英汉礼貌差异及其在跨文化交际中的应用探析

礼貌是具有普遍性的社会现象,是各种文化背景的人都必须维护和遵守的准则.文章通过对比Leech和顾日国提出的礼貌原则,分析了英汉礼貌用语的差异和成因,提出在跨文化交际中应该尊重并重视礼貌差异,正确使用礼貌原则,避免语用失误,以保证跨文化交际的顺利进行.     

礼貌用语的语用功能

礼貌是人类为了达到顺利交际的目的,而采取的一种语用策略。为此,Leech提出了礼貌原则。而在实际的交际中,因为交际个体的文化背景、性格、性别以及交际距离的差异,礼貌会表现出不同的程度。本文旨在探讨礼貌原则的相对性,以帮助语言学习者进一步理解和使用礼貌原则。     

浅析礼貌原则在涉外商务交际中的体现

分析了涉外商务交际中所体现的礼貌原则及礼貌策略。礼貌原则有助于交际双方最终达成“双赢”。     

权势在双人关系中对礼貌策略的影响——王熙凤言语交际中的礼貌策略初探

交际是人类活动中必不可少的-个行为.双人交际是交际的基本单位.交际双方的权势差异,直接导致交际者对礼貌策略的不同选择.本文从双人关系中的权势差异,来分析王熙风的礼貌策略,指出权势对她的礼貌策略的运用起到决定性的作用.     

浅谈中西方礼貌用语中的文化差异

本文探讨了中西方语言交际中的礼貌用语使用的不同,分别从谦虚问题、称谓问题以及待人接物等方面分析了中西方语用习惯的差异,以期望学习语言的各国留学生能够注重语言的文化功能,更好地掌握语言交际技巧.     

趣谈中西方称谓的差异及文化折射

在跨文化交际中,首先涉及到的就是称谓.称谓在中西方语言中都突出地表现出礼貌的功能.但由于各国的文化差异和千百年来形成的习俗给人们带来的根深蒂固的印象,称谓的误用往往会引起跨文化交际中不该有的不快.为使外语学习者认识到这种潜在的威胁,本文对中西称谓语的差异进行了文化背景、起源的剖析,其目的是使读者进一步了解中西称谓的差异及其文化的折射,彼此间更好地、恰当地进行跨文化交流.     

俄汉模糊语民族文化语用对比

在日常生活中为了使交际顺利进行,人们往往会使用模糊语,而正确的使用模糊语即可以使交流更为礼貌以实现更好的交际的目的,又可以维系面子,同时还可以使说话人显得幽默机智.以下本论文将着重从语用功能的角度来对比俄汉模糊语民族文化的差异.     

照应现象与礼貌原则

照应现象在认知语言学界引起了广泛的关注,Ariel的可及性理论可全面地对照应进行诠释.在语篇中,代词的使用与礼貌现象有着千丝万缕的联系.西方礼貌理论汗牛充栋,而其中以Spencer-Oatey的人际关系理论因为其跨文化视野,具有更广泛的阐释力.因此将以代词视角的选择和心理空间理论为出发点,利用Spencer-Oatey的人际关系理论对汉语中的代词照应现象进行分析.     

中国大学生跨文化交际愿意度调查——英语专业,文科与理工科大学生的对比

通过调查英语专业,文科和理工科本科生在跨文化交际愿意度的差异,试图找出英语学习情感因素(如兴趣、内部动机)如何影响跨文化交际意愿度--这一跨文化交际特征.本研究为国内跨文化交际研究和教学提供一个新的研究角度,力求进一步完善跨文化交际理论.     

浅谈中西饮食文化的差异

食文化及餐桌礼仪是跨文化交际中非语言文化的重要组成部分.了解中西饮食文化的差异,及时有效地克服交际中因文化不同而带来的障碍,是跨文化交际取得成功的关键.对外语学习者来讲,不仅能增加对所学语言文化的理解,更能可提高跨文化交际的成功率.     

Politeness and psychological distance: A construal level perspective.

According to politeness theory (P. Brown & S. Levinson, 1987), politeness serves to both reflect and regulate social distance. On the basis of this notion and on construal level theory (N. Liberman & Y. Trope, 2008; N. Liberman, Y. Trope, & E. Stephan, 2007), it was predicted that politeness would be related to abstract construal, temporal distance, and spatial distance. Eight studies supported this prediction. Politeness increased when the addressees were construed abstractly (Study 1), were temporally distant (Studies 2, 3), and were spatially distant (Study 4). It was also found that increasing politeness produced abstract construals (Study 5), greater temporal distance (Study 6), and greater spatial distance (Study 7, 8). These findings shed light on the way politeness operates in different cultures and is conveyed in different languages, and they support the idea that dimensions of psychological distance are interrelated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Politeness and conditional reasoning: Interpersonal cues to the indirect suppression of deductive inferences.

