考虑岩石疲劳损伤的空气冲旋钻井破岩数值模拟研究

 以川东北PGP-X井为研究对象,对2 140～4 914 m地层进行分段采样,运用静态试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置对采样岩石进行动、静态力学性能室内试验。利用LS-DYNA建立空气冲旋钻井活塞–钻头–岩石相互作用系统模型,仿真模型中岩石采用H-J-C动态本构,为考虑冲击载荷往复加载对岩石造成的损伤积累,在每次冲击后,对井底岩石进行强度修正。在此基础上,研究PGP-X井钻井参量及空气锤结构参量与冲击功及破岩比功的关系,探索冲击功、冲击末速度、钻压、冲击频率、转速、井深及岩性对破岩能效的影响。分析发现冲击功–破岩比功曲线具有界限明显的波动区与稳定区,由此得到空气冲旋钻井的临界冲击功及临界钻压;临界冲击功及临界钻压与井深和岩性密切相关,随着井深和岩石硬度增加,临界冲击功和临界钻压都有逐渐减小。通过以上研究,推荐了典型深部地层的临界冲击功、临界钻压、最佳转速与冲击频率组合,这些结果可以作为现场空气冲旋钻井实践的参考。     

单牙轮钻头井底切削仿真分析

单牙轮钻头在小井眼钻井中具有良好的经济效益，本文通过在单牙轮钻头上分别建立钻头坐标系，牙轮坐标系及牙齿坐标系，建立起单牙轮钻头井底切削仿真模型。用计算机绘制出反映单牙轮钻头结构参数和钻井参数的井底轨迹和井壁刮痕，对单牙轮钻头的设计和钻井参数选取具有重要意义。     

单牙轮钻头井底切削仿真分析

单牙轮钻头在小井眼钻井中具有良好的经济效益 ,本文通过在单牙轮钻头上分别建立钻头坐标系、牙轮坐标系及牙齿坐标系 ,建立起单牙轮钻头井底切削仿真模型。用计算机绘制出反映单牙轮钻头结构参数和钻井参数的井底轨迹和井壁刮痕 ,对单牙轮钻头的设计和钻井参数选取具有重要意义。     

气体钻井低温破岩机理分析

气体钻井有着较高的机械钻速在很大程度上归因于钻头水眼处的焦耳–汤姆森低温效应。这种效应对井底岩石产生了热冲击应力,使得井底岩石的强度降低,进而促进了机械破岩的作用。首先建立了非对称冷却条件下井底岩石的温度场的分布模型,并以此建立了井底岩石三维动态热应力分布模型,对气体钻井井底热冲击应力进行了深入的剖析。其次,通过莫尔–库仑准则,对岩石的黏聚力变化进行了分析,得出随着冷却时间的加长,岩石强度迅速降低,有利于岩石的破坏。最后,为验证理论模型,对砂岩岩样进行液氮冷却试验,并对其进行声波实时测量,声波的首波波幅也有明显的延迟,说明冷却处理对岩心内部结构产生了很大影响。     

振荡冲击器破岩机理数值模拟分析

为了揭示振荡冲击器作用下的井底岩石破碎机理,用数值模拟分析的方法,研究了不同参数对破岩效率的影响,包括不同工作频率、不同循环动载和不同岩石类型,并分别对其进行了定量分析。结果表明,井底岩石的破碎分为3个区域:破碎区,损伤区和无损区,在振荡冲击器的作用下,井底岩石的破碎过程分为3个阶段:钻头的中心齿压碎岩石,边齿对岩石造成破坏,钻头旋转切削破碎岩石。井底岩石的破碎效率随着振荡冲击器工作频率的变化而变化,当工具的工作频率为16 Hz时,破岩效率最高,振荡冲击器的破岩效率随着交变动载荷峰值的增加而不断增加,当其峰值载荷超过10 k N之后,破岩效率增加比较缓慢,振荡冲击器的破岩效率随着地层岩石硬度的变化而变化。这对振荡冲击器的现场应用具有十分重要的指导意义。     

基于SIMULINK的氮爆式液压冲压器系统仿真模型

本文以氮爆式冲击器系统的数学模型为基础，利用SIMULINK仿真环境构筑了此类冲击器的计算机仿真模型。通过将仿真结果与实测结果相比较，验证了模型的正确性。为进一步研究冲击器系统参数变化对其性能的影响提供了可靠的平台。     

气体钻井牙轮钻头井底流场特性分析

基于CFD技术,通过建立井底流场计算模型,运用数值模拟的手段,对气体钻井的三牙轮钻头井底流场进行了数值模拟,并分析了喷嘴侧倾角、前倾角和后倾角对井底流场的影响。结果表明:三喷嘴不同侧倾角设置比相同侧倾角设置更利于井底清岩;三喷嘴复合前倾角比复合后倾角的井底清岩能力更强,但对牙轮切削结构的清洗效果较差;在不改变气体排量的情况下,通过三喷嘴混合复合前倾角和后倾角的方式,可以在保证一个相对较好的井底清岩能力的情况下,提高射流对牙轮切削结构的清洗能力和环空的携岩能力。分析结果为气体钻井系列牙轮钻头的设计、评价以及现场气体钻井的技术措施提供了理论指导。     

