Effect of Temperature on the Tensile Strength and Failure Modes of Angle Ply Aramid Fibre (KRP) Tubes Under Hoop Loading

A comprehensive study was undertaken to characterise Kevlar reinforced plastic (KRP) angle ply filament wound tubes at different temperatures. Quasi-static burst tests were performed on tubes of 25°, 55° and 75° winding angle. The tubes were burst under internal radial pressure with minimum end constraints. An experimental rig and two conditioning tanks were designed and built to test the specimens at three temperatures; –46°C (low temperature) and +20°C (room temperature) and +70°C (high temperature). For each test the internal pressure and the strains in both circumferential and longitudinal directions were recorded on suitable digital processing equipment.For a particular batch of tubes tested at three different temperatures, an increase in ultimate hoop strain and a decrease in hoop modulus of the 55° tubes with increasing temperatures was recorded; the temperature effect was less pronounced on the corresponding properties of 25° and 75° tubes. The use of a non-structural thin liner during the tests led to a higher ultimate strength of 55° tubes but had negligible effect on the behaviour of 25° and 75° tubes. The 75° tubes failed in a catastrophic fibre fracture under all test conditions. The mode of failure of 55° changed from weeping at 70°C to fibre fracture at –46°C. The 25° tubes failed by weeping with matrix cracking. The matrix cracking was particularly severe when a liner was used.     

Temperature and Rate Effects on GRP Tubes Under Tensile Hoop Loading

A comprehensive study was undertaken to characterise glass fibre reinforced plastic (GRP) tubes at different temperatures and strain rates. The tests were performed on tubes of 25°, 55° and 75° winding angle. The tubes were burst under internal radial pressure with minimum end constraints. Two separate rigs were used, one for the static and the other for the dynamic tests. The tests were carried out at three temperatures; –46°C (low temperature), +20°C (room temperature) and +70°C (high temperature). For each test the internal pressure and the strains in both circumferential and longitudinal directions were recorded on suitable digital processing equipment. For a particular batch of tubes tested at three different temperatures, there is in general a decrease in hoop strength with increasing temperature during quasi-static tests. The use of a non-structural liner during such tests led to an increase in ultimate hoop strain of 55° tubes, especially at high temperature. The corresponding increase in ultimate hoop strain was markedly less in the case of 75° and almost negligible in the case of 25° tubes. Testing the tubes at high strain rates resulted in substantial increases in burst strength and ultimate hoop strain as compared with the quasi-static and low strain rate values. The mode of failure of 75° tube is a catastrophic fibre breakage under all test conditions. The mode of failure of 55° tube is a combination of weeping and fibre failure. The 25° tubes are characterised by matrix failure, which is very severe at high strain rates.     

Strength and Failure Modes of Hoop Wound CFRP Tubes Under Compressive High Rates of Loading

A study was undertaken to investigate the response of hoop wound carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) tubes to dynamic compressive loading at strain rates in the range of 5–200/sec. An experimental rig was designed and built to test short tubular specimens under external radial pressure with minimum end constraints. The load was applied by detonating a small explosive charge inside a water filled, steel, cylindrical chamber enclosing the test specimen. For each test the external pressure and the strains, in both circumferential and longitudinal directions, were recorded on suitable digital processing equipment. Two distinct modes of failure were identified; material and structural (buckling). The mode of failure was dependent on the rate of loading and the tube diameter/thickness ratio. For 100 mm diameter tubes with diameter/thickness=40, buckling failure dominated at strain rates below 10/s. However, at higher strain rates, material failure and a considerable enhancement in burst strength was observed. For 100 mm diameter tubes, with diameter/thickness=80, a buckling mode of failure was in evidence in all the tests, irrespective of the rate of loading.R. Ahmad: Presently at School of Mechanical Engineering, University Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.     

