棕榈油和棕榈仁油的地位和现状

中国是一个油脂资源非常贫乏的国家 ,每年都要从国外进口大量的油脂以满足人民生活及工业需要。据统计 ,1997年中国进口的大豆油是 2 0 0万吨 ,棕榈油 16 2万吨 ,棕榈仁油 1 5万吨 ,其中棕榈油的消费量已位居第 4(见表 2 )。预计 ,至 2 0 0 5年 ,世界棕榈油的消费量将超过大豆油 (见表 1)。作为具有巨大市场潜力和价值的油脂资源 ,国外就棕榈油和棕榈仁油的生产、物理和化学性质及其应用等方面的研究已日趋深入[1] ,但在我国有关棕榈油和棕榈仁油的研究和介绍资料极少。为此 ,希望通过本文的介绍 ,能加深对棕榈油和棕榈仁油的了解 ,并能引起…     

Directed interesterification of a brazilian palm oil and analysis of the original and interesterified oil and its fractions

A commercial sample of the Brazilian palm oil from the north eastern State of Bahia after neutralisation, washing and drying was interesterified in the presence of sodium-potassium alloy (NaK) at 30°C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The catalyst was destroyed by addition of water in a carbon dioxide atmosphere and the interesterified oil was crystallised from light petroleum, yielding an olein and stearin fraction. The fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of the neutralised oil was determined by gas chromatography (g.c.) and high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) respectively and was shown to be similar to that of Malaysian and African palm oil. The compositions of the interesterified Brazilian oil and its liquid and solid fractions were also determined. The physicochemical characteristics of the olein obtained by interesterification with NaK, such as iodine value (96.8) and its softening point (below ?8°C) indicated its suitability for the use as salad oil.     

棕榈残渣浸出取油工艺的研究

对棕榈果榨油后的残渣进行浸出取油工艺的研究。通过单因素试验研究了物料含水率、浸出时间及浸出级数对棕榈残渣浸出取油的影响,并采用正交试验确定最佳浸出工艺条件。结果表明,在浸出温度55℃、液料比6∶1、物料含水率9.72%、每次浸出时间40 min、浸出级数4级的条件下,棕榈残渣中残油达到最低,为0.31%。     

亚临界水提取油棕果渣多酚响应面优化研究

目的为了更好地利用农副产品,回收利用农业废弃物中的有效成分,以油棕果脱壳提油后的废弃物——油棕果渣为原料,以亚临界水技术萃取果渣中酚类物质。方法通过单因素实验对料液比、时间、温度等工艺参数进行研究,并用响应面Box-Behnken试验设计对提取工艺进行优化,建立二次多项数学模型。结果最终通过验证得到亚临界水萃取油棕果渣多酚类物质的最优的工艺条件:液料比50 m L/g,时间40 min,温度250℃。实际测得多酚含量为6.26 g/100 g,与理论值相符合。结论本研究对生产实际具有良好的参考指导作用。     

Analysis of mesocarp and kernel oils from the American oil palm and F1 hybrids with the West African oil palm

The mesocarp oil of the American oil palm is more unsaturated than that of the West African oil palm. Mesocarp oils obtained from F₁ hybrids of these two oil palms exhibit an intermediate degree of unsaturation. Hybrid kernel oils are similar in composition to that of their West African oil palm parent, whereas kernel oils from the American oil palm are considerably more unsaturated and exhibit a unique fatty acid composition among seed fats of the Palmae family.     

微波辅助棕榈油制备生物柴油的研究

用棕桐油和甲醇为原料,KOH为催化剂,利用微波辅助酯交换反应制备生物柴油。考察醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度对酯交换反应的影响。结果表明,制备生物柴油的最适条件为醇油摩尔比7：1,反应温度50℃,反应时间3min,催化剂用量1．2％。在此反应条件下生物柴油转化率可达93％。经性能比较所得生物柴油主要质量指标达到我国和美国生物柴油质量标准。     

The absence of endogenous lipase from oil palm mesocarp

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fruit mesocarp had higher levels of free fatty acids at the ends of the fruits than in the middle, and microscopy showed that yeasts penetrate the mesocarp via the scars at each end. Very low levels of esterase activity, probably not due to a lipase, were detected in mesocarp extracts by using 4-methyl umbelliferone esters as substrates, but no activity against triacylglycerols could be found. In bruising and storage trials, the only variable that correlated (P<0.01) with free fatty acid level was yeast and mould count. It is concluded that yeasts and moulds are the source of lipolytic activity in oil palm mesocarp, and there is no evidence for an endogenous lipase.     

