甲胺类制药废水放电等离子体处理的研究

采用介质阻挡放电来直接处理制药废水,设计了管式介质阻挡放电反应装置,研究了废液流量、放电电压、反应时间对甲胺、COD和BOD5去除率的影响,初步分析了主要有害物质降解过程。结果表明,该方法对甲胺、COD和BOD5的去除率均有较好的作用,提高了制药废水的可生化性,可作为该废水处理的生化预处理技术。     

工业废水处理技术进展

介绍对比了几种新型的工业废水处理技术；混凝沉淀法，吸会法，生物降解法和离子交换树脂法，指出应开发新的水处理工艺，以降低水处理费用。     

Comparison of biological reactors (biofilter,biotrickling filter and modified RBC) for treating dichloromethane vapors

BACKGROUND: Bioreactors used for waste gas and odor treatment have gained acceptance in recent years to treat volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Different types of bioreactors (biofilter, biotrickling filter and rotating biological reactor) have been used for waste gas treatment. Most studies reported in the literature have used one of these systems to treat several types of inorganic and organic gases either individually or in mixtures. Each of these reactors has some advantages and some limitations. Though biodegradation is the main process for the removal of pollutants, the mechanisms of removal and the microbial communities may differ among these bioreactors. Consequently their performance or removal efficiency may also be different. RESULTS: At low loading rate (<35 g m^?3 h^?1), all three bioreactors showed comparable removal efficiencies and elimination capacity, but at higher loading rates, rotating biological contactors (RBC) showed a better performance with higher removal efficiency (40–50%) than both the biofilter and biotrickling filter (20–40%). The biofilter showed a sharp drop in removal efficiency and elimination capacity at high loading rates. CONCLUSIONS: The modified RBC had no clogging problems and no increase in pressure drop when compared with the other bioreactors. It can thus handle pollutant load for a longer period of time. This is the first study attempting to compare the performance of three different bioreactors for removal of the same VOC under different conditions. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

东莞市污水深度净化回用技术的研究

在对污水进行水质全分析的基础上,将污水处理厂外排水进行吸附深度处理,重点消除污(废)水中残余污染物,特别是对以有机氯化合物为代表的难降解毒性持久性污染物实现安全性降解,使处理水能回用于不同目的。     

Laboratory bioremediation experiments with soil from a diesel-oil contaminated site—significant role of cold-adapted microorganisms and fertilizers

Laboratory bioremediation experiments were performed with soil from a diesel-oil contaminated waste disposal site; contamination was 5580 mg hydrocarbons per kg soil dry mass. The effects of incubation temperatures (10°C and 25°C), of the addition of an inorganic fertilizer at C: N ratios of 10:1 and 50:1, of the indigenous soil microorganisms and of a psychrotrophic and a mesophilic inoculum capable of degrading diesel-oil were investigated. The highest diesel-oil decontamination rates were 43% at 10°C and 55% at 25°C after 30 days. The biodegradation activity of the indigenous soil microorganisms was highly increased by the use of fertilizers. The diesel-oil degradation activity of the added inocula was highest when no fertilizer was present and was inhibited by nutrient supply. Abiotic processes did not contribute to diesel-oil elimination. ©1997 SCI     

粉煤灰对苯酚废水的处理研究

本实验在静态条件下研究了粉煤灰对含苯酚废水的处理.实验结果表明,在处理时间为50 min、粉煤灰用量为7.0 g、pH值为4.5左右时对100 mL浓度为20 mg/L的苯酚废水的处理效果最好.用粉煤灰处理含苯酚废水达到了"以废治废"的效果,有很好的应用前景.     

Biodegradation of slop wax by Bacillus species isolated from chronic crude oil contaminated soils

Slop wax waste by-product obtained through the lube oil manufacture was subjected to biotreatment using five isolated Bacillus species at 30 °C and various incubation periods, 7, 14 and 21 days. The results obtained from HPLC for the 15 samples showed that the aromatic contents decreased, especially, for that treated with Bacillus sp. MAM-27 which degrade PAHs faster at 1% (w/v) concentration of slop wax waste by-product and exhibited high biodegradation ability within 1 week. Bacillus sp. MAM-27 degraded 99.9% of PAHs, while Bacillus sp. MAM-24 degrades 99.8% of PAHs within 2 weeks and then the degradation ability is slightly increased afterwards. The gas chromatographic analysis of the samples before and after treatment with Bacillus spp. showed that, the aromatics, naphthenes and iso-alkanes were more degradable than saturated n-paraffins. Treatment by Bacillus sp. MAM-27 and Bacillus sp. MAM-24 can be an effective method for biodegradation of slop wax waste by-product leading to paraffin waxes match with plastic paraffin wax according to USSR 1121284 specifications.     

Biological purification of exhaust air containing toluene vapor in a filter-bed reactor

Experiments during a period of 93 days are reported on the treatment of waste air containing toluene vapor using a laboratory scale biofilter system packed with peat inoculated with specific florae (Pseudomonas type) and intermittently humidified with a nutrient solution necessary for the survival of the micro-organisms. Design and operation parameters were regularly measured in order to check the performance of the biodegradation process. Under pseudo-steady state conditions, a maximum elimination capacity of 70 g/m³.h was obtained for an inlet load of 190 g/m³.h. Elimination capacity data obtained agreed well with the predictions of two recognized zero order kinetic models. Also, the biofilm thickness as predicted from the Ottengraf and van den Oever model (1983) was around lmm.     

