不同湍流模型对强旋流动的数值模拟

在径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器单相冷态试验的基础上，充分考虑旋转对湍流流场的影响，有用k-ε双方程及其修正模型和二阶矩雷诺应力模型（DSM），对流旋煤粉燃烧器出口强旋流场进行了数值模拟。数值计算结果表明：k-ε双方程模型定性上可以预报出强旋流场的主要特点，但回流区的预报区域偏大，轴向速度的预报结果与试验值有一定差距，预报的回流速度偏低，速度衰减过快，这是由于k-ε湍流模型采用了较多的简化和未考虑旋转对湍流的影响。采用基于旋转体系使湍流脉动加强和削弱两种作用的修正方法对k-ε双方程的湍流耗散率方程进行修正。计算结果表明：从旋转体系可使湍流能量加强出发的Bardina涡量修正方法，预报回流区范围较标准k-ε湍流模型缩小，更加接近于试验值。其计算结果优于使湍流 脉动削弱的Richardson修正。DSM模型对轴向回流速度和切向速度后期分布预报结果较上述模型有较大改善，可体现出湍流雷诺应力非均匀各向异性的特点，虽然此模型仍有收敛速度慢、计算时间长的缺点，但对预报强旋流动是一个精度较高、极具潜力的方法 。图9参11     

过量空气系数及旋流数对天然气燃烧特性的影响研究

针对天然气在O2/N2氛围下扩散燃烧时,过量空气系数和旋流数对WNS型燃气锅炉燃烧室内的温度分布、速度分布及NOx生成的影响,利用CFD软件,采用标准k-ε湍流模型、P-1辐射模型和涡耗散模型进行数值模拟。基于旋流对流动特性的影响,采用旋流数S来表示入口空气的旋流强度。结果表明：在过量空气系数α从1.0增大到1.3的过程中,火焰直径逐渐变小,排烟温度降低,燃烧室出口处NOx的质量分数逐渐减小;在空气旋流数从0提高到0.8的过程中,燃烧室内形成了中心回流区,火焰的径向流动分布逐渐改善,燃烧室内的温度分布更加均匀;旋流燃烧的火焰中心轴线温度分布高于直流射流燃烧,提高空气旋流数可以有效降低NOx的质量分数。     

基于旋流火焰根部熄火现象的FGM模型研究

针对原尺寸的复杂几何预混旋流燃烧器开展了同步OH/CH_2O-PLIF测量,并利用发展的带拉伸查表法(SFGM)耦合大涡模拟(LES)的方法模拟了相同雷诺数下(Re=10 000)稳定火焰及临近吹熄下的旋流燃烧特性.发展的SFGM模型在化学反应源项中引入与拉伸率直接相关的着火因子,如此拉伸率则无需与进展变量耦合建表,极大地缩小了建表工作量.随后将模拟结果与实验结果对比,验证了LES耦合SFGM模型可以较为准确地捕捉复杂几何旋流预混燃烧的火焰形态(OH及CH_2O×OH分布):如预测到预混管出口处的局部熄火位置,临近吹熄的火焰相比于稳燃火焰有更高的抬升高度.在强旋流下,湍流火焰的传播速度和湍流速度的脉动值成正相关,火焰前锋面在上游侧的边缘位置很大程度上由流场向下游扩张的轴向速度和中央回流区(CRZ)中的主体火焰向上游传播的速度共同决定.随着当量比降低到熄火极限,CRZ内的混合物被不断稀释,火焰逐渐破碎成孤立的火核;与此同时,燃烧温度下降导致火焰传播速度降低,而流场速度不变,火焰前锋面被吹向下游远离CRZ并最终被吹熄.     

钝体燃烧器环形后台阶预旋流动的数值研究

采用SST湍流模型对带旋流的三维环形后台阶的流场进行了数值分析,比较了不同孔阶比和来流旋流数对环形后台阶流场的影响.结果表明:在合适的边界条件和计算网格下,SST湍流模型对后台阶流动回流区长度的预测能力最佳;当来流旋流数为1.0时,钝体下游的中心回流区长度可以不受钝体孔阶比的影响,从而保证在多种工况下稳定的火焰;随着来流旋流数的增加,中心回流区长度接近正比例增加,来流预旋改变了钝体下游的流动结构,使轴向速度减小,速度峰值移向燃烧室的外侧壁面.通过对钝体孔阶比和旋流数进行联合优化,可得到合理的中心燃烧位置.     

