表面辐射对部分填充吸湿性多孔介质的封闭腔体内热湿耦合传递的影响

根据多孔介质热质传递原理, 基于有限元的方法数值分析了具有表面热辐射的部分填充吸湿性多孔介质的封闭腔体内部自然对流流动及热湿耦合传递过程, 探讨了表面发射率、Rayleigh数和Darcy数等参数对封闭腔体内部自然对流流动及热湿耦合传递过程的影响, 研究结果表明, 壁面热辐射的作用可以提高多孔介质内部的温度, 而且随着表面发射率的增大, 多孔介质内部的水分逐步向其右上角迁移和聚集。另外, Darcy数、多孔介质与空气的热导率比对方腔内部多孔介质的热量传递和水分迁移影响较小。     

考虑局部非热平衡的流体层流横掠多孔介质中恒热流平板的传热分析

对流体层流横掠多孔介质中恒热流加热的平板,应用Brinkman-Forchheime-extended Darcy流动模型和流体与多孔介质之间局部非热平衡理论建立守恒方程组,应用数量级分析和积分法,得出了速度边界层厚度、热边界层厚度、壁面黏性摩擦系数和对流传热系数、流体与多孔介质之间局部温差的计算公式。结果表明,速度边界层与光板时明显不同,其在平板前端迅速增长,之后越来越平坦,趋于一个恒定值;而热边界层则沿着流动方向不断增长,类似于光板时的情况;局部的表面对流传热系数在平板前端达最大值,之后逐渐减小,也类似于光板时的情况;多孔介质与流体间的局部温差在平板前端达最大值,之后呈现沿着流动方向逐渐减小的变化趋势。     

CFD MODELLING OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN HYGROSCOPIC POROUS MEDIA

This paper presents the derivation of a model to predict heat and mass transfer in a system consisting of a turbulently flowing fluid overlying a saturated hygroscopic porous medium. Comparisons with experimental and numerical simulations have been carried out to check the accuracy of components of the model. Finally, a case study using silica gel as a representative hygroscopic porous medium is presented as an application of the model. It is shown that moisture is convected from the warm interior of a bulk of porous medium to the relatively cool periphery. This result has profound practical implications when the hygroscopic medium is stored agricultural produce as the region of high moisture content may become moldy.     

有内热源的多孔层中自然对流的稳定性分析

采用局部非热平衡模型, 通过数值法和Garlerkin近似法, 分析存在均匀内热源和边界浓度梯度时, 有效热导率比、流体和固相间的传热系数、浓度梯度的大小以及内热源在流体与固相内的分布情况对水平多孔层中临界内热源Rayleigh数的影响, 来研究相关参数对自然对流的稳定性的影响, 并得到临界内热源Rayleigh数的表达式。结果表明, 浓度Rayleigh数的增加可以促进自然对流的形成;内热源为正时, 自然对流的形成区域主要位于上半区域;内热源为负时, 自然对流的形成区域位于下半区域, 内热源总是促进自然对流的发生;有效热导率比、流体和固相间的内部传热系数、内热源在流体与固相内的分布情况相互耦合, 影响自然对流的稳定性, 这种影响取决于各参数的范围。     

CFD MODELLING OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN HYGROSCOPIC POROUS MEDIA

Abstract

This paper presents the derivation of a model to predict heat and mass transfer in a system consisting of a turbulently flowing fluid overlying a saturated hygroscopic porous medium. Comparisons with experimental and numerical simulations have been carried out to check the accuracy of components of the model. Finally, a case study using silica gel as a representative hygroscopic porous medium is presented as an application of the model. It is shown that moisture is convected from the warm interior of a bulk of porous medium to the relatively cool periphery. This result has profound practical implications when the hygroscopic medium is stored agricultural produce as the region of high moisture content may become moldy.     

