The effect of an antiatherosclerotic diet including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine and plant origins on the indices of cellular and humoral immunity in patients with ischemic heart disease and a disordered carbohydrate tolerance

The dynamic of natural antibodies against catecholamines and alpha-2-macroglobulin, thrombin, antithrombin III and parameters of cellular immunity in 92 patients with ischemic heart disease and ischemic heart disease complicated by impaired glucose tolerance was studied of influence of antiatherosclerotic diet with fish and vegetable PUFA omega-3 from "Eicolen". Besides favorable influence to a clinical picture of the disease universal normalizing influence of antiatherosclerotic diet with addition Eicolen on parameters of humoral a cellular immunity.     

Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of vegetable and animal origin on clinical and metabolic indicators and the intensity of lipid peroxidation in patients with ischemic heart disease and impaired carbohydrate tolerance

Use fish and vegetable PUFA omega-3 from "Eicolen" in diet of patients with ischemic heart disease and ischemic heart disease complicated by impaired glucose tolerance resulted in positive dynamic of clinical manifestation, blood lipids and coagulograms of the patients, and did not influence significantly on lipid peroxidation.     

Influence of bioactive dietary supplement--dietary unsaturated fats--on immune status of patients with myocardial ischemia and impaired glucose tolerance

Immune status measured by the flow cytrometric analysis under the ischemic heart disease and IHD with impaired glucose tolerance has been found to be altered in B cells as well as in T lymphocytes in some cases. Having received the diet supplemented by PUFA "Eicolen", IHD patients present with the restored immune status. Patients with IHD and impaired glucose tolerance did not present with any significant modifications in immune status after PUFA "Eicolen" supplementation.     

Possibility of correction of erythrocyte fatty acid composition in men with anamnesis of hereditary ischemic heart disease

The results of 4-year monitoring of men with hereditary history of ischemic heart disease are presented. The examinees were divided into two groups: a group of diet correction with alimentary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) extracted from Far Eastern sardine oil and a control group which did not take part in the preventive treatment. The composition of fatty acids of erythrocytes of men from the study and control groups was analyzed in the course of preventative treatment, 3, 6 months and 4 years after it. It has been proved that the progress of disorder in composition of fatty acids in men can be stopped by using alimentary omega-3 PUFA.     

Predicting effectiveness of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid dietary treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease

The possibility of using some erythrocyte fatty acids relations describing their metabolic interconversion for predicting efficiency of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet has been justified. This method can be used to judge the individual sensitivity of patients with ischemic heart disease to diet treatment.     

棕榈油酸功能的研究进展

omega-7脂肪酸是一组单不饱和脂肪酸,常见于深海鱼类(如凤尾鱼)和某些植物类食品(澳洲坚果油、沙棘果油、海藻等)中。近年来,omega-3、omega-6和omega-9脂肪酸的作用都为人所熟识,但omega-7脂肪酸的众多功效却少有人知道。omega-7脂肪酸不仅可以控制体重,改善皮肤状况,提高人体对胰岛素的敏感性,降低肝脂肪的蓄积和减少炎症,并且可以降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,改善冠状动脉心脏疾病和高血压等。我国人口快速老龄化,患糖尿病、高脂血症等代谢综合征数量急剧增加,对以棕榈油酸为主的omega-7脂肪酸保健产品以及医药制剂有更大的需求。对棕榈油酸在控制体重、改善皮肤状况、预防动脉粥样硬化、改善代谢综合征与炎症、防止骨碎、改善干眼症等方面的功能研究现状及可能存在的消极作用进行综述,旨在为omega-7脂肪酸功能性产品开发提供参考。     

Study of fatty acid composition of cell membranes during the use of soya oil in diet therapy of patients with cardiovascular diseases

Anti-atherogenic diet supplemented with 20 g soy oil has been analyzed in patients with coronary artery disease and high blood pressure. The vegetable PUFA omega-3 and omega-6 from soy oil have been found to change physical, biological and chemical property of membranes; improved clinical condition as well as to modify erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition.     

