Ventilation system for drying out buildings after a flood: Influence of the building material

Portugal’s most striking buildings were usually built near waterways and on floodplains due to easier access to water supply. This proximity, besides causing an increased probability of pathologies due to rising damp also brings a higher exposure to the risk of flooding. After the occurrence of a flood, all building elements below the flood water level will remain with high water contents, with all the negative consequences that this fact can cause, namely, the degradation of the materials. Therefore, it is very important to promote the fast drying of these building elements to prevent worse consequences, either structural, safety, or heritage conservation. In a recent investigation undertaken under a collaboration project involving the University of Coimbra and University of Porto, an innovative treatment system to combat rising damp in historical buildings was developed: the wall-base ventilation system. Currently, investigations have focused on analyzing the technical feasibility of adapting this system for drying out walls of historical buildings after floods.     

多孔材料热风干燥过程中力学特性分析

为了得到高品质的干制品,基于黏弹性理论和Maxwell固体特性,建立了多孔材料干燥过程中黏弹性应力数学模型。采用MATLAB编程的方法对马铃薯热风干燥过程中内部各单元层干燥应力进行数值模拟计算。计算结果表明:随着干燥过程的进行马铃薯各单元层产生干燥应力为压应力且逐渐增大,达到最大值后开始减小;当压应力减小到0时出现应力反向现象,各单元层应力由压应力变成拉应力,拉应力逐渐增大到最大值后开始减小直至达到平衡不再发生变化。在整个热风干燥过程中干燥过程中,内单元层干燥应力值总是大于外单元层应力值,且表单元层的干燥应力始终为0。通过实验对模型进行验证,验证结果表明此模型可以用来表述干燥过程中多孔材料内部应力变化和分布规律。     

进风量对燃气燃烧器燃烧及NO_x排放特性影响

运用Fluent软件对40 t/h锅炉用燃气燃烧器的性能进行三维数值模拟。首先用Pro/E软件画出燃气燃烧器和炉膛三维图,然后在Gambit中进行建模,采用相关数学模型,在Fluent中设置边界参数及初始条件,迭代计算得出结果。研究了燃烧器的总体性能,燃烧器及炉膛内部甲烷、空气、压力、温度分布云图。着重研究了进风量过大或过小时对燃烧器及炉膛内速度场、温度分布、NOx排放量的影响。结果表明:合适的进风量是保证燃烧器稳定燃烧的关键因素之一,对污染物NOx的排放也是关键的影响因素。数值的模拟计算结果对燃烧器优化设计改造提供了重要的研究依据。     

通风管道结构形式对颗粒物沉积的影响

在矩形断面通风管道无因次颗粒物沉积速率计算结果与相关实验数据验证的基础上,对弯头、变径、三通等通风管道结构内的颗粒物沉积进行了数值模拟. 管道流动采用RSM湍流模型,并应用拉格朗日随机轨道模型描述气固两相流动中颗粒运动. 结果表明,直管段内无因次颗粒物沉积速率与相关研究结果变化趋势相近,直管段侧壁、顶面无因次颗粒物沉积速率在无因次松弛时间大于1时(粒径约10 mm)呈下降趋势. 弯头、变径及三通管段内颗粒物沉积率随斯托克斯数(St)增加而升高,当St<0.1时,3种管段结构内颗粒物沉积率均较小且相差较小;当St>0.1时,相同St下弯头内颗粒物沉积率最高,其次为三通和变径. 直管段内小粒径颗粒物(<10 mm)主要受湍流扩散作用而沉积,对于大颗粒的沉积则主要受重力影响;弯头、变径及三通管段内颗粒St>0.1时,颗粒物的沉积主要受惯性碰撞影响.     

Influence of drum inlet air conditions on drying process in a domestic tumble dryer

This study examines how the inlet air temperature, relative humidity, and flow rate influence the textile drying process in an open cycle tumble dryer. An experimental setup was prepared by connecting a domestic tumble dryer to an external system for controlled heating, humidification, and transport of air. Experiments were conducted by drying cotton textiles (8?kg dry mass) at different air inlet conditions. On the basis of measured data, correlations for determination of the total drying time, the moisture evaporation rate during the constant drying rate, and the area-mass transfer coefficient were developed. The process in the drum was modeled by using an established moisture evaporation model, based on sorption isotherms. A commonly used and a recently reported sorption isotherm for cotton were used with the model. Agreement between calculated and measured drying curves was better in case of the commonly used sorption isotherm, but final moisture content was better predicted by the recently reported sorption isotherm.     

