Al-Cu-Li合金均匀化处理参数优化和微观组织演化（英文）

对Al-Cu-Li铸态合金进行单级和双级均匀化处理,通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X衍射(XRD)和差热分析(DSC)研究合金元素分布和微观组织演化。结果表明:Al-Cu-Li合金铸态组织存在严重枝晶偏析,由晶内到晶界Cu元素分布十分不均匀,Mg、Zn、Mn和Ag变化不明显。晶界处存在大量的非平衡共晶相,主要包括Al_2Cu、含有少量Mg元素的Al_2Cu相,以及Al_2Cu Mg相。经双级均匀化(495℃/24 h+515℃/_24 h)处理后,大部分非平衡共晶相和部分第二相(Al_2Cu Mg和Al_2Cu Li)溶解到合金基体,但仍有部分富-Fe和富-Mn相残留在晶界不能回溶。Al_2Cu Mg相的熔点低于Al_2Cu相,两者分别在495和515℃先后溶解。通过均匀化动力学分析,确定Al-Cu-Li铝锂合金最佳的均匀化制度为495℃/24 h+515℃/24 h,该双级均匀化制度与动力学分析结果一致。     

2055铝锂合金双级均匀化工艺研究

摘 要:利用金相显微镜,差示扫描量热仪,扫描电镜研究了2055铝锂合金的均匀化处理工艺。研究结果表明：该合金适宜的均匀化处理制度为470℃/8h 530~535℃/22~24h。铸态合金树枝晶结构明显,由于Cu元素在晶界的大量偏析,形成了含少量Mg,Zn,Ag,Fe,Mn元素的AlCu相和Al2Cu 相的共晶相以及AlCuFeMn第二相粒子。铸态合金的过烧温度为522.7℃。一级均匀化过程中,主要是含Cu,Zn,Mg,Ag等元素的低熔点共晶相先行溶解;二级均匀化时主要是Al2Cu相回溶至基体,残余第二相的粒长在15μm左右,主要是含Cu,Fe和Mn元素的难溶相。第二级均匀化制度与均匀化动力学曲线匹配较好。     

Al-4Cu-Mg-Er合金均匀化制度研究

通过扫描电镜观察、XRD物相定性分析,研究了Al-4Cu-Mg-Er合金相组成及其均匀化制度.结果表明:Er元素主要以Al8Cu4Er相形式存在于铸态合金中;Al8Cu4Er相与Al2Cu相在合金铸态组织中共生于晶界,形成典型的枝晶偏析;Al8Cu4Er相在合金晶界凝固时比Al2Cu相优先析出,生长为典型的枝晶组织.与Al2Cu相相比较,Al8Cu4Er相的熔点较高,为难溶相,成为该合金均匀化制度的制约因素.经400℃×6h+495℃×24h均匀化处理后,Al8Cu4Er相回溶至基体,合金晶界变薄,均匀化效果明显.     

2055铝锂合金双级均匀化工艺

利用金相显微镜、差示扫描量热仪,扫描电镜研究了2055铝锂合金的均匀化处理工艺。结果表明:该合金适宜的均匀化处理制度为470℃/8 h+530~535℃/22~24 h。铸态合金树枝晶结构明显,由于Cu元素在晶界的大量偏析,形成了含少量Mg、Zn、Ag、Fe、Mn元素的Al Cu相和Al_2Cu相的共晶相以及AlCuFeMn第二相粒子。铸态合金的过烧温度为522.7℃。一级均匀化过程中,主要是含Cu、Zn、Mg、Ag等元素的低熔点共晶相先行溶解;二级均匀化时主要是Al_2Cu相回溶至基体,残余第二相的粒长在15μm左右,主要是含Cu、Fe和Mn元素的难溶相。第二级均匀化制度与均匀化动力学曲线匹配较好。     

均匀化处理对Al-Cu-Mg合金组织和性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析、差热分析、硬度测试和拉伸测试等方法研究了均匀化处理对Al-4.5Cu-0.8Mg合金的组织和性能的影响。结果表明:Al-4.5Cu-0.8Mg铸态组织中存在较严重的枝晶偏析现象,晶界及晶界交汇处有大量Al2Cu相及Al2Cu和Al2CuMg的共晶相,合金经480℃×12 h均匀化处理后,组织中的非平衡相已基本溶解,综合力学性能较好,抗拉强度为320 MPa,屈服强度为246 MPa,伸长率为10.2%,硬度为139.2 HV。     