井底牙轮钻头的钻速方程及现场应用

以岩石侵入理论为基础,在考虑井底压力的条件下,建立牙轮钻头的钻速模型。结果表明:在地层由软、中硬到硬地层过渡过程中,钻速方程能够解释不同破岩方式下牙轮钻头的机械钻速问题;随着刃尖角的增大,锥形齿和楔形齿的牙齿侵深都呈指数递减趋势;随着井眼内钻井液柱压力的增大,侵入深度呈指数递减趋势,其中锥形齿递减趋势大于楔形齿;模型理论钻速计算结果与实际钻速数据接近,最小欧式距离为25.8。     

专用反循环钻头试验装置及改进设计

为深入研究专用反循环钻头的反循环形成机理,研制了多个试验装置,通过大量室内试验为反循环钻头的结构和气体流道的优化设计提供了试验数据。首先介绍了具有代表性的2个试验装置的结构特点和测试功能,重点分析了它们在结构设计和试验内容方面存在的局限性。根据开发气体钻井用大直径反循环钻头的需要,在改进现有试验装置的基础上研制了"反循环钻头孔底流动模拟实验器",其流体通道结构与钻头在孔底实际工作时的情形基本相同,能够进行的试验内容更加全面。试验结果表明该实验器能够真实模拟反循环钻头孔底流体流动,对新型反循环钻头尤其是气体钻井用大直径反循环钻头的研发具有重要意义。     

微心PDC钻头心部结构优化的实验研究

在油气勘探中,需要在地层中进行岩石取样同时保证钻头的破岩效率和机械钻速,因此需要对微心PDC钻头心部结构进行优化。通过在不同尺寸的3种不同岩性(砂岩、灰岩和花岗岩)的岩心柱上完成静压、折断、冲击3种破坏形式的破岩实验,设计及制造一只直径为φ152.4 mm的可变参数的微心PDC钻头,并在不同尺寸的砂岩岩心柱上完成室内台架实验。实验结果表明:折断的破岩效率最高,静压其次、冲击最小;与全覆盖的钻头相比,微心PDC钻头机械钻速提高49%~112%;微心PDC钻头岩柱的高度对钻头的机械钻速影响较小,而岩柱的直径对机械钻速影响较大;微心PDC钻头在3种岩样中均能实现体积破碎,产生大岩屑,能提高破岩效率和机械钻速,并得到3种破岩方式下的最优岩心柱尺寸。     

Z-GP150型管棚钻机

介绍新开发的Z-GP150型管棚钻机的基本结构、主要技术参数、关键技术设计和系统配置等.凿岩系统为顶驱回转、后冲击(液动锤)加前冲击(潜孔冲击器)进行钻孔.可调节的水气同进系统,既能给前冲击(潜孔冲击器)提供动力,又能达到清孔、快速排渣,实现无尘作业.可回转的转盘机构与工作装置提高了对位效率和免开工作窗.可调的机身仰俯...     

高压水射流-机械齿联合破岩数值模拟研究

采用非线性动态有限元法,结合实际工况条件,建立了高压水射流–机械齿联合破岩的数值模型。研究了高压水射流破碎岩石过程,并提出了2个临界压力的概念。计算结果表明,联合破岩的破碎效率约为高压水射流和机械齿分别破岩之和的2倍,射流和齿的间距在13mm左右最佳。当射流压力足够高时增大转速有利于提高破岩效果;当钻压增加到一定值后,其对破岩效率影响不大;破岩效率与静水压力成反比。     

Investigation of active vibration drilling using acoustic emission and cutting size analysis

This paper describes an investigation of active bit vibration on the penetration mechanisms and bit-rock interaction for drilling with a diamond impregnated coring bit. A series of drill-off tests (DOTs) were conducted where the drilling rate-of-penetration (ROP) was measured at a series of step-wise increasing static bit thrusts or weight-on-bits (WOBs). Two active DOTs were conducted by applying 60 Hz axial vibration at the bit-rock interface using an electromagnetic vibrating table mounted underneath the drilling samples, and a passive DOT was conducted where the bit was allowed to vibrate naturally with lower amplitude due to the compliance of the drilling sample mountings. During drilling, an acoustic emission (AE) system was used to record the AE signals generated by the diamond cutter penetration and the cuttings were collected for grain size analysis. The instrumented drilling system recorded the dynamic motions of the bit-rock interface using a laser displacement sensor, a load cell, and an LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) recorded the dynamic WOB and the ROP, respectively. Calibration with the drilling system showed that rotary speed was approximately the same at any given WOB, facilitating comparison of the results at the same WOB. Analysis of the experimental results shows that the ROP of the bit at any given WOB increased with higher amplitude of axial bit-rock vibration, and the drill cuttings increased in size with a higher ROP. Spectral analysis of the AEs indicated that the higher ROP and larger cutting size were correlated with a higher AE energy and a lower AE frequency. This indicated that larger fractures were being created to generate larger cutting size. Overall, these results indicate that a greater magnitude of axial bit-rock vibration produces larger fractures and generates larger cuttings which, at the same rotary speed, results in a higher ROP.     