Modeling and simulation of the drying process of natural gas pipeline using vacuum drying method

Abstract

Vacuum drying is one of the most effective methods to protect submarine natural gas pipes from blockage caused by hydrate and internal corrosion. This article presents a model for analyzing the mass, momentum, and energy transfer processes in pipeline drying with vacuum drying method. Model of the evaporation rate of liquid water is derived from Hertz–Knudsen–Schrage equation. Finite volume method is employed to discretize the governing equations with an upwind implicit scheme in present work, and 2nd order upwind scheme for energy equation is adopted to weaken numerical dissipation. Non-linear algebraic equations after discretization are solved by Newton-Raphson method. Reliability and accuracy of this model are validated via three experimental cases. Numerical results coincide well with the experimental data, and the relative errors of the calculated drying time are 1.7% in Case 1, 1.2% in Case 2, and 5.5% in Case 3. Finally, the dynamic characteristics of the vacuum drying process are analyzed such as dynamic distributions of pressure, temperature, mass flow rate, and liquid holdup. Mathematical model and algorithm developed in present work provide understanding and insights of the vacuum drying process, which aids in determining cost-effective pipeline drying scheme.     

Analysis and Monitoring of the Drying Process of a Hygro-Regulated Wall Base Ventilation System Implemented in a Historical Church to Control Rising Damp

Treating rising damp in the walls of historic buildings is a very complex procedure and the traditional techniques currently used to minimize rising damp are not effective or too expensive, in particular when dealing with walls of considerable thickness and heterogeneous materials.

This work presents the results of an in situ application of the hygro-regulated wall base ventilation system to control rising damp in a historical church located in northern Portugal. The main purpose is to validate the wall base ventilation technology for treating rising damp in very thick and heterogeneous walls.

The analytical model used well describes the observed features of rising damp in building walls, verified by in-field tests, which contributed to simple sizing of the hygro-regulated wall base ventilation system to be implemented in historical buildings.     

空气流量对空冷燃料电池电堆性能的影响研究

空冷型氢燃料电池采用开放型阴极,具有自增湿、系统简单轻便等特点。为了揭示空气流量对输出性能的影响机制,对自组装的800 W空冷型燃料电池电堆进行了实验测试和数值分析,对比了不同空气风扇转速下电堆输出电压、净功率以及传质传热特性。结果表明：小电流条件下小空气流量可以保持电堆内较高的温度,减少活化损失,实现高净输出功率。然而,大电流条件下,小空气流量将导致电堆温度过高且分布不均匀。利用数值方法对组分和温度分布进行了可视化分析,结果表明低含水量引起的欧姆损失增加是限制输出功率的关键因素,通过提高风扇转速增加空气流量可以保证较好的冷却效果,从而提高含水量,减少欧姆损失。     

空气流量对空冷燃料电池电堆性能的影响研究

空冷型氢燃料电池采用开放型阴极,具有自增湿、系统简单轻便等特点。为了揭示空气流量对输出性能的影响机制,对自组装的800 W空冷型燃料电池电堆进行了实验测试和数值分析,对比了不同空气风扇转速下电堆输出电压、净功率以及传质传热特性。结果表明：小电流条件下小空气流量可以保持电堆内较高的温度,减少活化损失,实现高净输出功率。然而,大电流条件下,小空气流量将导致电堆温度过高且分布不均匀。利用数值方法对组分和温度分布进行了可视化分析,结果表明低含水量引起的欧姆损失增加是限制输出功率的关键因素,通过提高风扇转速增加空气流量可以保证较好的冷却效果,从而提高含水量,减少欧姆损失。     

风速对骨料烘干煤粉燃烧器排放特性的影响

基于煤粉燃烧机理,结合骨料烘干工艺,建立了骨料烘干煤粉燃烧器内部场的控制模型,采用Fluent软件模拟煤粉燃烧器内部燃烧状况,考察了一、二、三次风的风速对煤粉燃烧器中心轴线处CO, CO2, NO和SO2浓度的影响。结果表明,在研究的风速范围内,一、二、三次风风速越大燃烧越充分,一、二、三次风风速越小,产生的NO越少;三次风风速为40 m/s时,SO2浓度最低;较合理的控制参数为一次风风速30~35 m/s,二次风风速45~50 m/s,三次风风速30~40 m/s。     

Effect of airflow rate on drying air and moisture content profiles inside a cross-flow drying column

Rice at 20.5 and 16.3% initial moisture contents (IMCs) was dried using 57°C/13% RH air at airflow rates (Qs) of 0.36, 0.46, and 0.56 (m³/s)/m² for 30, 60, and 90?min, respectively, in an experimentally simulated cross-flow drying column. Q significantly affected the drying air and rice moisture content profiles within the drying column; for a particular drying duration, the range of MCs within the column decreased as Q increased. Q also impacted the extents of intra-kernel material state gradients created and thus had potential impacts on kernel fissuring and consequent head rice yield reduction. In addition, the impact of Q on the above-mentioned profiles was dependent on the rice IMC.     