Free Heat and Mass Transfer in a Porous Enclosure with Side Vents

Free heat and mass transfer during drying in a porous enclosure with free vents has been investigated numerically. Enclosed moist air interacts with the surrounding air through freely vented ports situated on both sides perpendicular to the heated wall. Air, heat, and moisture transport structures are visualized respectively by streamlines, heat lines, and mass lines. Effects of thermal Rayleigh number, Darcy number, vent location, and enclosure inclination on the convective heat/moisture transfer rate and volume flow rate across this enclosure are discussed. For each case, partially enclosed fluid flow undergoes different phases, increasing with buoyancy ratio; that is, heat transfer–driven flow, heat- and moisture-aided flow, and moisture transfer–dominated flow. Numerical results demonstrate that the convective heat and moisture transport patterns and transport rates greatly depend on thermal Rayleigh number, properties of porous medium, and enclosure inclination. Practices for enhancing heat and moisture transfer have been suggested for drying processes.     

RADIATIVE DRYING MODEL OF POROUS MATERIALS

A transient one dimensional first principles model is developed for the drying of a porous material (paper) that includes both heat and mass transfer. All three modes of heat transfer are considered; conduction, convection and radiation. The conduction is assumed to be in one dimension, through the porous material. The convection is assumed to exist only at the surface as a boundary condition. The radiation is assumed to be a volumetric phenomenon, so that the material internally absorbs, emits, and scatters energy. The absorption and scattering coefficients are spectrally dependent. Furthermore, the material is considered to have a non-unity refractive index with diffuse surfaces. In the mass transfer it is assumed that water exists in three phases: bound, free and vapor. The results provide profiles within the material for each moisture phase, temperature, and pressure and the effect of radiation on these distributions.     

Natural convection heat transfer of nanofluids along a vertical plate embedded in porous medium

The unsteady natural convection heat transfer of nanofluid along a vertical plate embedded in porous medium is investigated. The Darcy-Forchheimer model is used to formulate the problem. Thermal conductivity and viscosity models based on a wide range of experimental data of nanofluids and incorporating the velocity-slip effect of the nanoparticle with respect to the base fluid, i.e., Brownian diffusion is used. The effective thermal conductivity of nanofluid in porous media is calculated using copper powder as porous media. The nonlinear governing equations are solved using an unconditionally stable implicit finite difference scheme. In this study, six different types of nanofluids have been compared with respect to the heat transfer enhancement, and the effects of particle concentration, particle size, temperature of the plate, and porosity of the medium on the heat transfer enhancement and skin friction coefficient have been studied in detail. It is found that heat transfer rate increases with the increase in particle concentration up to an optimal level, but on the further increase in particle concentration, the heat transfer rate decreases. For a particular value of particle concentration, small-sized particles enhance the heat transfer rates. On the other hand, skin friction coefficients always increase with the increase in particle concentration and decrease in nanoparticle size.     

NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER FROM A VERTICAL FLAT PLATE WITH VARIABLE WALL TEMPERATURE AND CONCENTRATION TO POWER-LAW FLUIDS WITH YIELD STRESS IN A POROUS MEDIUM

The problem of natural convection coupled heat and mass transfer of non-Newtonian power law fluids with yield stress from a vertical flat plate in a fluid-saturated porous medium is analyzed under boundary layer approximations. Similarity solutions are obtained for the general case of power law variations of the wall temperature and concentration. Velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles as well as local heat and mass transfer rates are presented and discussed for different values of the rheological parameters of a power-law fluid, the Lewis number, and the thermal and concentration buoyancy ratio.     

RADIATIVE DRYING MODEL OF POROUS MATERIALS

ABSTRACT

A transient one dimensional first principles model is developed for the drying of a porous material (paper) that includes both heat and mass transfer. All three modes of heat transfer are considered; conduction, convection and radiation. The conduction is assumed to be in one dimension, through the porous material. The convection is assumed to exist only at the surface as a boundary condition. The radiation is assumed to be a volumetric phenomenon, so that the material internally absorbs, emits, and scatters energy. The absorption and scattering coefficients are spectrally dependent. Furthermore, the material is considered to have a non-unity refractive index with diffuse surfaces. In the mass transfer it is assumed that water exists in three phases: bound, free and vapor. The results provide profiles within the material for each moisture phase, temperature, and pressure and the effect of radiation on these distributions.     

