Metallic particle movement, corona, and breakdown in compressed gasinsulated transmission line systems

A simplified computational algorithm has been developed to study the behavior of metallic particles in gas insulated transmission line (GITL) systems. The model provides an estimate of the effectiveness of particle trapping for a particular trap design at a given commissioning voltage. Results of measured breakdown probabilities of particle contaminated SF₆ show fair agreement with calculated values. A computational model was developed to calculate the corona inception voltage due to conducting particle motion in GITL systems. The computed results for various parameters were in fair agreement with the measured values. A corona pulse pattern is computed and plotted using the same algorithm. Oscillographic records of the transient corona show that particle discharge is larger for long particles, and its magnitude increases with voltage level. Corona patterns obtained in the laboratory indicate that conducting particles can be detected in GITL systems and that the particle size can be determined through partial discharge measurements with AC voltage at different gas pressures     

AC particle-triggered corona discharge in low pressure SF/sub 6/ gas

This paper deals with AC particle-triggered corona discharge as a follow-up to our previous research with DC voltage to clarify the particle-triggered corona discharge process in SF₆ gas. Corona current pulses, charges associated with a corona current pulse, and corona light pulses were observed with an aluminum ellipsoidal particle suspended in a parallel plane electrode system under a SF₆ gas pressure range of 30 kPalesPles50 kPa by changing the particle position. Corona mode, phase (Phi)-charge (q) characteristics as well as corona discharge processes were discussed and the following results were obtained. AC corona mode depended on the instantaneous applied voltage, voltage gradient as well as the particle position and then, the Phi-q characteristics were also affected by those parameters. Charges flow into the floating particle due to coronas on the both tips of particle and excite field fluctuations around the opposite side of particle in addition to the applied AC field. The field fluctuation in SF₆ gas by the corona charges was about 4% of the applied field and much lower than that in air gap which was about 70%. That is, the corona development was suppressed effectively by high electron affinity of SF₆ gas even in the case of floating particle. The less effective interference between coronas on the both side of particle in SF₆ gas results in an obscure local minimum in the breakdown voltage characteristics as the particle is in the vicinity of electrode as contrasted with a drastic fall in the breakdown voltage by the particle in air     

Influence of surface shape on DC surface breakdown characteristics under metallic-particle contaminated conditions in SF6 gas

The influence of a metallic particle attached to a supporting insulator is remarkable in decreasing the dielectric strength in an SF₆ insulated apparatus. To solve this problem, a series of studies has been conducted on a method of improving the particle-initiated breakdown performance. In this paper, dc breakdown voltage characteristics and the breakdown mechanism are investigated under metallic-particle contaminated conditions in SF₆ gas by varying the particle condition and the surface shape of the acrylic plate with a rod-plane electrode. The main results show that a rib increases the breakdown voltage by a corona stabilization effect and the elongation of discharge path, but a groove decreases its effect drastically at lower gas pressures. The breakdown voltage at pressures higher than 4 atm may be estimated on the basis of the discharge-maintaining field and the discharge length which depend on the gas pressure and the surface shape.     

Activity of moving metallic particles in prebreakdown state in GIS

The paper presents experimental results of measurements of prebreakdown activity, caused by free metallic particles in GIS, obtained using a phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) analysis and acoustical measurements. The numerous parameters characterizing prebreakdown activity of particles were identified and analyzed. These included phase resolved distribution of charge, maximum charge, average charge per period, or per pulse, a balance of charge in positive and negative half-wave of voltage, pulse rate (number of pulses per period) for electrical and acoustic methods. The measurements were conducted in a compartment of real GIS, and Al as well as Cu particles of different shapes were investigated. The pressure varied from 150 to 550 kPa, however most measurements were taken at 450 kPa. A discharge model which takes into account the effect of a free metallic particle in GIS is presented     

DC corona discharge of a metal filament particle withinparallel-plate electrodes

For the prevention of a particle-initiated breakdown within gas-insulated switchgear, fundamental characteristics of particle motion were investigated. It was found that the particle motion depends not only on Coulombic force, but on the corona discharge from the tip of a particle. Thus, the corona current from a fixed particle on the lower electrode was measured, for either positive or negative corona case. The measured current showed different characteristics of current depending on the polarity. The corona onset voltage of negative corona is somewhat lower than positive, but the breakdown voltage of negative corona is much higher. Although the current characteristics follow the square law, the applicable region of this law for positive corona is very small. Positive corona depends on the tip configuration contrary to negative corona     

