复合被字句中的"所"与"给"及相关的焦点标记问题

根据标记理论,认为重音是"焦点的口头标记形式",通常所说的"焦点标记词"应该属于"焦点的书面标记形式";通过时70部现当代文学作品进行定量分析的方式,考察了"被+NP+给+VP"与"被+NP+所+VP"这两类格式中虚词"给"与"所"的隐现规律,得出复合被字句中"给"与"所"的语法功能;在"焦点标记"理论基础上,文章通过论证得出,"是"、"给"与"所"都是焦点的书面标记形式.     

“所有”的词汇化过程探析

在古代汉语里,＂所＂字是一个特别的指示代词,它通常用在及物动词的前面和动词组成一个名词性的词组,表示＂所……的人＂或＂所……的事＂,＂所＋动词＂里的＂所＂是名词化标记。因此,＂所有＂为名词性短语,只能被解释为＂所拥有的＂。在近代汉语里＂所有＂已经从上古中古时期的一个名词性短语逐渐发展成了表属性的一个形容词,我们认为,＂所有＂这个词是上古中古时期的一个名词性短语＂所＋有＂词汇化的结果。而＂所有＂的词汇化是在一点过的句法环境中完成的,有着特殊的动因和机制。     

关于“差一点（VP）”的研究

＂差一点＂及其＂差一点VP＂是语法学界讨论较多的一种语法现象,最初是由朱德熙先生提出来的,此后的学者从不同的角度对＂差一点＂进行了研究。本文将试图通过＂差一点＂的三种语法类型和＂差一点＂的语义分析,进一步认识＂差一点＂的语用价值。     

歌唱教学中的声音训练

美好的声音来自于＂正确的基音＂＋＂良好的气息运用＂＋＂良好的共鸣运用＂,这三者必须同时协条好,才能取得良好的＂声音＂效果,才是我们声乐艺术美好声音训练所需要达到的＂美好的歌唱＂。＂打开喉咙歌唱＂是获得＂正确基音＂的前提,也是＂美声唱法＂的真谛＂。     

汉语中“人家”的主观性标记

本文从共时的角度研究汉语＂人家＂一词的主观性标记,理清其作为语言标记的主观性特征,并结合历史语境总结了＂人家＂一词作为视角标记、情感标记以及立场标记的主观性表达。本文认为＂人家＂一词从不同角度表达了说话人的主观性。     

论钢琴演奏中“松”和“紧”的辩证关系

＂松＂和＂紧＂是钢琴演奏中存在的一对对立面,在钢琴演奏中必须运用辩证统一的方法来看待运用它们之间关系,把握好运用的＂度＂,才能使我们在专业道路上少走极端,少走弯路。本文通过钢琴演奏中＂松＂和＂紧＂存在的各种关系进行论述。     

触动画家心灵的“偶然”寻觅

世上偶然发生的事物,均有其必然的联系,科学上许多重大的发明成就,往往根源于一些自然中的＂偶然＂的启迪。＂偶然＂能改变我们的思维模式,拓展思路,促进着人们探索各项领域发展的新空间。美术创作所需要的探索与创新过程,同样少不了＂偶然＂的启迪所带来的事半功倍的效果。     

建国17年与“文革”时期“大众化”审美趣味对比研究

建国17年间（1949—1966）,艺术家们积极探索视觉语言的革新,形成＂民族化＂和＂大众化＂的艺术风格。而在1966—1976十年＂文革＂期间,在极端政治的影响下,艺术创作无论是主题还是艺术形式均呈现出高度＂大众化＂的审美趣味。审视两个历史阶段艺术的＂大众化＂审美趣味既有区别又有联系,将两者进行对比研究,我们将对两个时期的艺术创作有更加深刻和全面的认识。     

再识清初“四王”的画坛地位

历史曾将＂四王＂推至一定的高度,后来又给他们贴上了被批判的标签。什么原因导致＂四王＂在画坛的地位一波三折,现代人为何重新认识＂四王＂。     

视觉审美陌生化——平面设计中被“弱化”的视觉传达

当别人压低声音轻声细语时,你可能会更加用心地聆听。然而视觉之于听觉也无非是人感受世界的转译感官之一。在平面设计中,有一种设计理念就把这种听觉上的规律采用到了视觉上,等价于＂陌生化＂这种文学上的手法。被＂弱化＂的视觉传达并不是一个坐标般固守不变的风格,而只是一种倾向,或是在读图时代竞争的一种手段。它会随着历史发展,与各种已有的以及新兴的视觉传达方式并存及融会贯通,在纷繁的形式中寻求一种秩序感,寻求一种本质。     

Intracellular localization of the 74- and 53-kDa forms of L-histidine decarboxylase in a rat basophilic/mast cell line, RBL-2H3

To clarify the process of post-translational modification of L-histidine decarboxylase (HDC), we investigated the conversion of the 74-kDa form of HDC into the 53-kDa form in specialized organella of a rat basophilic/mast cell line (RBL-2H3). With treatment of streptolysin-O, RBL-2H3 cells released approximately 40% of HDC activity accompanied by over 90% of lactate dehydrogenase activity. Only the 74-kDa form of HDC was detected in the leaked fraction by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 74-kDa form in the homogenate of pulse-labeled cells was recovered in both the supernatant and particulate fractions, while the 53-kDa form was detected only in the particulate fraction containing marker proteins of microsomes, Golgi, and lysosomal granules. Confocal microscopic observation using double staining immunofluorescence with anti-GST fusion HDC antiserum showed that most of the HDC coexists with protein-disulfide isomerase, a typical marker of the luminal space of the ER. With treatment of digitonin, RBL-2H3 cells released only 74-kDa HDC. Trypsin digestion of digitonin-permeabilized cells resulted in the disappearance of the 74-kDa form but not the 53-kDa form. From these results, it is assumed that the 74-kDa form of HDC, synthesized in the cytosol, is translocated into the lumen of the ER, where it is converted to the 53-kDa form.     