A Theoretical Model for the Nongray Radiation Drying of Polyvinylalcohol/Water Solutions

A theoretical analysis of heat transfer and moisture variation was performed while a PVA solution was exposed to high-intensity nongray irradiation and/or air flow convection. Effective absorption coefficients were incorporated in the radiative transfer analysis. The influence of various radiation and convection parameters on the transfer of heat and moisture variation in the coated layers on an optically thick substrate was investigated. The effects of radiation and convection parameters on the transfer process were presented in terms of the rate of water content removal, heat transfer, and moisture distribution. Results were compared to those of drying when using convective heat. It is evident that the use of thermal radiation combined with convective heat will help in improving the drying rate. Numerical results show that both the radiative energy absorbed by the solution and the substrate and the distribution of water mass fraction in the solution are closely related to the rate of water removal from the solution during the process.     

A Theoretical Model for the Nongray Radiation Drying of Polyvinylalcohol/Water Solutions

Abstract

A theoretical analysis of heat transfer and moisture variation was performed while a PVA solution was exposed to high-intensity nongray irradiation and/or air flow convection. Effective absorption coefficients were incorporated in the radiative transfer analysis. The influence of various radiation and convection parameters on the transfer of heat and moisture variation in the coated layers on an optically thick substrate was investigated. The effects of radiation and convection parameters on the transfer process were presented in terms of the rate of water content removal, heat transfer, and moisture distribution. Results were compared to those of drying when using convective heat. It is evident that the use of thermal radiation combined with convective heat will help in improving the drying rate. Numerical results show that both the radiative energy absorbed by the solution and the substrate and the distribution of water mass fraction in the solution are closely related to the rate of water removal from the solution during the process.     

Natural convection on a vertical plate with variable heat flux in supercritical fluids

The present article investigates laminar free convection with uniform or non-uniform prescribed surface heat flux over a vertical flat plate in supercritical fluid, numerically. A new equation for thermal expansion coefficient in a supercritical fluid is derived based on Redlich–Kwong equation of state as a function of pressure, temperature and the compressibility factor. Calculated values of thermal expansion coefficient have been compared with the experimental results which show better accuracy in comparison with van der Waals ones. The governing systems of partial differential equations were solved numerically using the finite difference method. The local Nusselt number was calculated and plotted as a function of the local Rayleigh number. Using supercritical fluids in constant heat flux free convection, decrease wall temperature in comparison with under critical fluids. It was observed that positive and negative slopes of surface heat flux distribution increases and decreases the heat transfer coefficient, respectively.     

箱装发射药储存时的安全性及能量分析

采用大型通用计算程序PHOENICS（1．4版本）对箱装发射药中含有内部热源的非稳态导热与自然对流换热及辐射换热的耦合问题进行了数值求解。分析和比较了在直角坐标和贴体坐标下发射药内部靠近中心处的最高温度随时间的变化趋势,并对发射药的安全性及发射药所含有的能量进行了分析。     

双周期温度边界下多孔介质方腔内自然对流传热数值模拟

采用局部非热平衡模型及方腔左右两侧壁面温度正弦波变化边界条件,数值分析了具有内热源多孔介质方腔内的稳态非达西自然对流传热。探讨了不同温度波动参数N及波动相位差τ对方腔内自然对流传热的影响。结果表明:方腔两侧壁面出现了周期性分布的温度场,随着N值的增加,方腔内流场及温度场分布逐渐趋向于壁面均一温度边界情况。壁面局部Nu沿着高度方向呈现周期性分布。相对于均一温度的边界条件而言,正弦波温度边界条件在一定程度上强化了多孔介质方腔内的整体传热过程,随着N值的增加,方腔处于温度波动边界时的散热值Q逐渐趋向于均一温度边界时的情况。     

Laminar natural convection characteristics in an enclosure with heated hexagonal block for non-Newtonian power law fluids