环形进出口旋流燃烧室内有回流的湍流旋流流动的数值模拟

对环形进出口旋流燃烧室内有较强回流的湍流旋流流动进行了数值模拟。计算中分别采用了完整形式与简化形式的新的代数Reynolds应力模型及κ－ε模型。模拟结果与实验测量数据在气体轴向与切向时均速度和轴向、切向与径向湍流脉动速度均方根值分布上的对比表明，新的代数应力模型可预报出旋流燃烧室内范围较大的中心回流区，气体切向速度分布的Rankine涡结构，以及湍流脉动的各向异性。     

9E燃气轮机低氮改造后火焰筒燃烧特性的数值计算

针对改造后的LEC-Ⅲ低NOx燃烧室,运用FLUENT软件对该火焰筒的燃烧流场进行数值模拟。在模拟过程中采用了标准k-ε湍流模型,用SIMPLE算法进行求解,分析了一次模式下火焰筒内速度分布、温度分布、组分分布。结果表明:在一次模式时,火焰筒通过旋流和第一排射流孔形成的回流稳定火焰;文丘里喉道高速气流可以防止预混模式时二级燃烧区的火焰回火,避免一级燃烧区气体再点火燃烧;在一次模式时,火焰筒头部的圆柱形腔室的工作特性相当于六个小型的火焰筒;NOx排放的数值模拟结果与运行值接近。     

旋流杯矩阵下游冷态流场特征分析

基于分级贫油直射燃烧概念的多点喷雾燃烧室在降低航空发动机氮氧化物排放方面显示出极大的潜力,在传统航空发动机燃烧室模型的基础上构建了相邻旋流杯旋转方向相同(顺转)和相反(逆转)两种3×3旋流杯矩阵,数值计算采用可实现k-ε湍流模型,对比分析了旋流杯矩阵下游流场特性。结果表明,对于逆转旋流杯矩阵,部分旋流杯下游回流区相互靠近,而且回流区的长度与回流速度均大于顺转旋流杯矩阵情况。有利于维持火焰稳定,但燃烧情况下气流在高温环境中滞留时间增加,不利于降低氮氧化物排量。对于顺转和逆转两种旋流杯矩阵,下游回流区边缘处湍流动能最大值与湍流动能分布相似。     

CH_4/空气预混稀燃临吹熄火焰结构研究

预混稀燃是最具有前景代替传统扩散燃烧的清洁燃烧方式之一.然而,高速流动的预混稀燃中常出现低当量比下火焰吹熄的情况.吹熄给燃烧过程带来了极大的不稳定性.旋流和钝体是实际燃烧中常用的稳焰方式.吹熄的机理研究大多基于钝体或旋流火焰进行,但同时加入两者稳焰时的吹熄研究尚且不足.本研究基于OH-PLIF技术,在旋流加钝体稳焰下,针对CH_4/空气预混稀燃临熄火条件下的火焰面结构进行了测量和表征.研究表明,临熄火过程中火焰根部抬升逐渐增加,火焰面密度减小,火焰趋向于向回流区聚集.结果表明,火焰根部局部熄火对吹熄过程可能有重要影响,同时验证了未燃气回流促进吹熄的结论.     

二阶矩亚网格燃烧模型对射流火焰的大涡模拟

用二阶矩亚网格燃烧模型对美国Sandia国家实验室测量甲烷／空气射流火焰进行了大涡模拟(LES),与实验数据和用二阶矩输运方程湍流燃烧模型的雷诺平均(RANS)模拟结果进行了对比．LES得到时间平均的温度, 甲烷浓度以及温度脉动均方根值和实验值符合很好．LES时均值和RANS模拟结果接近,LES脉动均方根值优于 RANS模拟结果．LES瞬态结果显示了有燃烧时的拟序结构比无燃烧时的强,同时拟序结构强化了燃烧,湍流射流火焰呈皱折火焰面的状态．     

浮力对湍流旋流火焰影响的数值模拟

采用浮力修正的k-ε湍流模型和涡团耗散（EDC）湍流燃烧模型,对旋流燃烧室内具有不同初始切向动量或旋流数的受浮力作用的甲烷湍流火焰进行了数值模拟,得到三组工况下的气体温度场、组分体积分数场、速度场和湍流脉动特性的分布,并与试验测量数据进行了比较.结果表明：浮力对初始切向动量或旋流数较高的湍流火焰有更强的影响.     

