3D打印石墨烯制备技术及其在储能领域的应用研究进展

石墨烯优异的力学和物理性能使其成为理想的储能材料。因结构精确可控,易实现规模化制备,3D打印石墨烯材料有望在储能领域得到广泛应用。本文全面综述了3D打印石墨烯制备技术及其在储能领域的应用研究进展。石墨烯墨水的黏度和可打印性是实现石墨烯3D打印的制约因素。实现工艺简单、浓度可控、无黏结剂石墨烯墨水的规模化打印将成为3D打印石墨烯制备技术未来的研究热点。石墨烯超级电容器、锂硫电池、锂离子电池等储能元件一体化打印成型是3D打印石墨烯在储能领域应用的发展方向。     

基于喷墨打印技术的柔性RC滤波器直接制备技术

为解决通过印刷电子技术制备的柔性RC滤波器中导电材料与基底间附着力差的问题,本文引入喷墨打印银离子导电墨水制备柔性RC滤波器.该方案采用经过NaOH溶液预处理后的聚酰亚胺薄膜作为电容介质层,利用DMP-2800材料喷墨打印机使银离子导电墨水在聚酰亚胺薄膜表面形成导电图案,然后对其进行化学镀铜得到柔性RC滤波器.喷墨打印银离子导电墨水制备的柔性RC滤波器成本低、制造工艺简单且易于个性化设计.实验通过百格刀测试法测得该柔性RC滤波器的附着力可达到5B级.     

中科院科研人员实现液膜嵌入式打印

正日前,中科院化学所绿色印刷重点实验室科研人员实现了墨水在另一液体内部形成"高精度嵌入式导电银线",从而有效抑制了墨滴扩散,为打印制备高集成度、高精度的三维结构电路奠定了技术基础。相关成果日前发表于《先进材料》杂志。喷墨打印技术可直接实现金属纳米粒子的图案化,是制备纳米印刷电子器件最有前景的方法之一。但受其导电墨水黏度和表面张力的影响,很难实现在     

绿色柔性喷墨打印银纳米墨水研究综述

传统导电薄膜的图形化需使用光刻工艺,涉及显影、刻蚀等多个工艺步骤,存在耗时长、器件各功能层构建复杂、成本高昂等不足。喷墨打印作为一种非真空、非接触、无掩膜、低成本、高通量、精准、便捷的桌面型沉积技术,可用于金属导线直接图形化制备,能够节约材料与时间,在柔性大面积电子器件中的应用潜力日益凸显。高性能环保导电墨水的开发是喷墨打印柔性电极制备技术最主要的瓶颈之一,其应满足无毒安全、低温烧结、高导电等需求。早期有机材料由于具有易溶液加工特性被选作可打印导体材料,如聚苯胺和PEDOT/PSS,但它们的导电性低,且化学、热、电学性质不稳定。而金墨水价格昂贵,铜墨水易氧化。相比较而言,银墨水具有高导电性、抗氧化性、稳定性以及相对合理的成本等优势,在打印电子器件领域引起了更加广泛的关注,目前已经实现商业化生产。随着电子器件在低成本、低能量消耗、高效率生产与柔性方面的需求日益增长,导电纳米银墨水的配制不仅需要考虑打印电子器件的高性能,更要满足绿色环保与低温烧结的要求。近年来,针对环保低温的高导电喷墨打印墨水制备技术,诸多研究者不仅致力于改善墨水体系,开发环保的水性墨水,还关注新型的低温烧结技术。在传统热烧结条件下,以月桂酸为分散剂、硼酸钠为还原剂的银纳米颗粒型墨水在烧结温度为125℃时电阻率为6.6μΩ·cm,而以氨水为络合剂、甲酸为还原剂的无颗粒纯溶液墨水在90℃烧结时电阻率为1.6μΩ·cm。新型烧结技术在一定程度上突破了高性能墨水喷墨打印工艺与低温烧结的限制,目前已使银电极烧结温度降低到100℃以下,电阻率低于6μΩ·cm。水性墨水的开发可减少毒性废料的产生,同时若采用多聚电解质作为分散剂,则稳定性更优于有机墨水,利于大规模生产。本文介绍了水性银纳米颗粒(SNPs)悬浮液和有机银复合物(SOC)溶液这两种水性银纳米墨水,比较了不同分散剂、络合剂、还原剂、颗粒聚集方式的墨水体系,总结了适用于柔性印刷的化学烧结、蒸气还原烧结、热水辅助烧结、光还原烧结等新型低温烧结技术。这些新型墨水体系与烧结技术有助于实现导电墨水高性能、高稳定性与柔性的统一,它们的开发和完善将极大促进柔性低温墨水和柔性打印电子器件的发展。     