An analytical model for estimating rock strength parameters from small-scale drilling data

The small-scale drilling technique can be a fast and reliable method to estimate rock strength parameters. It needs to link the operational drilling parameters and strength properties of rock. The parameters such as bit geometry, bit movement, contact frictions and crushed zone affect the estimated parameters. An analytical model considering operational drilling data and effective parameters can be used for these purposes. In this research, an analytical model was developed based on limit equilibrium of forces in a T-shaped drag bit considering the effective parameters such as bit geometry, crushed zone and contact frictions in drilling process. Based on the model, a method was used to estimate rock strength parameters such as cohesion, internal friction angle and uniaxial compressive strength of different rock types from operational drilling data. Some drilling tests were conducted by a portable and powerful drilling machine which was developed for this work. The obtained results for strength properties of different rock types from the drilling experiments based on the proposed model are in good agreement with the results of standard tests. Experimental results show that the contact friction between the cutting face and rock is close to that between bit end wearing face and rock due to the same bit material. In this case, the strength parameters, especially internal friction angle and cohesion, are estimated only by using a blunt bit drilling data and the bit bluntness does not affect the estimated results.     

Drilling detritus and the operating parameters of thermally stable PDC core bits

A single rock type was drilled using two types of thermally stable polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) and an impregnated diamond core bit using a fully instrumented laboratory drilling rig at a fixed rotational speed, and over a range of weights on bit (WOB). Operating parameters of the bits such as WOB, rate of penetration (ROP), rotational speed (RPM), torque and drilling specific energy (SE) were continuously monitored during the drilling trials. The effects of these parameters on the performance of the bits were examined. Relations between the drilling variables are also described. At each set WOB for each bit, the drilling detritus were collected. The detritus sizes between 1180 and 53 microns were analysed using wet sieving and sub 53 micron was analysed using a Malvern particle size machine. Both data were combined to obtain a particle size distribution at set WOBs for each bit. The relations between the particle size of the drilling detritus and operating parameters, cutter size and wear of the PDC and impregnated diamond core bits, and original rock grain size were established. An increase in WOB, ROP, wear rates, pins or diamond size increased the drilling detritus size for the bits. No relation was found between the drilling detritus and the rock grain size due to the regrinding effect and the high proportion (> 30%) of matrix material in the rock.     

PDC钻头复合钻进破岩机理及个性化设计探讨

在复合钻进工况下,地面和井下马达的复合驱动虽能使PDC钻头的钻速能得到显著提升,但钻头寿命也会显著缩短。通过研究定向井、水平井下部钻柱的受力变形特性,建立了复合钻进下PDC钻头的运动学模型,研究了转速比、布齿位置、下部钻柱几何状态等对切削齿切削轨迹的影响规律。在此基础上,改进了PDC钻头破岩数字仿真系统,并利用该系统研究了PDC钻头在复合钻进工况下的运动学、切削力学规律以及井底形态特点。研究结果表明:除了高转速因素以外,复合钻进钻头破岩效率增高的主要原因在于PDC钻头切削齿的不平行刮切特性,以及螺杆弯角所导致的钻头牙齿的不均衡切削状态。针对PDC钻头在复合钻井条件下的破岩机理和失效特点,探讨了复合钻进PDC钻头个性化设计的技术思想和实施方法,为复合钻进条件下PDC钻头工作性能的改进提供了理论依据和技术手段。     

旋转钻井中岩石破碎能耗的分形分析

 通过旋转钻井中破碎岩石的能耗分析,应用分形岩石力学理论,从钻井过程中钻头破碎岩屑的粒度分布、能量耗散等角度,建立旋转钻井中钻头破碎岩石所需能量的分形描述模型,详细分析影响钻头破碎岩石能耗的因素。该模型显示出旋转钻井岩石破碎能耗不仅与钻压、转速等钻井参数关,还与地层岩石破碎体的尺度和粒度分布分形维数等因素有关。应用该模型不仅可以确定钻井过程中破碎岩石所需的能量,还可以反演计算,根据所需岩石的破碎能量优选钻进参数。将所建立的模型进行适当简化,可得到经典岩石破碎比功三大学说表达式,说明该模型具有一定的普遍性。