用二阶矩亚网格尺度燃烧模型对丙烷-空气旋流扩散燃烧的大涡模拟

用二阶矩(SOM)亚网格尺度燃烧模型对环缝进燃料的丙烷-空气旋流湍流扩散燃烧进行了大涡模拟(LES).模拟得到统计平均的热态3个方向的速度、湍流度、温度、丙烷、氧和CO2浓度分布,其值与实验数据符合很好.结果表明,二阶矩(SOM)亚网格尺度燃烧模型适用于大涡模拟.环缝进气使湍流脉动强度、各向异性程度和温度分布趋于均匀.     

Studies of the effect of a coal concentrator on NO formation in swirling coal combustion

To develop low-pollution burners, the effect of a coal concentrator on NO formation in swirling coal combustion is studied using both numerical simulation and experiments. The isothermal gas–particle two-phase velocities and particle concentration in a cold model of swirl burners with and without coal concentrators were measured using the phase Doppler particle anemometer (PDPA). A full two-fluid model of reacting gas–particle flows and coal combustion with an algebraic unified second-order moment (AUSM) turbulence-chemistry model for the turbulent reaction rate of NO formation are used to simulate swirling coal combustion and NO formation with different coal concentrators. The results give the turbulent kinetic energy, particle concentration, temperature and NO concentration in cases of with and without coal concentrators. The predicted results for cold two-phase flows are in good agreement with the PDPA measurement results, showing that the coal concentrator increases the turbulence and particle concentration in the recirculation zone. The combustion modeling results indicate that although the coal concentrator increases the turbulence and combustion temperature, but still can remarkably reduce the NO formation due to creating high coal concentration in the recirculation zone.     

Experimental study on velocity characteristics of recirculation zone in humid air non-premixed flame

To examine the effect of the flow field within the recirculation zone on flame structure, the characteristic velocity fields of methane/humid air flame in non-premixed combustion behind a disc bluff-body burner were experimentally studied by particle image velocimeter (PIV).The results show that two stagnation points exist on the centerline in the recirculation zone flame. However, the distance of the two stagnation points in humid air combustion shortens, and the minimal dimensionless velocity increases compared with the conventional non-humid air combustion. In addition, the positional curves of the minimal velocities can be partitioned into three phases representing three different flame patterns. The analysis of axial minimal velocities on the centerline and their positions under different co-flow air velocity conditions reveals that fuel-to-air velocity ratio is the crucial parameter that governs humid air combustion flame characteristics.     

A DNS study of hydrogen/air swirling premixed flames with different equivalence ratios

Hydrogen/air swirling premixed flames with different equivalence ratios are studied using direct numerical simulation. A fourth-order explicit Runge–Kutta method for time integration and an eighth-order central differencing scheme for spatial discretization are used to solve the full Navier–Stokes (N–S) equation system. A 9 species 19-step reduced mechanism for hydrogen/air combustion is adopted. The flames are stabilized with the help of a recirculation zone characterizing a high swirling flow. The vortex structures of the swirling premixed flames are presented. The flame structures are investigated in terms of the flame front curvature and tangential strain rate probability density functions (pdfs). The local flamelet temperature profiles are also extracted randomly along the flame front and compared with the corresponding laminar flame temperature profile. In order to study preferential diffusion effects, direct numerical simulation of two additional freely propagating planar flames in isotropic turbulence is conducted. Preferential diffusion effects observed in the planar flames are suppressed in the swirling flames. Further analysis confirms that the coherent small-scale eddies play important roles in the interactions between turbulence and the flame front. They are able to change the dynamic properties of the flame font and lead to enhanced burning intensity in the flame front with negative curvature for both stoichiometric and fuel-lean flames.     

旋流对天然气高温空气燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

以工业炉的高温空气燃烧技术应用为背景,对一个新型轴向旋流式单烧嘴燃烧室内天然气的高温空气燃烧特性进行了数值研究。采用数值模拟的方法研究了同心式轴向旋流燃烧器（HCASbumer）中螺旋肋片的旋转角度对燃烧特性的影响,其中湍流采用Reynolds应力模型,气相燃烧模拟采用β函数形式的PDF燃烧模型,采用离散坐标法模拟辐射换热过程,NOx模型为热力型与快速型。计算结果表明,对预热空气采用旋转射流时,能明显降低NOx生成量。对于HCAS型燃烧器,随着空气射流旋转角度的增大,燃烧室内的回流区域增大增强,降低了局部的氧体积分数分布,燃烧室中平均温度和最高温度都有所增加,且燃烬程度大幅度提高,而局部高温区缩小,只在靠近入口处出现。总的NOx排放量随着空气射流旋转角度的增大先减小,后增大。因此,适当调整肋片的旋转角度可以降低NOx生成量。     

