形断面收缩水深的直接计算公式.误差分析及实例计算表明,在工程常用范围内,收缩水深的最大相对误差仅为0.12%,直接计算公式形式简捷、精度高、适用范围广.     

基于公式覆盖度的矩形渠道收缩断面水深计算

为了适当提高收缩断面水深公式的适用范围,通过对矩形渠道收缩断面水深的基本方程进行化简,得到无量纲水深迭代方程,随后采用一元二次方程替代矩形收缩断面水深的一元三次方程,最后将二次方程的解代入迭代方程中得到无量纲收缩断面水深的计算公式。该公式在无量纲收缩断面水深不大于0.6时,最大相对误差小于0.15%。公式具有形式简单、适用范围广、精度高的特点,为特殊工况下的断面水深计算提供了新的方法。     

抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深简化计算通式

针对采用常规方法求解抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深不但计算过程繁复且计算精度不高,而已有简化计算公式仅限于特定的抛物线形断面且公式形式不够简化的问题,引入已知综合参数及无量纲收缩水深参数,对抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深的基本计算公式进行变形整理,在保证求解精度满足工程设计要求的前提下,对函数高次方程进行优化拟合,得到了表达形式简单、计算简捷的近似计算通式。精度分析及实例计算结果表明,该计算通式的最大误差小于0.755%,完全满足实际工程设计精度要求,具有实际应用推广价值。     

三种抛物线形断面收缩水深的直接计算公式

为了得到半立方、平方、立方抛物线形断面收缩水深的直接计算公式,通过对这3种抛物线形断面收缩水深的基本方程恒等变形,得到了一个无量纲收缩水深的高次方程。该方程无法直接求得其理论解,而继续推导得到了无量纲收缩水深的迭代公式。且利用1stopt软件,基于遗传算法,对给定非线性函数模型进行参数优化拟合,建立了半立方、平方、立方抛物线形渠道收缩水深的直接计算公式。误差分析和实例计算结果表明:在工程常用范围λ∈[0.01,0.6]内,半立方、平方、立方抛物线形渠道收缩水深的最大相对误差分别仅为0.064%,-0.091%,0.136%,直接计算公式形式简捷、精度高、使用范围广。     

抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深的简易算法

针对目前求解抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深普遍存在的计算繁复问题,通过引入无量纲相对水深参数,对抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深基本计算公式进行变形整理。在此基础上,以保证求解成果精度满足工程设计要求为前提,以获得最简化的计算公式为目的,对函数高次方程优化拟合,获得了表达形式简单、计算简捷、适用范围广的近似计算公式。具有实际应用推广价值。     

立方抛物线断面渠道收缩水深的直接计算方法

流速最大、水深最小的收缩断面上水力要素的确定,对于分析判断渠道内水流衔接状态、水跃位置及最大平均流速等都至关重要。通过对立方抛物线形断面收缩水深的基本方程进行恒等变形, 选择适当的变量及曲线拟合得到了立方抛物线形断面的收缩水深的直接计算公式。经过误差分析及实例计算,表明在工程常用范围内,收缩水深的最大相对误差仅为0.22%, 直接计算公式形式简捷、精度高、适用范围广,它将给设计人员带来极大的方便。     

半立方抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深迭代算法

半立方抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深的计算较困难,主要是因为需要求解高次隐函数,传统的图解法和试算法计算结果精度较低,且过程复杂,不方便应用到实际工程中。该文通过合理变形处理半立方抛物线形断面渠道收缩水深的基本方程,得到迭代公式,并证明了其收敛性,再通过求解方程获得迭代初值函数,进而得到半立方抛物线形渠道断面的收缩水深公式,经误差分析,在实际工程常用范围内,收缩水深初值最大相对误差小于0.27%,经一次迭代后,收缩水深最大相对误差小于0.06%。实际算例表明,该计算公式形式简单,计算结果精度高,适用范围广。     

标准Ⅰ型马蹄形断面水力特性的研究

为研究标准Ⅰ型马蹄形断面正常水深、弗劳德数和收缩断面水深的计算方法,根据明渠均匀流理论、明渠恒定非均匀流理论和能量方程,分析了标准Ⅰ型马蹄形断面的水力特性,提出了3种工况下的正常水深与流量关系、弗劳德数,以及2种工况下收缩断面水深的迭代计算公式,并通过算例给出了解题过程。研究成果计算简单、精度高,可以应用于实际工程。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。