复合被字句中的所与给及相关的焦点标记问题

根据标记理论,认为重音是焦点的口头标记形式,通常所说的焦点标记词应该属于焦点的书面标记形式;通过时70部现当代文学作品进行定量分析的方式,考察了被+NP+给+VP与被+NP+所+VP这两类格式中虚词给与所的隐现规律,得出复合被字句中给与所的语法功能;在焦点标记理论基础上,文章通过论证得出,是、给与所都是焦点的书面标记形式.     

“是……的”句的歧义分析

结构歧义和功能歧义、主宾语的影响是造成“是……的”句式存在歧义现象的主要原因;分解这种歧义句式的方法有焦点分析法、预设分析法及变换分析法。“是……的”句式歧义现象非常复杂,要根据语境理解。     

汉语中“人家”的主观性标记

本文从共时的角度研究汉语＂人家＂一词的主观性标记,理清其作为语言标记的主观性特征,并结合历史语境总结了＂人家＂一词作为视角标记、情感标记以及立场标记的主观性表达。本文认为＂人家＂一词从不同角度表达了说话人的主观性。     

被压抑的“女体”与男权话语的狂欢——《尘埃落定》中的女性形象简析

藏族作家阿来的长篇小说《尘埃落定》中的女性形象,被打上深深的＂男性＂眼光的烙印。从主体性的丧失与配角地位、欲望化叙事与文本＂骚扰＂、符码化的＂女体＂与男权政治三个层面,分析《尘埃落定》的男权主义话语,正是这种话语的＂沉醉＂导致了一个个鲜活的＂西藏女儿＂的真实面目被遮蔽。     

对“整身唱法”相关问题所蕴含的辩证方式的初步探讨——当代著名声乐教育家、歌唱家研究·郭凌弼篇（1）

本文作者以其反复聆听、接受著名声乐教育家郭凌弼先生来新疆艺术学院讲座、授课中关于＂整身唱法＂（或全身唱法）的理念、观念、观点等相关理论、方法后的感受、思考,结合自身的教学、演唱实践,用对立统一的辩证方式,对日常声乐教学中一些基础的、重点的问题进行探讨、论述,进而强调了使用辩证法——对立统一规律对今后探索、研究声乐教学、演唱,打破传统、开拓创新的必要性。     

稀土生产中的“三废”治理及环境保护

本文概述了我国稀土生产中的“三废”及其治理状况。主要内容包括三废来源及性质，三废治理方法及效果，稀土冶炼厂应贯彻“三同时”的三废治理方针，并提出了一些问题的讨论。     

视觉审美陌生化——平面设计中被“弱化”的视觉传达

当别人压低声音轻声细语时,你可能会更加用心地聆听。然而视觉之于听觉也无非是人感受世界的转译感官之一。在平面设计中,有一种设计理念就把这种听觉上的规律采用到了视觉上,等价于＂陌生化＂这种文学上的手法。被＂弱化＂的视觉传达并不是一个坐标般固守不变的风格,而只是一种倾向,或是在读图时代竞争的一种手段。它会随着历史发展,与各种已有的以及新兴的视觉传达方式并存及融会贯通,在纷繁的形式中寻求一种秩序感,寻求一种本质。     

企业信息化与“贯标”的关系

根据作者从事马钢ERP工作和做决策支持系统的IT支持工作的体会,提出了随着马钢生产规模的不断扩大,信息化的不断深入,企业信息化与"贯标"这两方面的工作是相辅相成、共同提高的关系的思想。     

由人生不幸激发而出的“悲”美思想——谈“檃栝”词中的音乐美学思想

苏轼作为一个词派的开创性的人物,同时也发展了＂檃栝＂体,＂檃栝＂词的＂以就声律＂的释义,使得其具有重要的音乐美学价值,本文以此为切入点,对＂檃栝＂词中所蕴涵的音乐美学思想进行挖掘。     

“吴家锣鼓”的传承与发展

泗洪＂吴家锣鼓＂是江苏省一门独特的民间艺术,是淮河沿岸人民生活历史的见证,然而这门艺术在传承中遇到了很多问题,如何将其更好地传承下去,是本文着力讨论的问题。     

Meaning through syntax: Language comprehension and the reduced relative clause construction.

A new explanation is proposed for a long standing question in psycholinguistics: Why are some reduced relative clauses so difficult to comprehend? It is proposed that the meanings of some verbs like race are incompatible with the meaning of the reduced relative clause and that this incompatibility makes sentences like The horse raced past the barn fell unacceptable. In support of their hypotheses, the authors show that reduced relatives of The horse raced past the barn fell type occur in naturally produced sentences with a near-zero probability, whereas reduced relatives with other verbs occur with a probability of about 1 in 20. The authors also support the hypotheses with a number of psycholinguistic experiments and corpus studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Fit to forgive: Exploring the interaction between regulatory focus, repentance, and forgiveness.

Three studies, using diverse methodologies and measures, were conducted to examine the role that the regulatory focus of an injured party and of a transgressor (E. T. Higgins, 1997, 2000) plays in explaining the relationship between repentance and forgiveness. The authors predicted that when a victim's regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention) was congruent (i.e., fit) with the regulatory focus of a transgressor's repentance (i.e., promotion vs. prevention), there would be greater forgiveness compared with when there was incongruence (i.e., mismatch). Three studies supported these predictions. The results also confirmed one potential explanation for why apologies are not always successful at eliciting forgiveness, namely, feeling right. This research suggests that regulatory focus theory can help inform the scientific study of forgiveness and its related processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

When prevention promotes creativity: The role of mood, regulatory focus, and regulatory closure.