Characterization of the lipid composition and natural antioxidants in the liver oil of Dasyatis brevis and Gymnura marmorata rays

The omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA), have been recognized for their important role in health. EPA has several beneficial effects regarding coronary heart disease, while DHA has been found to be important for the development of the brain and retina. The increase in the consumption of fish oil, a commercial source of PUFA, has made necessary the search for new fish species rich in PUFA that could be used as raw material for the fish oil production. The lipid, fatty acid composition and natural antioxidant contents (carotene, tocopherol) were analyzed for the liver oil of Dasyatis brevis (arenera) and Gymnura marmorata (mariposa), two ray species commercially captured in the Gulf of California. The liver oil yield 25–50% (w/w) for D. brevis and 38–56% for G. marmorata. The triglyceride fraction was the major lipid class (577–758 mg/g) for both species, with smaller proportions of sterol esters, free sterols, polar lipids and diacyl glyceryl ethers. D. brevis showed a greater carotene and tocopherols concentration (6.9 mg/100 g, 25.3 mg/100 g, respectively) than G. marmorata (1.8 mg/100 g, 2.8 mg/100 g, respectively). The content of saturated and monoenoic fatty acid was similar for both species, however, the liver oil of G. marmorata had twice as much DHA than D. brevis. The composite percentage composition of DHA plus EPA with respect to the total of fatty acids in liver oil was 18% for G. marmorata and 16% for D. brevis. The liver oil of G. marmorata and D. brevis represent a new source of omega-3 PUFA that can be used for human and animal nutrition.     

Comparative evaluation of the hypolipidemic action of sunflower oil and "Zdorov'e" margarine incorporated into the anti-atherosclerotic diet of ischemic heart disease patients

Patients with ischemic heart disease attended by type II hyperlipidemia received diets containing sunflower oil (group I) or margarine "Zdorovie" (group II) as a source of poly-unsaturated fatty acids. Pronounced reduction of the blood cholesterol level was recorded in both groups of patients studied. Margarine "Zdorovie" is recommended for subjects intolerant to vegetable oils.     

A review of the progress in enzymatic concentration and microencapsulation of omega-3 rich oil from fish and microbial sources

Technology continues to evolve for the concentration and stabilisation of omega-3 fatty acids for delivery into food and beverage products. The use of lipases for selective concentration of EPA and DHA, or for re-esterification reactions, is important in the production of omega-3 concentrates. Enzymatic strategies require robust enzymes that can be immobilised and multiply re-used. Novel and mild processing methods are particularly important for providing oils with good sensory properties, which are required for successful use as functional food ingredients. Although in some cases good quality oils can be used directly in some foods, such as margarine, many foods require that microencapsulated and stabilised omega-3 oils be used. This is particularly important when the oils are preconcentrated. There are a number of industrially used microencapsulation methods, but the most widely used are complex coacervates and spray dried emulsions. Fish oil is still the most widely used source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for addition to food, although algal oil is the primary source of DHA for infant formula use in North America. Algal oil is still significantly more expensive than fish oil for most applications, although many groups are improving both the cost and quality of omega-3 oil from algal sources. In particular, Thraustochytrid and Schizochytrid strains are a promising source of both DHA and EPA, and with further improvement could be used to provide varying ratios of these omega-3 fats. In this short review we will describe some of the current research in omega-3 fat concentration and microencapsulation, with particular emphasis on the use of lipases for concentration and complex coacervation for microencapsulation.     

Production and bioavailability of calcium and magnesium salts of omega-3 fatty acids

In order to provide an alternative to traditional liquid fish oil gelatin capsules, we developed a solid, powdered form of omega-3 fish oil concentrate by forming calcium- and magnesium-fatty acid salts. These salts were produced using a concentrated fish oil ethyl ester that contained in excess of 60% omega-3 fatty acids. The bioavailability of these omega-3 salts was compared with that of fish oil ethyl ester in mice. Animals were given 8 mg of omega-3 fatty acid ethyl ester concentrate (control), calcium- or magnesium-omega-3 salts daily for three weeks. The omega-3 salt products resulted in omega-3 fatty acid content in serum and red blood cell membranes comparable to that produced by the ethyl ester supplementation. In addition, fecal excretion of omega-3 fatty acids was not increased by the presence of calcium or magnesium. In fact, there was a tendency for less omega-3 fatty acids to be excreted.     