Use of gene marking technologies in oncology

Investigation of the mechanism of relapse in patients receiving stem cell rescue as therapy for malignant disease has been facilitated by gene marking studies. These studies have shown the marker gene to be present in malignant cells in the patient at the time of relapse, indicating that infused stem cells can contribute to disease recurrence. As normal progenitor cells are also marked and can be tracked in vivo, these studies have also helped us learn how haemopoietic stem cells respond to manipulation, for example with growth factors. Second generation studies with multiple, modified vectors are beginning to provide information about a wider variety of clinical and biological issues, including the efficacy of purging. Although marker studies have been useful for haematological malignancy and for neuroblastoma, they are hampered by the low efficiency of marking achieved by retroviral vectors. For many malignancies, marking efficiencies are insufficient for useful information to be obtained. This problem may be overcome by the introduction of vectors that, unlike retroviruses, can stably integrate in cells that are not in cycle at the time of vector exposure. Other improvements will focus on the marker genes themselves, using marker elements that are simpler to track and will not produce any modification of the cells' behaviour. Finally, marker studies have proved safe so far, but follow-up of the treated patients continues.     

Re-engineering of traffic markers to fit driving space.

The results of numerous empirical investigations comparing the signalling efficiency of conventional flat markers and an experimental curved-surface marker are reported. The curved marker was developed on the hypothesis that its three-dimensional form may alleviate perceptual difficulties produced by the flat shape of conventional markers. An on-site study compared the efficiency of marker types, as have numerous laboratory studies. These studies have a common result, in that the reference aspect of markers is always improved by the curved surface. Several variables other than marker type were tested. Those proved relevant to the perception of markers are their angle of orientation, and colouration and lettering characteristics. The most recent study comprised a traffic count of highway intersections on one major highway. Results proved that many situations can be found in which the curved marker may prove useful in accident prevention and aid the smooth flow of traffic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Patient collaboration as a criterion for the therapeutic alliance.

In this article we show that a focus on patient collaboration, as a marker for the therapeutic alliance, is advantageous not only for theory and research but also for clinical practice. This point of view in no way minimizes the importance of the therapist's activity or the clinical significance of the interaction between patient and therapist. Rather, it focuses attention on how the therapist's personality, skill, and technique interact with the problems the patient brings to psychotherapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Traumatic tattooing

Traumatic tattoos may be classified into abrasive and explosive types. The abrasive form leaves the pigment deposit in the more superficial layers of the skin. Explosive forms of traumatic tattooing usually have a central focus of deeply embedded detritus with more superficially placed particles radiating from the central focus. In either form, the best results are achieved by immediate meticulous care of the wound. Many instruments and abrasive devices have been used to remove the embedded pigmented debris, yet the stimplest and most successful is the sterile, hard, natural-bristle toothbrush. This can easily be sterilized, packaged, and kept available in the emergency room and in the operating room.     

Microalbuminuria in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Implications for renal survival

Microvascular and macrovascular disease cause considerable mortality and morbidity both among patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and those with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus overlap in their pathogenesis as well as short- and long-term complications. In the diabetic patient, genetic susceptibility as well as other factors, ie, microalbuminuria, hypertension, high protein intake, blood glucose control, etc, ultimately culminate in a diffuse disease process, eg, diabetic vascular and/or renal disease. Early predictors of susceptibility for development of renal disease in diabetic subjects would help focus our treatment strategies. The role of microalbuminuria as a prognostic marker for the major complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has been previously reviewed. We reviewed the role of microalbuminuria as prognostic marker for progression of diabetic renal disease in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We examined treatment strategies to lower microalbuminuria and its associated impact on disease progression.     

Feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Clinicopathologic findings in 90 naturally occurring cases

Cytogenetic analysis of 184 adipose tissue tumors, 175 lipomas, and nine liposarcomas (LPS) showed the presence of a ring chromosome and/or a long marker chromosome in 10 cases with common histologic features such as atypical stromal cells with or without lipoblasts. In five of the cases, this appeared to be the sole cytogenetic abnormality. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with a microclone library specific for chromosome region 12q13-q15 showed extensive staining of the ring and long marker chromosomes, indicating that genetic sequences of this particular region of chromosome 12 are present in these marker chromosomes, most likely in an amplified form.     

Lung volume reduction surgery for severe emphysema

In hairless mice, a moderate vitamin-A deficiency, without any clinical signs or weight changes, reduces the activity of soluble cytoplasmic hepatic transglutaminase without affecting the membrane form of the enzyme. This attack of soluble transglutaminase appears to be a biological marker of early deficiency. The relations between this disturbance and the hepatocyte sensitivity to aggressors at this stage are discussed.     

A dynamic investigation of cognitive dedifferentiation with control for retest: Evidence from the Swiss Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study on the Oldest Old.

Empirical examinations of the hypothesis of dedifferentiation of cognitive abilities in old and very old age (a) do not account for possible retest effects, which consequently may yield biased estimates of age effects, and (b) focus on time-independent relations (e.g., number of latent constructs, correlations between latent or measured variables). The authors applied a structural equation model with statistical control for retest effects to investigate the dynamic relations between a marker of perceptual speed (cross out) and a marker of verbal fluency (category-fruits). Longitudinal data are from 5 waves of the Swiss Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study on the Oldest Old (N = 377, baseline age range = 79.5- 84.5 years). The authors found that, independently of retest effects, performance on the cross-out task affected changes in performance on the category task while the opposite did not hold true. This analytical technique could be applied to various markers of broad fluid-mechanic and broad crystallized-pragmatic components of cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)