CFRP筋拉伸强度预测模型评价及应用

在初步建立CFRP筋拉伸强度预测模型基础上,对该模型典型因子影响材料强度权重进行研究评价,根据结果提出CFRP筋制备过程中强度补偿机制。结果表明:典型因子碳纤维拉伸强度(σf)和体积分数(Vf)对CFRP筋拉伸强度影响最为显著(影响率为39.1%~46.7%和43.5%~52.6%),是决定CFRP筋拉伸性能的最重要因素。公称直径(D)对CFRP筋拉伸强度存在一定程度影响(影响率7.1%~15.4%)。基体树脂强度(σm)对CFRP筋拉伸强度影响不明显(影响率0.3%~1.0%),相比其他三种因素,可近似忽略。依据预测模型典型因子强度补偿规律,可较方便推测CFRP筋组分碳纤维强度及体积分数参数。     

岩石在动载作用下破坏模式与强度特性研究

岩石在高应变率下的破坏类型及动态强度理论是工程爆破中的一个重要的基本问题。以往研究岩石的破坏类型只停留在静载作用下,而其强度理论也多采用静态强度理论。作者利用ＳＨＰＢ装置对常见的四种岩石进行了大量冲击试验。结果表明,岩石在冲击载荷作用了下破坏分为四种类型：压剪破坏,拉应力破坏,拉应变破坏和卸载破坏,而且其破坏强度随冲击速度的提高而提高。最后对强度理论作了讨论。     

拉伸速率控制模式及拉伸速率对冷轧薄板强度测试结果的影响

按照GB/T 228.1—2010中推荐的不同拉伸速率控制模式及拉伸速率对冷轧镀锌钢板进行了拉伸对比试验,分析了应变速率、横梁位移速率及应力速率对冷轧薄板规定非比例延伸强度R_p0.2、下屈服强度R以及抗拉强度R_tn测试结果的影响。结果表明:采用应变速率进行控制得到的拉伸试验数据相对其他两种速率控制模式更为稳定,可以最大限度地降低拉伸测试结果的不确定度;采用0.000 25 s^-1的应变速率控制模式所得试验结果的稳定性与采用40～50 MPa·s^-1的应力速率控制模式所得结果较为接近;在不同拉伸速率控制模式下,提高应变、横梁位移和应力速率均会使屈服强度R_p0.2和R_el增加,而抗拉强度R_tn基本上处于稳定状态。     

基体强度和纤维强度分布对B/Al复合材料拉伸断裂特性的影响

在微机模拟 B/Al 型复合材料拉伸断裂过程软件系统已得到初步验证的基础上,进一步模拟研究了基体屈服极限σ_(ym)及纤维强度分布变动系数 CV 的不同组合条件下该材料的拉伸断裂行为。结果指出,当σ_(ym)确定 CV 减小或当 CV 确定σ_(ym)增大时,断裂形式均存在由累积型向非累积型的过渡;当σ_(ym)很小时,材料断裂抗力σ_f 随 CV 增大而降低;而当σ_(ym)较大时σ_f 则随 CV 增大而提高。     

中温热处理对铁素体不锈钢显微组织和抗拉强度的影响

研究了中温热处理对2种高碳铁素体不锈钢430和Cr21显微组织和抗拉强度的影响,热处理温度分别为700℃、800℃、900℃.对于430来说,通过中温热处理可以使马氏体脆性降低,其中700℃处理后其抗拉强度最高.而Cr21可以通过中温热处理控制其碳化物的析出来改变其力学性能.在800℃处理后其抗拉强度达到最大值.通过对冲击断口的扫描电镜分析发现,中温热处理不仅提高了430不锈钢的抗拉强度,而且其韧性也有一定提高.对于Cr21来说,虽然热处理提高了其抗拉强度,但是断口仍具有一定的脆性特征.     

动态应变时效对奥氏体不锈钢静拉伸强度的影响

本文研究了动态应变时效(DSA)对18—8型奥氏体不锈钢静拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,(1),在 DSA 发生的温区,强度与温度关系曲线上出现流变应力平台(2),室温屈服强度随DSA 预处理温度升高和预应变量增加而提高,DSA 预处理具有比冷变形处理更佳的强化效果,且经873K 预处理后的室温强度达最大值,而塑性不下降.电镜观察结果报好地解释了这种 DSA强化的机理。同时表明,DSA 有可能作为一种强韧化工艺应用于生产实际。     

The Effect of Load and Geometry on the Failure Modes of Sandwich Beams

Facing compressive failure, facing wrinkling and core shear failure are the most commonly encountered failure modes in sandwich beams with facings made of composite materials. The occurrence and sequence of these failure modes depends on the geometrical dimensions, the form of loading and type of support of the beam. In this paper the above three failure modes in sandwich beams with facings made of carbon/epoxy composites and cores made of aluminum honeycomb and two types of foam have been investigated. Two types of beams, the simply supported and the cantilever have been considered. Loading included concentrated, uniform and triangular. It was found that in beams with foam core facing wrinkling and core shear failure occur, whereas in beams with honeycomb core facing compressive failure and core shear crimping take place. Results were obtained for the dependence of failure mode on the geometry of the beam and the type of loading. The critical beam spans for failure mode transition from core shear to wrinkling failure were established. It was found that initiation of a particular failure mode depends on the properties of the facing and core materials, the geometrical configuration, the type of support and loading of sandwich beams.     