高Zn含量Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金均匀化过程中显微结构演变研究

利用显微镜（OM）、差热分析（DSC）、扫描电镜（SEM）和X衍射（XRD）研究一种高Zn含量Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金在均匀化处理过程中的显微结构演变,使用扩散动力学模型推导均匀化动力学方程,用于确认最佳均匀化参数。结果表明：合金的铸态组织中存在严重偏析,非平衡共晶结构包含α(Al)、Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)₂、 S(Al₂CuMg)、θ(Al₂Cu)和富Fe相。当前研究表明均匀化过程中没有发生Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)₂相向S(Al₂CuMg)相的转变,Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)₂相直接回溶。随着均匀化的进行,θ(Al₂Cu)相溶入基体。均匀化后富Fe相仍残留,但随着保温时间的延长,富Fe相中的Zn、Mg元素铸件减少或消失。最佳均匀化参数为440 oC×12 h 468 oC×24 h,这与均匀化动力学的分析相一致。     

Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-0.12Ce合金铸锭的均匀化退火及组织演变

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)、波谱分析(WDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)以及差示扫描量热仪(DSC)等技术对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-0.12Ce合金铸态组织及均匀化退火过程中的组织演变进行研究。结果表明:该合金铸态组织存在严重的枝晶偏析,主要由α(Al)基体、α(Al)+Mg(Zn,Al,Cu)_2非平衡共晶组织以及少量的θ(Al_2Cu)相、Al_8Cu_4Ce相、Al_7Cu_2Fe相构成;均匀化退火过程中,大量层片状共晶组织溶入基体,同时转变生成Al_2Cu Mg相;合金的过烧温度为474.87℃;合金的最佳单级均匀化退火工艺为465℃、40 h,这与均匀化动力学方程测算结果接近;合金经(435℃,8 h)+(470℃,32 h)双级均匀化退火处理后,回溶效果更好,主要残留相为难溶的Al_2CuMg相,少量含Fe杂质相以及Al_8Cu_4Ce相。     

高Zn含量Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金均匀化过程中显微结构演变研究（英文）

对一种高Zn含量Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金进行均匀化处理,通过光学显微镜(OM)、差热分析(DSC)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究合金的显微结构演变。使用扩散动力学模型推导均匀化动力学方程,用于确认最佳均匀化参数。结果表明:合金的铸态组织中存在严重偏析,非平衡共晶结构包含α(Al)、Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)_2、S(Al_2CuMg)、θ(Al_2Cu)和富Fe相。当前研究表明均匀化过程中没有发生Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)_2相向S(Al_2CuMg)相的转变,Mg(Zn,Cu,Al)_2相直接回溶。随着均匀化的进行,θ(Al_2Cu)相溶入基体。均匀化后富Fe相仍残留,但随着保温时间的延长,富Fe相中的Zn、Mg元素逐渐减少或消失。最佳均匀化参数为440℃/12 h+468℃/24 h,这与均匀化动力学的分析相一致。     

含微量Zr的Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金多级均匀化热处理中的组织演变

采用扫描示差量热法(DSC)、扫描电镜(SEM)、光学显微镜(OM)和能谱分析(EDS)等手段研究了含微量Zr的Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金铸态与不同均匀化热处理态的显微组织演化和成分分布,测定了该合金铸态组织中的低熔点共晶相的成分和熔化温度,确定了该合金的均匀化处理制度和过烧温度.结果表明:Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Zr合金铸态组织晶界上主要的非平衡相为Al2Cu,其熔点为523.52℃.合金经420℃×6h一级均匀化处理后,Al3Zr粒子在基体内二次析出且弥散分布.经515℃× 24h二级均匀化处理后,晶界上的非平衡相大部分溶入基体,枝晶偏析基本消除,晶内各元素分布均匀.该合金的最佳均匀化制度为420℃× 6h+515℃× 24h,均匀化过烧温度为520℃.     

2D70铝合金铸态及均匀化态的显微组织演变

采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射物相分析(XRD)、差示量热法(DSC)等方法,研究了2D70铝合金铸态组织的相组成,对比观察了该合金铸态、常规均匀化态、高温均匀化态的显微组织.研究结果表明,该合金铸态组织由Al2CuMg、Al2Cu、Al9FeNi、Al7Cu2Fe、Al7Cu4Ni等相组成.DSC和XRD分析表明,单级均匀化处理后可使Al2CuMg基本熔入合金基体中,然而合金中仍存在部分高熔点共晶相,但其起始溶解温度已提高,这为双级均匀化创造了条件.合金铸锭经双级均匀化后高熔点的共晶相回溶的更充分.铸锭中的Al9FeNi、Al7Cu2Fe、Al7Cu4Ni等相在均匀化处理过程中基本不变.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.