Preservation of oil palm fruit and oil palm fruit mesocarp by gamma irradiation

Experiments were conducted to determine the potential of gamma radiations in the extension of the shelf-life of oil palm fruit and oil palm fruit mesocarp. In the course of the experiment, it was observed that even though palm fruits in their harvested form, went bad within 3 days post-harvest, their shelf-life can be extended to at least 2 months through preparation of dry oil palm fruit mesocarp. Furthermore, despite the fact that gamma radiation cannot be used to prolong the shelf-life of oil palm fruit proper, it can be used to drastically reduce the mould load in the dry palm fruit mesocarps, thereby further enhancing their keeping quality and consumer acceptance. Chemical and organoleptic analyses of fat extracted from irradiated, dry oil palm fruit mesocarp show that there is practically no radiation effect. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the possible acceptance of radiation-preservation of oil palm fruit mesocarp commercially.     

超声波作用下棕榈油酯交换反应的研究

将超声波技术应用于棕榈油的酯交换反应。通过单因素试验研究了超声波功率、反应时间、醇油摩尔比、反应温度对棕榈油酯交换率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上进行正交试验优化得到的超声波酯交换反应参数为:超声波功率280 W,反应时间30 min,醇油摩尔比7.5∶1,反应温度55℃,此条件下的酯交换率可达95.5%。对比常规搅拌酯交换法,超声波法明显促进了酯交换反应,降低了反应温度,缩短了反应时间。     

环氧棕榈油的制备研究

采用过氧乙酸法制备环氧棕榈油,研究了乙酸、双氧水、催化剂用量以及反应温度、反应时间对环氧值的影响.通过正交实验对工艺条件进行优化,从而得到最佳反应条件:m(棕榈油)∶ m(乙酸)∶ m(30%的双氧水)∶ m(催化剂)为30 ∶ 7 ∶ 18 ∶ 0.1,反应温度65 ℃,反应时间6 h.在此条件下,得到的环氧棕榈油的环氧值为3.52%.     

Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for palm oil mill effluent using response surface methodology

The coagulation-flocculation process incorporated with membrane separation technology will become a new approach for palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment as well as water reclamation and reuse. In our current research, a membrane pilot plant has been used for POME treatment where the coagulation-flocculation process plays an important role as a pretreatment process for the mitigation of membrane fouling problems. The pretreated POME with low turbidity values and high water recovery are the main objectives to be achieved through the coagulation-flocculation process. Therefore, treatment optimization to serve these purposes was performed using jar tests and applying a response surface methodology (RSM) to the results. A 2(3) full-factorial central composite design (CCD) was chosen to explain the effect and interaction of three factors: coagulant dosage, flocculent dosage, and pH. The CCD is successfully demonstrated to efficiently determine the optimized parameters, where 78% of water recovery with a 20 NTU turbidity value can be obtained at the optimum value of coagulant dosage, flocculent dosage, and pH at 15 000 mg/L, 300 mg/L, and 6, respectively.     

椰子油、棕榈仁油制取工艺探讨

探讨了椰子干和棕榈仁加工工艺。由于这种高含油油料自身特点,不能套用我国常用的油脂制取工艺,有些虽属小道理,但影响全局,影响安全、稳定、低耗运行。所述内容对开拓国外油脂工程市场有一定帮助。     

大豆油中掺伪棕榈油的检测方法研究

采用气相色谱法对72份纯品大豆油和70份棕榈油的脂肪酸组成进行测定,并进行了组分间的相关性分析.结果表明,大豆油和棕榈油中亚油酸(C18:2)平均值分别为55.6%和10.7%;不饱和脂肪酸(C18:1+C18:2+C18:3)含量最稳定,平均值分别为86.0%和52.0%;C18:1+C18:2值较稳定,平均值分别为77.7%和51.7%.对10份掺伪模拟样品进行了测定,其定量分析结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,利用这3项指标可对大豆油中掺伪棕榈油的含量进行多元定量计算.     