压制压力对Ni3Al金属间化合物多孔材料孔结构及抗拉强度的影响

以Ni、Al元素粉末为原料,采用粉末冶金的方法制备Ni3Al多孔金属间化合物。研究了压制压力对Ni3Al多孔金属间化合物孔结构和抗拉强度的影响。研究结果表明,随着压制压力的增大,Ni3Al多孔金属间化合物的孔隙度呈线性减小的趋势;当压制压力达到220MPa以上时,随着压制压力的增大,Ni3Al多孔金属间化合物的最大孔径和透气度减小幅度趋缓;最大孔径是决定透气度大小的主要因素;抗拉强度与压制压力之间的关系式为sb=600(0.06P-41.51)2.45。     

稀土La和Ce及超声处理对ZL201铝合金显微组织及抗拉强度的影响

本工作研究了稀土元素La和Ce的添加量及超声处理对铸态ZL201铝合金显微组织形貌、晶粒大小和抗拉强度的影响。结果表明:添加适量的稀土元素可有效抑制晶粒长大,进而细化枝晶和晶粒尺寸。添加稀土元素的ZL201-0.2%(质量分数,下同)La合金抗拉强度为207MPa,ZL201-0.6%Ce合金抗拉强度达到223MPa,分别比未添加稀土元素的ZL201合金提高了10.7%和19.3%。经超声处理后,ZL201-0.1%La合金抗拉强度达到247 MPa,比未经超声处理的ZL201-0.1%La合金提高了50.6%;ZL201-0.3%Ce合金抗拉强度达到226 MPa,比未经超声处理的提高了10.2%。     

添加铁或锰对ZA27合金高温拉伸性能的影响

研究了元素铁和锰对ＺＡ２７合金高温拉伸性能的影响，结果表明，添加同量的铁或锰后，抑制了ＺＡ２７合金的α相枝晶发展，并使晶界相细化和碎化且分布不连续，提高了合金的高温强度。用铁和锰强化的合金１５０℃时的抗拉强度分别由１９１ＭＰａ和２２０ＭＰａ分别比ＺＡ２７合金提高１７．１％和３４．９％。     

温度对Mg-10Gd-2Y-0.5Zr合金动态拉伸行为及断裂机理的影响

利用带有加热装置的Hopkinson Bar拉伸系统在423～798K、应变率处于103s-1范围内研究了两种挤压态的Mg-10Gd-2Y-0·5Zr合金的拉伸行为,并借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜对试样断口附近的显微组织和断口形貌进行了分析.结果表明:T≤673K时,材料的破坏机理主要表现为浅韧窝与准解理的混合型断裂;随着温度的进一步升高由于受晶界软化的影响材料的断裂机理逐渐转向以晶间断裂为主.T＜673K时材料的主要变形机制是基面滑移,随着温度的升高非基面滑移系将充分启动,材料的延伸率也相应地在735K时达到最大值.     

试样厚度对碳纤维复合材料拉伸力学性能的影响

本文对两种不同厚度的碳纤维复合材料进行了力学性能试验,并对其断裂过程及性能进行了对比分析。结果表明:厚度为1.40 mm的碳纤维复合材料比厚度为3.00 mm的碳纤维复合材料力学性能优越,其断裂后的纤维股比较细,纤维股完全发生断裂,贡献出其所有的应力;而厚度为3.00 mm的碳纤维复合材料断裂后的纤维股都比较粗,纤维辅层之间未能完全发挥到其极限应力。厚度为1.40 mm的碳纤维复合材料比厚度为3.00 mm的碳纤维复合材料的抗拉强度平均提高了65%;弹性模量提高了8.8%;延伸率提高了0.5%。     

激光热处理对420不锈钢焊缝硬度及抗拉强度的影响

目的 对420不锈钢焊缝进行激光热处理,研究微观结构对焊缝硬度的影响规律.方法 通过光纤激光对420不锈钢进行焊接,然后采用激光对焊缝进行热处理,采用金相显微镜对焊缝微观组织进行分析,并采用显微硬度仪测试焊缝的硬度,采用拉力机对焊缝接头进行抗拉强度测试.结果 随着激光加热功率的提高,焊缝抗拉强度没有明显变化;随着激光加...     