Bioequivalence of encapsulated and microencapsulated fish-oil supplementation

Omega-3 oil from fish can be stabilised against oxidation using a variety of microencapsulation technologies. Complex coacervation has been used and found to be commercially useful for fortifying foods and beverages with long-chain omega-3 containing oils. Here we report a comparative human bioavailability study of microencapsulated omega-3 fish oil and standard fish-oil soft-gel capsules. Phospholipid levels of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids increased equivalently in both subjects groups. Also, triacylglycerol levels were reduced similarly in both groups. These results indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have equivalent bioavailability when delivered as microencapsulated complex coacervates or as soft-gel capsules.     

Feeding feedlot steers fish oil alters the fatty acid composition of adipose and muscle tissue

Sixteen steers (441±31.7kg initial body weight) consumed two high concentrate diets with either 0 or 3% fish oil to determine the impact of fish oil, an omega-3 fatty acid source, on the fatty acid composition of beef carcasses. Collected tissue samples included the Longissimus thoracis from the 6th to 7th rib section, ground 10th to 12th rib, liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue adjacent to the 12th rib, intramuscular adipose tissue in the 6th to 7th rib sections, perirenal adipose tissue, and brisket adipose tissue. Including fish oil in the diet increased most of the saturated fatty acids (P<0.01) and proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P<0.06), and decreased (P<0.01) proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids. Dietary fish oil increased (P<0.01) levels of omega-3 fatty acids in sampled tissues, resulting in lower (P<0.01) omega-6:omega-3 ratios. The weight percentages of C20:5 and C22:6 in tissue may provide the recommended daily allowance for humans. Fish oil may have a role in beef niche marketing if there are no deleterious effects on consumer satisfaction.     

Marine oils as a source of omega-3 fatty acids in the diet: how to optimize the health benefits.

Marine oils are receiving increasing attention as a source of C 20 and C 22 carbon omega-3 polyenoic fatty acids. The provision of preformed EPA and DHA from marine oils has profound implications for health and disease. Their role as precursors for the synthesis of eicosanoids and docosanoids explains many of the multisystemic effects observed when they are administered. Furthermore under some physiologic conditions such as preterm birth the evidence suggests that C 18 omega-3 fatty acids are not sufficiently converted to DHA to allow for biochemical and functional normalcy, thus DHA may be considered a conditionally essential nutrient for normal eye and brain development. Under disease conditions EPA plays a major role in modifying the balance between omega-6 and omega-3 derived eicosanoids thus modulating related functions. The use of marine oils has some potential risks that can be circumvented by careful processing, storing and preserving the unsaturated fatty acids. Technological procedures based on chemical and physical separation of the unsaturated fatty acids has permitted the elaboration of concentrated EPA and DHA for clinical testing. The development of structured lipids has allowed the synthesis of novel forms of EPA and DHA delivery. Further uses of marine oil to optimize health and prevent disease are predicted based on recent knowledge and technological developments.     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of fatty oil from flaxseed and comparison with screw press expression and solvent extraction processes

Flax oil is commonly used in food due to high percentage of omega-3-fatty acid and omega-6-fatty acid. In the present work the flax seed was extracted using green solvent viz. supercritical CO₂ and compared with soxhlet and mechanical screw press methods. The chemical compositions of the oils were determined by CHNS analyser, GC-FID, GC/MS and ¹H NMR. The supercritical CO₂ process selectively extracted the fatty oils with high percentage of omega-3-fatty acid and omega-6-fatty acids. The chemical composition of screw press oil is close to that of supercritical CO₂ extracted oil, whereas the yield is nearly 27% less in comparison to the supercritical CO₂ method.     

Effects of diet therapy including eiconol on clinical and metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

It was investigated the influence of a diet supplemented with PUFA omega-3 ("Eiconol") on dynamic of basal and postprandial glycemia, blood pressure, lipid levels, parameters of lipid peroxidation in 60 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Fish oil ("Eiconol") was used as a dietary supplement of PUFA omega-3. The results of investigations indicated that a diet supplemented with "Eiconol" (8 g/day) increased the effect of dietary therapy in correction of essential hypertension and atherogenic lipids. It was not the worsening of the glycemia and activation of lipid peroxidation.     