响应面优化大豆粕合成N-油酸酰基复合氨基酸工艺研究

以大豆粕为原料,采用加压酸解的方法制备复合氨基酸液,再与油酸酰氯反应合成N-油酸酰基复合氨基酸表面活性剂。采用单因素实验研究了复合氨基酸液与油酸酰氯体积比、p H、反应温度、丙酮与复合氨基酸液体积比、反应时间对产物产率的影响,利用响应面法优化工艺条件,并对酰化产物的表面活性性能进行测定。结果表明:大豆粕合成N-油酸酰基复合氨基酸最优工艺条件为复合氨基酸液与油酸酰氯体积比2.66∶1、p H 10.2、反应温度31.8℃、丙酮与复合氨基酸液体积比1.26∶1、反应时间2 h,在最优条件下,产物产率为92.02%,产物表面活性性能良好。     

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of the residual oil from palm kernel cake

Palm kernel cake contains residual oil that has never been retrieved and it is treated as wastes. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide was used to separate the oil from the palm kernel matrix. The studied extraction parameters were at the set pressures 27.57, 34.47 and 41.36 MPa, temperatures 40-70 °C and carbon dioxide flow rate between 1 and 3 ml/min. The effect of the particle size on the oil yield was examined using different particle size that separated by sieving from ?106, ?150, ?180, ?250 and ?450 μm. The results showed that the highest oil removed was 9.26 g oil/100 g sample (p < 0.05) for the particle ?150 μm, and under extraction temperature of 70 °C, pressure 41.36 MPa, and carbon dioxide flow rate of 2 ml/min. The experimental results indicate that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction could be a viable technique to remove the remaining oil and to produce defatted palm kernel cake.     

棕榈油脱臭馏出物中生育酚及生育三烯酚的富集

采用工业化从大豆油脱馏出物中富集维生素E的工艺,对棕榈油脱臭馏出物中生育酚及生育三烯酚进行了富集。结果表明,采用酯化、酯交换、一次分子蒸馏、冷析、树脂吸附分离、二次分子蒸馏的工艺,可将棕榈油脱臭馏出物中生育酚及生育三烯酚含量从1. 29%浓缩到95%以上,收率可达70%以上。     

基于味觉特征的棕榈油产地甄别技术研究

通过常规理化指标和现代电子舌味觉指纹分析技术甄别来自5种不同产地的棕榈油。结果显示:通过传统的常规理化指标不能有效区分不同产地的棕榈油;通过使用电子舌味觉指纹分析技术及主成分和判别因子数据分析,优化传感器后识别指数为95分(满分100分),验证得分为100分(满分100分);通过5种不同产地棕榈油样品之间的相似性分析也发现,绝大部分的指纹分辨指数高于98%。研究表明,通过电子舌味觉指纹分析技术可有效定性检测和甄别不同产地的棕榈油。     

Interpretation of triacylglycerol profiles of palm oil,palm kernel oil and their binary blends

The effects of lipase-catalyzed interesterification (IE) on changes in the chemical composition of palm oil (PO), palm kernel oil (PKO) and their binary blends at 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 (w/w) ratios, using both 1,3 specific Rhizomucor miehei, (Lipozyme™) and non-specific Pseudomonas sp. lipases were evaluated. IE of the native PO and PKO showed very distinct chemical composition changes. Catalysis of PO, using both lipases, caused synthesis of more medium and long chain triacylglycerols (TAG), with MMM/OLL, MMP, OOO and PPP (M, myristic acid; O, oleic acid; L, linoleic acid; P, palmitic acid) increasing in concentration. In contrast, IE of PKO resulted in the formation of more short and medium chain TAG, with LaLaO and LaMO (La, lauric acid; C, capric acid) experiencing noteworthy increments. Both Rhizomucor miehei and Pseudomonas sp. lipases showed high affinity in hydrolyzing PO fatty acids, resulting in high TAG losses and formation of high percentages of partial glycerides while these lipases were found to enhance the synthesis process in IE of PKO. Catalysis of the three binary blends caused similar TAG compositional changes where the synthesis process focussed on the medium chain TAG, while hydrolysis was observed in the short and long chain TAG that showed corresponding decreases. Catalysis of the three blends was influenced by the major fraction of these blends. Among these blends, PO: PKO at a 1:1 ratio exhibited the highest degree of IE. The diversity and quantity of available TAG are postulated to be the main causes of the different catalytic activities in these binary blends with Pseudomonas sp. lipase showing a higher degree and rate of IE than R. miehei.