A successful theory of conditional reasoning requires an account of how reasoners recognize the pragmatic function a conditional statement is meant to perform. Situations in which it is ambiguous whether a conditional statement was meant to add information or to correct a mistake are discussed in this article. This ambiguity has direct consequences on the way reasoners update their beliefs and derive conclusions. In an analysis of ambiguity from the perspective of politeness theory, the authors suggest that any contextual factor that increases the face threat of a correction will encourage reasoners to construe the ambiguous conditional as a correction. This construal will impact their beliefs about the piece of information that is ambiguously corrected, and their beliefs will affect the deductive conclusions they are willing to draw. This nested mediation structure was observed in 2 experiments. The first experiment manipulated the threat level of a correction through the portrayed personality of the person being corrected; the second experiment manipulated the affective distance between the corrector and the corrected. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interpersonal underpinnings of request strategies: General principles and differences due to culture and gender.

Several hypotheses derived from P. Brown and S. Levinson's (1987) politeness theory were tested with Ss from the US and Korea. Ss imagined themselves in situations in which they were to make a request. Ss then indicated exactly what they would say in each situation and what their perceptions of the request size, the hearer's power, and the closeness of their relationship with the hearer were. Consistent with Brown and Levinson's theory, power, distance, and size contributed significantly to politeness. Significant predictor variable interactions suggested that an additive model is not appropriate. Finally, there was evidence of cultural and gender differences in the weighting of these predictor variables. These differences can partially account for cultural and gender differences in language use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On feeling good and being rude: Affective influences on language use and request formulations.

How does mood influence verbal communication, such as the use of requests? On the basis of the Affect Infusion Model (J. P. Forgas, 1995a), 3 experiments predicted and found that (a) negative moods increase and positive moods decrease request politeness and (b) they do so most in difficult situations that require more substantive processing. In Experiment 1, sad mood enhanced and happy mood reduced request politeness, especially in difficult situations. In Experiment 2, similar mood effects on the politeness and elaboration of self-generated requests were found. In Experiment 3, these findings were replicated in a variety of request situations by use of a different mood induction. Recall data confirmed that more substantive processing enhanced mood effects on requesting. The cognitive mechanisms mediating mood effects on requesting are discussed, and the implications of the results for interpersonal communication and for recent affect–cognition theories are considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Politeness as universal: Cross-cultural perceptions of request strategies and inferences based on their use.

P. Brown and S. Levinson's (1987) politeness theory attempts to explain how face-management processes (and the variables that affect it) motivate the manner in which speakers in any culture will phrase their remarks. Several hypotheses derived from this theory were tested with subjects from the United States and Korea. Subjects in Experiments 1 and 2 indicated their perceptions of different remarks that could be used for performing the same request. Perceptions of the politeness of these remarks covaried with the extent to which the remarks encoded concern for the hearer's face, and this occurred for both Americans and Koreans. There was only mixed support for predictions that the size of the request (Experiment 1) and the hearer's relative power and distance from the speaker (Experiment 2) will affect perceptions of remarks. The results of Experiment 3 indicate that inferences of speaker power and relationship closeness can be made on the basis of request forms, and this effect is similar for both Americans and Koreans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Suppression of antitumor lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity by human chorionic gonadotropins

Thirty new patients in a psychiatric outpatient clinic rated the friendliness, interest, politeness, and informativeness of three functionally distinct groups of support employees. Following a personnel workshop, designed to increase the ability to relate to clients and the understanding of patient problems, ratings were obtained from 30 additional new patients. The overall ratings were favorable, both before and after the workshop, for all employee groups on all behavior variables. One employee group received higher ratings than the other two, and the staff members were perceived by the patients as more informative than congenial. The workshop resulted in increased amicability and decreased informativeness.     

Evaluations by staff, residents, and community seniors of patronizing speech in the nursing home: Impact of passive, assertive, or humorous responses.

Two studies tested the impact of alternative communication in accommodation strategies. Nursing home staff and residents (and community-residing seniors in Study 2) rated nurse–resident conversational scenarios in which a resident responded passively, directly assertively, or humorously (indirectly assertively) to a patronizing nurse. The nurse then either maintained a patronizing manner or accommodated with a more respectful speech style. Even though all groups devalued the nurse who maintained a patronizing speech style, nursing home residents predictably showed the most acceptance. The directly assertive response by the resident elicited more devaluation of the nonaccommodating nurse than did either passive or humorous responses, but also the least favorable ratings of the resident. Ratings of the humorous response in Study 2 suggested that humor could be a good compromise response style for allowing the receiver of patronizing speech to express opposition to a request, yet still maintain an appearance of competence and politeness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)