Promotion-focused states generally boost creativity because they associate with enhanced activation and cognitive flexibility. With regard to prevention-focused states, research evidence is less consistent, with some findings suggesting prevention-focused states promote creativity and other findings pointing to no or even negative effects. We proposed and tested the hypothesis that whether prevention-focused states boost creativity depends on regulatory closure (whether a goal is fulfilled or not). We predicted that prevention-focused states that activate the individual (unfulfilled prevention goals, fear) would lead to similar levels of creativity as promotion-focused states but that prevention-focused states that deactivate (closed prevention goals, relief) would lead to lower levels of creativity. Moreover, we predicted that this effect would be mediated by feelings of activation. Predictions were tested in 3 studies on creative insights and 1 on original ideation. Results supported predictions. Implications for self-regulation, motivation, mood, and creativity are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evidence for proactive interference in the focus of attention of working memory.

Proactive interference (PI) occurs when an earlier item interferes with memory for a newer item. Whereas some researchers (e.g., Surprenant & Neath, 2009a) argue that PI can be observed in all memory systems, some multiple systems theorists (e.g., Cowan, 1999) propose that items in the focus of attention of working memory are immune to PI. Two experiments tested whether PI occurs when the to-be-remembered items are assumed, by multiple-systems theorists, to be held in the focus of attention. In each experiment, subjects saw four trials in a row with the same type of to-be-remembered items, followed by four trials in a row with a different type of material. On each trial, only 3 stimuli were shown, which is below the capacity limit of the focus of attention, and subjects were asked if a probe item was one of those 3 items seen. In both experiments, response time increased from Trial 1 to Trial 4, suggesting that items from the earlier trials interfered with memory on the later trials. In addition, release from PI was shown in that response times decreased with a change of materials. The results replicate those first reported by Hanley and Scheirer (1975), and pose a problem for theorists who argue that parts of short-term memory are immune to PI. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Valence focus and self-esteem lability: Reacting to hedonic cues in the social environment.

Individuals differ in the extent to which they emphasize feelings of pleasure or displeasure in their verbal reports of emotional experience, termed valence focus (VF). Two event-contingent, experience-sampling studies examined the relationship between VF and sensitivity to pleasant and unpleasant social cues. It was predicted, and found, that individuals with greater VF (i.e., who emphasized feelings of pleasure/displeasure in reports of emotional experience) demonstrated greater self-esteem lability (i.e., larger changes in self-esteem) to pleasant and unpleasant information contained in social interactions than did those lower in VF. These effects held even after statistically controlling for possible confounding variables (neuroticism, affect intensity). Implications for understanding the psychological impact of valenced interpersonal events are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Motivated response styles: The role of cultural values, regulatory focus, and self-consciousness in socially desirable responding.

Three studies investigated the relations between cultural values and socially desirable responding, the processes that underlie them, and factors that influence the strength of the relations. Results indicated that individualism was associated with self-deceptive enhancement but not impression management, whereas collectivism was associated with impression management but not self-deceptive enhancement. Regulatory focus was found to mediate these relations. A promotion focus mediated the relation between individualism and self-deceptive enhancement, whereas a prevention focus mediated the relation between collectivism and impression management. This mediation pattern held regardless of whether individualism and collectivism were determined at the group level (Study 1) or measured at the individual level (Studies 2–3), whether socially desirable responding was operationalized as a scale measure (Studies 1–3) or as reactions to behavioral scenarios (Study 2), and across different measures of regulatory focus. This general mediation pattern was found to be moderated by type of self-consciousness (Study 3): The promotion focus mediation was stronger for participants low (vs. high) in private self-consciousness, and the prevention focus mediation was stronger for participants high (vs. low) in public self-consciousness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Increasing individual and team performance in an organizational setting through the situational adaptation of regulatory focus.

Regulatory focus theory proposes that people engage in goal striving using different behaviors associated with specific motivational states. Although regulatory focus can be influenced by individual predispositions, it is state-like in that it is subject to the influence of needs, values, and situational framing (Higgins, 1997). We suggest that this malleability by environmental influence gives leaders, managers, and other practitioners a useful motivational tool to adjust follower goal striving as demanded by dynamic environmental conditions to optimize performance. Suggestions for a practical implementation of dynamic goal striving are included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is the focus of attention in working memory expanded through practice?

This article reinvestigates the claim by P. Verhaeghen, J. Cerella, and C. Basak (2004) that the focus of attention in working memory can be expanded from 1 to 4 items through practice. Using a modified version of Verhaeghen et al.'s n-back paradigm, Experiments 1 and 3 show that a signature of a one-item focus, the time cost for switching between items in working memory, persists over practice. Verhaeghen et al. reported a shift over practice from a step function to a linear slope of reaction times over set size and argued that it reflects the expansion of the focus. With an improved counterbalancing scheme, a continuously increasing slope was found even without practice in Experiment 2. The results question the hypothesis that the focus is expanded through practice. They are in line with predictions from a model that distinguishes a one-item focus from a direct-access region holding about 4 items. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Regulatory focus as a mediator of the influence of initiating structure and servant leadership on employee behavior.

In this research, the authors test a model in which the regulatory focus of employees at work mediates the influence of leadership on employee behavior. In a nationally representative sample of 250 workers who responded over 2 time periods, prevention focus mediated the relationship of initiating structure to in-role performance and deviant behavior, whereas promotion focus mediated the relationship of servant leadership to helping and creative behavior. The results indicate that even though initiating structure and servant leadership share some variance in explaining other variables, each leadership style incrementally predicts disparate outcomes after controlling for the other style and dispositional tendencies. A new regulatory focus scale, the Work Regulatory Focus (WRF) Scale, also was developed and initially validated for this study. Implications for the results and the WRF Scale are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)