基于有限元法的含固定微粒的GIS静电场分析

针对GIS生产及维修过程中可能存在的固定或自由微粒会使GIS正常运行时局部场强过高而导致耐压水平降低的问题,借助高准确度的ANSYS有限元法软件分别研究了固定微粒在靠近252 KV GIS绝缘子的高压导体上和接地外壳内侧时GIS的电场分布情况,发现两种情况下的电势等值线分布情况变化不大,但电场强度分布情况明显不同,计算结果对研究GIS内部微粒污染所致击穿电压降低及局部放电有一定意义。     

振荡冲击电压下SF_6极不均匀场间隙的放电特性

根据IEC 60060-3所规定的振荡冲击电压波形,研究了在正极性振荡雷电冲击电压和振荡操作冲击电压下SF6气体极不均匀场间隙的放电特性,包括SF6压强(P)和50%起晕电压(UP50)关系、SF6压强(P)和50%击穿电压(UB50)关系等。并且比较了振荡雷电冲击和标准波雷电冲击下SF6气体极不均匀场间隙的放电特性的异同。结果表明,振荡型冲击电压因其振荡特性,使SF6极不均匀场间隙的放电次数增加,这有利用发现GIS中存在的例如导电尖刺等电极缺陷;等波头的振荡冲击波和双指数冲击波作用下SF6极不均匀场间隙的有着相似的放电特性,这对振荡型冲击波替代双指数波在较高等级的GIS现场耐压试验中的运用有重要的指导意义。     

空间介质颗粒对交流导线电晕特性影响规律

为了研究空间介质颗粒对导线交流电晕特性的影响,基于小电晕笼,应用Fi Lin?6紫外成像仪记录存在介质颗粒时模拟导线交流电晕放电发生、发展的过程,实验结果表明:空间介质颗粒会对导线交流电晕发生、发展过程产生影响,球径越大、距离导线越近则导线的起晕电压越低;存在多球时,由于颗粒间的相互影响,导线的起晕电压和放电过程会受到影响,其中垂直排列的颗粒之间对放电发展过程和起晕电压影响相对较大。将偏心偶极子模型应用到存在介质颗粒时电场计算中,结合模拟电荷法对导线周围存在颗粒时空间电场分布进行分析,仿真结果表明:导线表面的最大场强以及导线和颗粒间场强的均值随着颗粒尺寸的增大、颗粒导线距离的降低和颗粒相对介电常数的增大而增大;空间存在多个颗粒时,由于球间的相互影响使导线表面场强进一步增大,其中球间连线和电场方向一致时的影响更大。     

Bipolar DC corona discharge from a floating filamentary metalparticle

The motion of a filamentary particle and also the discharge from a particle have been extensively investigated for the development of a prevention and protection method against breakdown in gas-insulated switchgear. The particle showed several different patterns of motion, e.g., "standing," precession motion, oscillating up and down, etc. Each of these types of motion depends on corona discharge from the particle itself. Since this motion cannot be explained only by monopolar discharge from one end of a particle, bipolar discharge from both ends of a particle occurring simultaneously has been investigated by applying the floating particle method. The particle length and the gap between the particle and electrode were chosen as parameters. From experimental results, several interesting features were obtained. The curve of bipolar corona. current lies between negative and positive corona currents of monopolar curves. There is a sudden current increase at the threshold voltage that seems to be a new feature of the corona current from a filamentary particle. So far, the experimental results indicate that this threshold voltage is not a function of particle length, but it could depend slightly on length. Flashover voltage is a function of particle length and the gap. It decreases with length and increases with the gap     

DC corona discharge from a wire particle floated with a microgap in parallel plate electrodes

Conductive particles existing in a high-voltage system could deteriorate the system performance owing to an electric discharge via the particles. In case when the particles exist in a dc high-voltage electrode system, the location of the particle would inevitably affect the discharge aspect. A corona-onset and breakdown voltage from a metallic wire particle were measured in detail. The wire particle has a length ranging from 6 to 12 mm, and a diameter of 0.25 mm. It was fixed between a parallel plate electrode with a spacing of 20 or 30 mm. When the particle was close to the negative electrode, a corona discharge occurred stably, and the corona-onset voltage was increased as the gap length between the negative electrode, and the positive end of the particle increased up to 0.8 mm. In contrast, when the particle was close to the positive electrode, the breakdown always occurred without preceding the corona discharge. At the middle region between the electrodes, the corona onset occurred at almost constant voltage.     