This work illustrates the steady state, two dimensional natural convective flow and heat transfer features in square enclosure containing heated hexagonal block maintained either at constant wall temperature(CWT) or uniform heat flux(UHF) thermal conditions. Governing equations(mass, momentum and energy) are solved by using finite volume method(FVM) with 3rd order accurate QUICK discretization scheme and SIMPLE algorithm for range of field pertinent parameters such as, Grashof number(10~3≤ Gr ≤ 10~6), Prandtl number(1 ≤ Pr ≤ 100) and power law index(0.5 ≤ n ≤ 1.5). The analysis of momentum and heat transfer characteristics are delineated by evolution of streamlines, isotherms, variation of average Nusselt number value and Colburn factor for natural convection(j_(nH)). A remarkable change is observed on fluid flow and thermal distribution pattern in cavity for both thermal conditions. Nusselt number shows linear variation with Grashof and Prandtl numbers; while rate of heat transfer by convection decreases for power law index value. Higher heat transfer rate can be achieved by using uniform heat flux condition. A Nusselt number correlation is developed for possible utilization in engineering/scientific design purpose.     

THERMAL CONVECTIVE INSTABILITY IN TRANSLUCENT POROUS MEDIA WITH RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER

The onset of thermal convection in a translucent porous layer is considered. Attention is focused on the effect of radiative heat transfer on the critical Rayleigh-Darcy number and the convection cell shape. If we consider the contribution of radiative heat transfer, the basic temperature profile is non-linear and the thermal convective instability is influenced by the ratio of conduction to radiation heat flux, the temperatures at the boundary surfaces, and radiative parameters such as wall emissivity, scattering albedo and extinction coefficient as well as the usual Rayleigh-Darcy number. Effects of these parameters on the onset of convective instability are investigated with the help of linear stability theory employing the Darcy's law and the radiative transport equation simplified by the P₁ approximation. The increased effective thermal conductivity due lo the radiation inhibits the onset of convection and causes increased critical Rayleigh-Darcy number and decreased convection cell size. The results of the present work may be exploited to find out the optimal diameter of aerogel pellets and the air pressure in the double pane window filled with the translucent silica aerogel granules to suppress natural convection.     

多孔介质在高温相变蓄热中的强化换热

采用实验方法,验证了金属泡沫、膨胀石墨在高温蓄热系统中强化换热的作用。实验结果表明,在250～290℃之间,金属泡沫多孔材料能够提高纯硝酸钠的换热率2.1倍。由于多孔材料严重抑制了自然对流,在液相加热阶段,硝酸钠与多孔材料混合物的换热率不高于纯硝酸钠的一半。通过比较底部加热和顶部加热两种加热方式下蓄热系统的换热性能,进一步揭示了多孔材料对自然对流的影响。     

MOMENTUM INTEGRAL METHOD FOR FORCED CONVECTION IN THERMAL NONEQUILIBRIUM POWER-LAW FLUID-SATURATED POROUS MEDIA

Forced convection heat transfer for power-law fluid flow in porous media was studied analytically. The analytical solutions were obtained based on the Brinkman-extended Darcy model for fluid flow and the two-equation model for forced convection heat transfer. As a closed-form exact velocity profile is unobtainable for the general power-law index, an approximate velocity profile based on the parabolic model is proposed by subscribing to the momentum boundary layer integral method. Heat transfer analysis is based on the two-equation model by considering local thermal nonequilibrium between fluid and solid phases and constant heat flux boundary conditions. The velocity and temperature distributions obtained based on the parabolic model were verified to be reasonably accurate and improvement is justified compared to the linear model. The expression for the overall Nusselt number was derived based on the proposed parabolic model. The effects of the governing parameters of engineering importance such as Darcy number, power-law index, nondimensional interfacial heat transfer coefficient, and effective thermal conductivity ratio on the convective heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian fluids in porous media are analyzed and discussed.     

水泥窑窑体表面换热系数的计算方法

提出了一种计算水泥窑窑体面换热系数的新方法。这种方法充分考虑了强制对流，自然对流，热辐射和窑体大小对换热系数的影响。推导了窑体表面强制对流与自然对流的换热关系式，通过互相比较得到了可忽略强制对流域自然对流的条件。结果表明，大多数情况下窑体表面的强制流换热数量极相等。因此利用向量总和法建立了混合对流换热关系式。进一步的研究发现，辐射散热所占的比例很大，采用黑度小的材料可显著降低熟料热耗。该方法...