基底厚度对蒸发液滴表面温度分布的影响

蒸发液滴的表面温度分布对液滴的液体流动和颗粒沉积有着重要的影响。获得液滴表面温度目前主要采用数值计算方法。针对有限厚度基底上的蒸发液滴,分析了网格划分对液滴表面温度计算结果的影响。结果表明,相比于液滴边缘附近区域,液滴中心区域网格的细化对计算结果影响不大;而在接触线附近,相比于网格尺寸,网格细化区域大小对计算结果的影响也很小。利用数值方法研究了基底厚度对蒸发液滴表面温度分布特性的影响,发现随着基底厚度的改变液滴表面出现3种温度分布模式:(1)从液滴顶点到边缘处表面温度逐渐升高;(2)液滴表面温度非单调变化;(3)从液滴顶点到边缘处表面温度逐渐降低。考虑热传导路径长度和蒸发制冷的共同作用,对不同表面温度分布模式进行了解释,并获得了(h_R,q)坐标平面上的表面温度分布模式相图。本文结果将有助于对液滴蒸发过程的理解,并为蒸发诱导自组装、喷墨印刷等技术提供理论依据。     

干燥工艺对聚酯薄膜透明度的影响

对BOPET生产中的干燥工艺进行了介绍,对干燥空气露点、流化床温度、干燥塔温度对聚酯薄膜透明度的影响进行了分析,并提出了高透明聚酯薄膜生产的最佳干燥工艺。     

空冷器对吸收稳定系统的影响

为保证吸收塔的吸收效果,进而保证产品质量,分析了影响吸收效果的因素,找出了进入吸收塔的压缩富气温度是主要影响因素,提出应将空冷器电机改装为变频电机,可控制进入吸收塔压缩富气的温度,既节能,又方便操作。     

通风和座舱空气过滤器试验标准的最新进展

主要介绍了通风用空气过滤器和座舱式空气过滤器两个不同类型的空气过滤器的试验方法和标准,重点介绍了各试验方法和标准的区别,阐述分析了目前国际的现状和国内普遍存在的问题,最后介绍了目前座舱式空气过滤器的发展,为进一步研究提供参考。     

相变材料步冷过程模拟分析

大部分的相变材料都具有一定的过冷度,这限制了相变材料的广泛应用。充分了解相变材料在凝固过程中的温度变化情况对于相变材料性能分析具有重要意义。基于集中参数法和等效比热容法建立了相变材料步冷过程温度变化模型,并通过实验验证了该模型。同时运用模型研究了相变材料过冷度与有效潜热值对其凝固过程中温度变化的影响并得出结论：相变材料开始凝固的时间与相变持续时间均与其过冷度呈指数关系;相变材料开始凝固的时间随着过冷度的增大而增长,相变持续时间随着过冷度的增大而缩短;相变材料开始凝固的时间与其有效潜热大小没有关系,而相变持续时间与其有效潜热值呈明显的线性正比关系。     

自然通风式造粒塔风门开度对出塔粒子温度影响的研究

简述了影响自然通风式尿素造粒塔出塔粒子温度的主要因素;进行了熔融尿液降温、结晶、冷却过程的热量平衡计算和调节造粒塔风门开度的工厂实验。研究结果表明,自然通风式尿素造粒塔可以根据自然条件的变化,通过热量平衡计算调节风门的开度,达到降低出塔尿素粒子温度的目的。     

Analysis of a piston PSA process for air separation

The piston driven PSA process offers the potential for achieving productivity improvement by rapid piston action. In the present work, experiments were performed on a laboratory scale piston driven PSA test rig with provisions to vary all the important operating variables, namely, phase angle configuration, stroke length, cycling speed duration and angles of feed introduction and product withdrawal. Air separation on 13X zeolite was chosen as the model experimental system. Experiments with adsorbent particles of two different sizes confirmed that mass transfer resistance is important and may significantly affect the separation performance. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the process. The numerical solution was verified by simulating limiting conditions that had analytical solutions. Some basic model assumptions related to piston motion were verified by comparing with experiments conducted at well-defined limiting conditions like empty column and total recycle. Flow resistance in the connecting tubes seemed to explain the observed difference in both phase and amplitude of the pressure profiles measured at the two ends of the column. The model predictions were generally in good agreement with the experimental observations. The model was used to perform a parametric study in the operating regions that were not covered in the experiments. General inferences are made regarding the operating configurations that are expected to improve system performance.     

给定曲线的远红外烘干微机控制系统研究

研制了远红外烘干微机控制系统。该系统采用PC机作为上位机，运用可视化编程语言VB6．0设计出友好的人机操作环境，整个系统能按照操作人员在PC机上绘制出的干燥工艺曲线进行干燥作业，实现干燥过程的自动控制，从而可减少寻找最佳干燥工艺曲线的时间及人力与物力。系统还具有数据动态显示和自动存储等功能。经现场使用表明，该系统工作稳定可靠、操作简单方便，确保了物质烘干质量的提高。     

Computer-aided process engineering for environmental efficiency: Industrial drying of biomass

The idea of taking into account environmental impact criteria in the process design becomes a necessity for both the industry and governments, due to increased binding regulations. Moreover, to address the issue of integrating sustainable processes, environmental impact must be weighed and balanced against other concerns, such as economic performance, product quality, and long-term sustainability. Therefore, this study introduces a methodology for environmental impact minimization and optimization of multiple conflicting criteria. A general eco-design method for biomass drying process is proposed. The main target is to develop an assessment computer-aided process engineering tool that compares environmental impacts of different operating conditions and fuel types to support decision-makers for an improved compliance to environmental criterion and sustainability.