Experimental studies of free conducting wire particle behavior between nonparallel plane electrodes with AC voltages in air

When a spherical conducting particle exists in an electrode system where electrical gradient force acts along the electrode surface, the particle tends to move towards the high field region. The possibility of appearance of this phenomenon is experimentally investigated with wire particles, which can easily produce the corona discharge on their ends resulting the action of a reactive force on the particle by a corona wind. The results show that a hovering particle travels deeper into the high electric field regions regardless of the corona discharge. Moreover, it is found that wire particle with corona discharge hovers near the negative electrode under DC voltage in atmospheric air due to different characteristics of corona discharge by the polarity. But under the AC voltage, the particle hovers near the bottom electrode only and invades in the high field region deeper than under the DC voltage.     

Metallic particle motion and breakdown characteristics in GIS with 0.1‐Hz VLF (very low frequency) high voltage applied

VLF (Very Low Frequency) high voltage with frequency of 0.1 Hz will be utilized for an on‐site test of XLPE underground cables, instead of conventional dc high voltage test. Since XLPE cables are connected to GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgears) in substations, the influence of VLF voltage application to GIS insulation should be investigated. One of the most important characteristics for GIS insulation lies in the metallic particle contamination and its behavior, which may induce breakdown in GIS. From the above viewpoint, this paper discusses the metallic particle behavior and breakdown characteristics under VLF voltage application in GIS. Experimental results revealed that (1) Particle motion under VLF condition was similar to that under dc condition, while specific in the transient behavior at the polarity reversal. (2) Breakdown was induced by particles located in the vicinity of high voltage conductor at the instance of crossing the gap or in the firefly conditions. (3) Breakdown voltage in positive half cycle was higher than that in negative half cycle at the lower gas pressure, while lower at the higher gas pressure, which was attributed to the particle behavior and the breakdown mechanism of SF₆ gas. Consequently, metallic particles in GIS under VLF voltage application exhibited the specific behavior associated with the slow change of instantaneous voltage and polarity, and resulted in the complex pressure dependence of breakdown characteristics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 33–40, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.1166     

运行电压下GIS异物颗粒飞行特征速查法研究及应用

为研究运行电压下GIS设备内部异物颗粒超声波局放检测飞行图谱与异物颗粒对应关系,解决现场局放带电检测难以判断异物颗粒状况的问题,文中针对实际GIS设备结构开展不同类型异物颗粒力学特性分析,仿真分析了126 kV～363 kV GIS设备运行电压下异物颗粒的飞行特征,研究异物颗粒飞行特征速查法,建立物理场仿真模型确定了颗粒轨迹与力学仿真结果的对应性。研究应用结果表明:运行电压下不同厂家GIS设备内部异物的飞行起跳电压与颗粒类型及大小有关,异物颗粒飞行特征速查法提取的特征与实验室检测颗粒飞行轨迹相一致,两例现场应用案例印证了飞行特征速查法能够快速实现设备内部颗粒的状态判断,解体结果显示飞行特征速查法现场应用的准确性。     

Movement of particles in compressed SF6 GIS withdielectric coated enclosure

In compressed GIS (gas insulated switchgear), the control of wire particle contamination by dielectric coating of enclosure is demonstrated in this paper. Assuming that a particle acquires free charge through a partial discharge, the modeling of particle movement when the inside surface of a horizontal section of GIS/GITL (gas insulated transmission line) enclosure is coated is described. Under an applied 60 Hz ac voltage, the maximum height reached above the enclosure by a particle is much lower for a coated than for an uncoated enclosure. When the applied ac voltage varies, the maximum height reached depends on the magnitude of the applied voltage, phase and velocity at which the particle hits the enclosure. Typical results show that by coating the enclosure, the maximum height reached by a wire particle in a coaxial system can be reduced, thus inhibiting particle movement and minimizing the possibility of insulation breakdown     