Functional Foods: Their Role in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

ABSTRACT: The effect of food factors on health status has been recognized since antiquity. More recently, epide-miological studies have led to fundamental research for unraveling the chemistry and mechanism of action of dietary phytochemicals and bioactives. Functional foods and natural health products encompass a wide range of food and ingredients, with a variety of bioactives responsible for their efficacy in health promotion and disease prevention. Phenolic and polyphenolic compounds constitute an important class of secondary plant metabolites that act as free radical scavengers and inhibitors of LDL cholesterol oxidation and DNA breakage, among others. Thus, the role of food phenolics and polyphenolics in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer is well recognized. In addition, certain marine foods have often been considered as "heart food" because of their omega-3 constituents which are known to lower blood triacylglycerol and, possibly, cholesterol levels. Thus, food factors from both plants and animals may be participating in human health promotion.     

Impact of omega-3 fatty acids and/or plant sterol supplementation on non-HDL cholesterol levels of dyslipidemic Indian adults

Independent and combined effects of 2 g/d long chain omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3) from fish oil (capsules) and 2 g/d plant sterol (yogurt drink) on LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels in Indian subjects were compared. Following a 2-week run-in period, 200 mildly hypercholesterolemic (total cholesterol 5.0–8.0 mmol/l) adults (35–55 years) were randomized into one of four groups [(1) both placebo (2) active omega-3 (3) active plant sterol (4) both active] of a 2 × 2 factorial, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Blood samples were obtained before and after the 4-week intervention (n = 178). Lipid levels were analyzed using ANCOVA models with relevant baseline measurements as covariates; adjusted means were compared across groups. While plant sterols significantly lowered LDL-C (?4.5%; P = 0.017) and non-HDL-C (?7.9%; P = 0.0019) levels, omega-3 did not demonstrate any such impact. The combination resulted in 4.2% and 3.9% reduction (non-significant), respectively. Thus, the beneficial effects of the omega-3-PS combination on lipid levels demonstrated earlier (lowered triacylglycerols by 15%, increased HDL-C by 5.4%) in addition to the present findings could make this combination a useful alternative for lowering coronary heart disease risk in Indian adults.     

Physical and Oxidative Stabilization of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Surimi Gels

ABSTRACT: The objective of the study was to compare the dispersion and oxidative stability of omega-3 fatty acid oil in high- and low-quality surimi gels during 4-mo refrigerated and frozen storage. Low-quality surimi was prepared by subjecting Alaska pollock surimi to 7 freeze–thaw cycles. Surimi gels were prepared with 4% modified starch, 2% salt, and 0.5% or 1% algal DHA or concentrated fish EPA-DHA oil, and stored at −18 or 3 °C for 4 mo after being vacuumed packed and pasteurized. The effect of surimi gel properties on oil dispersion was examined using light microscopy equipped with image process software. The extent of lipid oxidation was monitored by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), peroxide value (PV), and fatty acid methly esters (DHA and EPA). Very fine and uniform oil dispersion was observed in the high-quality surimi gel with the average droplet size of 12.37 μm² and dispersion of 1.73 × 10⁻³ droplets/μm² compared to 84.32 μm² and 0.57 × 10⁻³ droplets/μm² in the low-quality gel. Throughout the 4 mo storage, TBARS and PV of high-quality surimi gel were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of low-quality surimi gel. The decreases in omega-3 fatty acids in the high-quality surimi gels were lower than those in the low-quality surimi gels under both storage conditions. Results confirm that a highly cohesive gel matrix is required to have a fine dispersion and oxidative stability of omega-3 fatty acids in the surimi gel system. Practical Application: Uniform dispersion and oxidative stability of omega-3 fatty acid oil can be achieved in the highly cohesive surimi gel system without use of antioxidants. This suggests that surimi can be used as a protein-based carrier in developing high omega-3 fatty acids-containing seafood products.