加湿湍流燃烧火焰稳定的速度场特性分析

1引言目前,湿空气透平循环(HAT循环)等先进热力循环成为人们研究的重点。此类循环在提高效率和减少NOX排放量的同时,燃烧火焰的温度降低了,火焰将愈加不稳定,所以对加湿湍流燃烧火焰稳定的速度场等特性进行研究是非常有必要的。目前燃烧实验研究大多是基于激光诊断测量技术基础     

轴向叶片式旋流煤粉燃烧器出口区域两相流场的数值模拟

采用ｋ－ε－ｋｐ两相湍流模型模拟了轴向叶片式旋流煤粉燃烧器出口区域的冷态两相流场,并将计算结果与ＰＤＰＡ的实验结果作了详细的比较。计算和实验结果都表明该燃烧器能产生较大的回流区,但回流区中大部分区域煤粉浓度较低。ｋ－ε－ｋｐ模型预报的两相速度场、湍流度和煤粉浓度场有的在定量上、也有的在定性上合理。因此ｋ－ε－ｋｐ模型可以满足工程上的需求     

Combustion in swirling flows: A review

Swirling flows have been commonly used for a number of years for the stabilization of high-intensity combustion processes. In general these swirling flows are poorly understood because of their compelexity. This paper describes the recent progress in understanding and using these swirling flows. The main effects of swirl are to improve flame stability as a result of the formation of toroidal recirculation zones and to reduce combustion lengths by producing high rates of entrainment of the ambient fluid and fast mixing, particularly near to the boundaries of recirculation zones. Two main types of swirl combustor can be identified as follows:The Swirl Burner. Here swirling flow exhausts into a furnace or cavity combustion occurs in and just outside the burner exit.The Cyclone Combustion Chamber. Here air is injected tangentially into a large, usually, cylindrical chamber and exhausts through a centrally located exit hole in one end. Combustion mostly occurs inside the cyclone chamber.Initially the isothermal performance of swirl combustors is considered, and it is demonstrated that, contrary to many previous assumptions, the flow is often not axisymmetric but three-dimensional time-dependent. Under most normal nonpremixed combustion conditions, the swirling flow returns to axisymmetry, although there is still a residual presence of the three-dimensionality, particularly on the boundary of the reverse flow zone. Swirl increases considerably the stability limits of most flames; in fact with certain swirl burners, the blow-off limits are virtually infinite. Cyclone combustion chambers have large internal reverse flow zones which provide very long residence times for the fuel/air mixture. They are typically used for the combustion of difficult materials such as poor quality coal or vegetable refuse. In contrast to the swirl burner which usually has one central toroidal, recirculation zone, the cyclone combustor often has up to three concentric toroidal recirculation zones. Sufficient information is also available to indicate that stratified or staged fuel or air entry may be used to minimize noise, hydrocarbon, and NO_x emissions from swirl combustors.     

湍流燃烧的统一二阶矩模型

提出了一种湍流燃烧统一二阶矩模型。其特点是对包括反应率系数k的脉动和浓度脉动关联在内的所有关联量都统一形式的二阶矩输运方程加以封闭和求解。考虑了化学反应对关联量耗散的影响，代替了已经的两种湍流燃烧二阶矩模型中，或用温度指数函数的级数展开近似，或用单变量概率密度函数乘积模拟联合概率密度函数的近似。用本模型对甲烷－空气射流湍流扩散燃烧进行了数值模拟，将其结果和EBU模型以及以前提出的两种二阶矩模型的模拟结果进行了比较，并用美国国家实验室的标准实验数据加以检验，证实本模型更好，本模型可用于模拟详细反应动力学，其计算量远小无PDF方程模型的计算量。     

Experimental study on velocity characteristics of recirculation zone in humid air non-premixed flame

To examine the effect of the flow field within the recirculation zone on flame structure, the characteristic velocity fields of methane/humid air flame in non-premixed combustion behind a disc bluff-body burner were experimentally studied by particle image velocimeter (PIV).The results show that two stagnation points exist on the centerline in the recirculation zone flame. However, the distance of the two stagnation points in humid air combustion shortens, and the minimal dimensionless velocity increases compared with the conventional nonhumid air combustion. In addition, the positional curves of the minimal velocities can be partitioned into three phases representing three different flame patterns. The analysis of axial minimal velocities on the centerline and their positions under different co-flow air velocity conditions reveals that fuel-to-air velocity ratio is the crucial parameter that governs humid air combustion flame characteristics. __________ Translated from Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2007, 41(3): 357–360, 365 [译自: 上海交通大学学报]