GIS在快速暂态过电压下的放电特性

ＳＦ６气体绝缘开关装置（ＧＩＳ）中的隔离开关在操作时产生的快速暂态过电压（ＶＦＴＯ）,会造成ＧＩＳ的绝缘击穿事故。对ＶＦＴＯ作用下的ＧＩＳ击穿特性进行了研究,同时通过光电检测的方法研究了雷电冲击和快速振荡冲击电压作用下的预放电特性。实验结果表明,由金属导电微粒所导致的绝缘子表面电荷积聚是造成ＶＦＴＯ作用下的放电电压比雷电冲击下放电电压低的主要原因。     

Deterioration characteristics of insulating spacer model in repeating impulse voltage

To discuss the UHV GIS test voltage, the deterioration characteristics of the GIS insulating spacer model were studied by repeating lightning or switching impulse voltage. The deterioration factor indicating the decrease of lightning or switching impulse breakdown voltage applied up to 1000 times was found to be 35.7/45.5. The relationship between the partial discharge inception voltage and the breakdown voltage after 1000 impulse applications was also studied. It was found that the partial discharge inception voltage increases despite a decrease in breakdown voltage due to the impulse voltage. In addition, to elucidate the deterioration phenomenon, a study was made of the breakdown characteristics of models with various boundary conditions between the electrode and epoxy resin, as well as the relationship between the boundary conditions. Microdischarge was also studied. The results of the investigation suggest that the deterioration by repeating voltage is caused by microdischarge due to electric field intensification on microprotrusions of the electrode surface.     

静态模拟气固两相体起晕和击穿的实验研究

研究了非均匀电场中的静态模拟气固两相体放电的击穿、起晕特性及固相物介电常数、占空比、放电间隙、电压极性和种类对击穿电压与起晕电压的影响。结果表明:实验范围内,正极性大占空比时,随放电间隙的增加,两相体的起晕电压逐渐低于空气的起晕电压。正极性和交流电压下,两相体的击穿电压比空气高。     

工频–雷电冲击叠加电压检测GIS金属尖刺缺陷有效性研究

气体绝缘封闭式组合开关设备(gas insulated switchgear,GIS)在电力系统具有广泛应用,GIS运行过程中金属尖刺缺陷严重威胁其绝缘可靠性。然而,高电压等级下金属尖刺缺陷难以被传统现场试验检出。该文提出工频-雷电冲击叠加电压检测法。首先构建工频-雷电冲击叠加电压实验研究平台,针对工频-雷电冲击叠加电压下金属尖刺缺陷放电特性进行研究,继而研究工频-雷电冲击叠加电压检测金属尖刺缺陷方法有效性。结果表明:当交流电压(UAC)大于起晕电压时,同极性叠加导致击穿电压(Us)增大,反极性叠加导致Us减小。叠加相位对Us的影响稍滞后于工频波形。随不均匀度增加,曲线平台期缩短直至消失。在交流电压135°叠加负极性雷电冲击电压,GIS金属尖刺缺陷放电电压最低,外施电压较雷电冲击试验下降24.9%,可以有效检出缺陷。     

GIS局部放电常规检测和超声波检测方法的应用比较

介绍了几种GIS局部放电常用的检测技术,并应用常规脉冲电流检测法和超声波检测法对模拟的GIS运行中常见的几种典型缺陷,包括带电导体上尖端、壳体内壁上尖端、自由金属颗粒、悬浮电位、绝缘子内气泡以及黏附在绝缘子表面的金属颗粒等进行了检测。再通过对测试系统记录的放电脉冲和超声波脉冲的相位分布比较、不同缺陷在一定电压下的脉冲放电量大小比较,以及不同缺陷超声波脉冲有效值和周期峰值的特征和大小比较,总结得到在上述各种典型绝缘缺陷情况下,应用这两种检测方法所得波形和信号的主要特征,为超声波局部放电检测技术在GIS现场交流耐压试验和运行阶段的有效应用提供参考。