用反相微乳液法制备陶瓷墨水

在水/Span80-Tween60/环已烷反相微乳液体系中制备出适合喷射打印成型用分散性好、微粒尺寸约10nm的ZrO2陶瓷墨水,研究了陶瓷墨水的理化性能,当复合乳化剂含量为0.15～0.20,HLB值11.5～13.5,水含量16.0时,得到了澄清、稳定的反相微乳液。陶瓷墨水的粘度随固含量的增加而增大,加入助乳化剂可以调节粘度和表面张力,加入少量助乳化剂也可以提高体系含水量。     

基于自分层效应可高温固化的含氟丙烯酸酯低表面能涂料的制备与性能

为获得能一次涂装形成多涂层的可高温固化自分层低表面能涂料,采用乳液聚合制备出粒径较小、分布均匀的羟基丙烯酸酯乳液和含氟羟基丙烯酸酯乳液,将其复配成可自分层的复合乳液。采用接触角测试法、X射线光电子能谱和扫描电镜-能谱分析仪详细研究了复合乳液自分层形成的梯度结构及分层机理;考察了乳液配比、静置时间和温度对膜自分层及疏水性能等的影响。研究结果表明,当含氟羟基丙烯酸酯共聚物乳液占60%,室温静置分层时间为3h,起始温度为80℃时,在140℃高温固化后得到的涂膜既有与纯含氟羟基丙烯酸酯乳液涂膜相当的疏水性,又兼具纯羟基丙烯酸酯乳液的优异附着力。     

多孔硅的微结构及其冷阴极的电子发射特性研究

采用电化学腐蚀法在n型单晶Si基底上制备多孔硅(PS)膜,利用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)分析其微结构特征,研究了硅基底材料、腐蚀电流密度和腐蚀时间等制备条件和工艺参数对PS微结构的影响。实验结果表明,轻掺杂n型Si基底上形成的PS膜(n--PS)中的孔较深且孔径较大,而重掺杂n型Si基底上的PS膜(n+-PS)中的孔分布较为密集,而且呈多分枝结构;腐蚀电流密度相同时,PS的膜厚和腐蚀时间成正比,而在较高的腐蚀电流密度下制备得到的PS膜在结构上更为疏松。制作了基于n+型硅基底的PS阴极,此阴极的阈值电压约为14 V,高于该电压后发射电流随着二极管电压提高而呈指数性增加趋势,而且发射电流对环境气压不敏感,即使在0.1 Pa的低真空中也没有明显的衰减。     

用于在陶瓷表面形成图像的喷墨打印墨水的研究

本研究提供一种含有无机颜料在陶瓷坯体或釉面上形成图像的墨水,此墨水通过喷墨打印装置在陶瓷坯体或釉面上打印图形,然后进行高温煅烧,使墨水烧结发色,最后在陶瓷表面形成色彩鲜艳且牢固的图像,装饰效果好,整个打印过程无需打板、刻辊、调配釉浆等,工艺简单,精度高。所述墨水耐高温,可适用于喷墨打印装置,粘度为10—50cps／25℃;表面张力为27-40dyne／cm;平均粒径为100—300nm;最大粒径≤1000nm。     

喷射打印成型用陶瓷墨水制备方法

简介了喷射打印成型技术的概念,论述了制备陶瓷墨水的几种可行方法;就有关报道及天津大学在该领域开展的工作做了总结．通过分析,作者认为,分散法虽然工艺简单,但分散性和稳定性不够理想．溶胶法制备的陶瓷墨水颗粒细、分散性较好,但稳定性有待提高．反相微乳液法可获得高度分散、高度稳定的陶瓷墨水,陶瓷颗粒的粒度可以达到纳米级,但如何提高其固含量是一个亟待解决的技术难题．     

聚苯乙烯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯核/壳结构复合乳液的制备与形貌的研究

采用多步种子乳液聚合的方法 ,经过制种、合成核和合成壳 3个步骤 ,制备了具有核 /壳结构的聚苯乙烯(PS) /聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯 (PMMA)复合乳液 ,考察了制备条件对形成的复合乳液粒子的大小的影响。用透射电镜考察了复合乳液的形貌 ,发现乳液粒子的粒径在纳米级 ,预计在某些领域会有特殊用途。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...