PyC层对SiC纤维束及MiniSiC/SiC复合材料拉伸性能和强度分布的影响

采用等温等压化学气相浸渗法(ICVI),对原始的SiC纤维束和沉积有PyC层的SiC纤维束浸渗SiC基体,制备了纤维束复合材料SiC/SiC(Mini SiC/SiC)。分析了SiC纤维束和Mini SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸性能,同时利用两参数Weibull分布研究了强度分布。结果表明,PyC层具有修复纤维表面缺陷的作用,SiC纤维束沉积PyC层后,纤维表面光滑而致密,表面缺陷减少,其拉伸强度、延伸率和Weibull模数分别比原始SiC纤维束提高了25%、12%和288%;且由其增强复合材料的拉伸强度、延伸率和Weibull模数分别比由原始SiC纤维束增强复合材料提高了103%、83%和340%。PyC界面层对SiC纤维表面缺陷的修复作用和对SiC纤维的保护作用以及降低复合材料裂纹敏感性的作用提高了Mini SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸性能和Weibull模数。     

时效温度对7050铝合金屈服强度的影响与本构模型研究

目的 预测不同时效条件下7050铝合金力学性能的演化规律,为多级快速时效热处理工艺提供理论基础。方法 分别在120、160、180℃温度下对7050铝合金进行0～8 h时效热处理,并进行室温单拉试验,获得相应时效条件组合的应力-应变曲线及屈服强度演化曲线,建立统一时效本构模型,模拟微观组织（沉淀半径、溶质浓度）的演化规律,根据微观组织的演化规律,模拟由析出强度与固溶强度组成的屈服强度的演化规律。结果 在不同时效温度下,模拟的屈服强度演化规律与试验结果基本保持一致,模拟的微观组织演化规律与理论分析结果基本保持一致。在160℃时效热处理8 h和180℃时效热处理2 h条件下得到了试验峰值屈服强度,分别为578.6 MPa和555.8 MPa,在模拟结果中也得到了相应的演化结果。在120℃下,屈服强度的试验结果与模拟结果均呈上升趋势。结论 所建立的统一本构模型考虑了时效温度、时效时间的影响,成功预测了不同时效温度条件下析出相半径、溶质浓度等微观变量的演化规律,这些变量都有助于预测合金析出强度与固溶强度的演化规律,进而成功预测了由这2个强度分量组成的屈服强度的演化规律。     

温度对V-5Cr-5Ti合金拉伸性能及组织结构的影响

对真空自耗重熔制备的V-5Cr-5Ti合金进行了室温到1150℃温度范围的拉伸性能测试,获得了不同温度下的拉伸应力应变曲线,用SEM和光学显微镜对断口形貌和金相组织进行了观察,分析了温度对断口形貌和组织的影响。结果表明:V-5Cr-5Ti合金的屈服强度和极限强度总体上随温度升高而降低,但在300℃到700℃之间出现应变失效效应,断裂伸长率随温度升高而降低,断面收缩率随温度升高先增大再而降低,在400℃时断面收缩率最大;温度较低时塑性变形以滑移为主,温度较高时以晶界开裂为主,并伴随有晶界熔化的现象,高温断口表现为韧性断裂为主,具有韧性与脆性共存的现象。     

预热温度对灰铸铁表面激光熔覆镍基涂层组织与性能的影响

采用CO2激光器在HT250基体上分别以不同预热温度制备NiCuFeBSi合金熔覆层,研究基体预热温度对白口组织控制、结合界面元素分布及抗拉强度的影响。结果表明:提高预热温度,有利于降低半熔化区白口化趋势,白口组织呈断续分布,但也导致熔覆层稀释率增大,更多基体Si,P杂质元素稀释进入熔池形成杂质相。拉伸实验表明:熔覆层抗拉强度远大于HT250,熔覆层断裂机制为解理与准解理混合型断裂。观察发现NiCuFeBSi合金激光熔覆层凝固后晶粒内部存在大量位错线并交叉缠结形成亚结构,进一步细化了晶粒,有利于提高熔覆层的强度与性能。最终获得NiCuFeBSi合金熔覆层在HT250基体上的最佳温度为室温30℃。