Chemische Methoden der Abwasser-Aufbereitung

Chemical methods of waste-water treatment. Chemical methods of waste management by oxidation can be considered for particular effluents whose constituents are degraded too slowly in conventional sewage treatment plants or which interfere with the biodegradation of other substances. Of these methods, those we have to choose from today are, in order of increasing operating temperature: oxidation with hydrogen peroxide – wet oxidation at high pressure – evaporation and combustion. None of these methods is fundamentally better than the others, i.e. none has a maximum ecological benefit coinciding with a minimum economic impact. Detailed experimental work is required to establish the limits and possibilities in each case and thus to form a basis for useful comparisons. Thermal processes are normally ruled out for low concentrations of degradable constituents in waste water because the specific energy costs per unit volume are too high; this is where hydrogen peroxide may offer advantages, especially when the proportion of these constituents fluctuates. With higher concentrations, wet oxidation can be employed; evaporation and combustion are suitable if there is also a high concentration of inorganic salts.     

生物埴料塔降解低浓度苯废气传质-反应特征(一)

对生物填料吸收塔不同时期的挂膜状况与填料塔操作压降的关系进行了实验测试,结果表明:填料层操作压降与填料表面挂膜状况有直接的关系,挂膜后期的操作压降是挂膜前期的15—20倍。本文对低浓度本废气的生物吸收机理进行了阐述和讨论。     

Decolorisation of aqueous dye solutions by low‐cost adsorbents: a review

Effluent generated by the textile industry can be highly coloured. Before the waste is disposed into receiving waters, colour removal is an important consideration. Because of their complex molecular structures, dyes present in the textile wastewater are not removed easily by conventional wastewater treatment processes. They are fairly stable to light, as well as heat, and resist biodegradation, thus posing a challenge to conventional physico‐chemical and biological treatment methods. Although adsorption technology using activated carbon has been considered to be an effective and proven technology, it has its limitations as it is expensive and necessitates regeneration. As cost is an important consideration in most developing countries, efforts have been made to explore the possibility of using various low‐cost alternatives that are biodegradable, abundant, readily available, and are derived from waste materials. This article is a compilation of the investigations carried out by numerous researchers (from 2002 onwards) on the effective use of different kinds of low‐cost adsorbents for the removal of specific dyes from textile wastewater.     

Biodegradation of nonionic ethoxylates

The biodegradation of alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE) is reviewed. Biodegradation test methods, ranging from laboratory tests to full-scale waste treatment plant studies are described for these surfactants. A comparison is made between primary and ultimate biodegradability criteria and the limitations of the various analytical methods used in these determinations are discussed. The most recently published data suggest sewage bacteria degrade AE by a mechanism which is different from that by which APE degrades. The use of radiolabeled surfactants to elicit more detailed information about the biodegradation mechanisms of AE is described. The role of biodegradation on the impact of surfactants released to the environment is assessed, and future environmental concerns for nonionics are considered.     

Ozonation of vinasse in acid and alkaline media

The production of ethanol by fermentation and subsequent distillation generates wastewater known as ‘vinasse’. This waste is highly polluting on account of its high organic load and antibacterial activity—which arises from the presence of phenolic compounds that reduce the efficiency of the detoxification treatments best suited to this type of waste (eg anaerobic digestion). This can be avoided by using a pre‐treatment based on a chemical oxidant (ozone) at an acid or alkaline pH. Ozonation in acid media provides more selective elimination of phenolic compounds and a more readily biodegradable waste (ie an increased BOD₅/COD ratio). Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

固定化微生物技术处理废水研究进展

对固定化微生物技术及其所用载体进行了介绍。综述了固定化微生物技术在国内外处理氨氮废水、含酚废水、降解芳香族类化合物以及其他有机废水处理中的研究与应用现状。指出了固定化微生物技术存在的问题，并提出了今后的研究方向。     

水处理用塑料生物膜载体改性研究进展

目前废水处理用塑料生物膜载体(或称塑料生物填料)在亲水性、生物亲和性和活性等方面尚存在不足,微生物挂膜性能有待提高。本文概述了从塑料填料表面和本体两方面改性的研究进展。同时结合笔者的研究课题,阐述了新型生物亲和亲水磁性填料的研究思路以及塑料生物填料改性的发展方向。     

含硝基苯、苯胺工艺废水的处理方法

含硝基苯、苯胺工艺废水毒性大稳定性强、生化性差,采用普通方法很难处理,本文采用铁碳预处理加生化处理工艺方法,达到排放标准。     

Deliberate biodegradation in a closed system cooling tower

A series of experiments was made on an experimental cooling tower with a 30 gpm circulation rate and with a feed of make-up water consisting of the mixed and settled effluents from an edible oil plant and a fatty acids distillation plant. Summer conditions were simulated by heating the circulating water to 105 F, thus permitting a 20 F temperature drop through the tower. Almost immediately some aerobic degradation of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was observed. It was suggested that the biota be fed by the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus while the pH was maintained at neutral. This increased the rate of biodegradation about fourfold, the tower leveling off with 6% blow-down relative to the rate of feed with BODs and CODs substantially equal to, or lower than, their level in this feed. Thus, overall biodegradation of 94% was realized, attributed to: (a) aeration in the tower; (b) high water temperature of 85 F ; (c) feeding of nitrogen; (d) feeding of phosphorus, and (e) pH adjustment. Similar results were obtained in tests on a larger cooling tower used for handling the total effluent water from the barometric system of a single edible oil batch deodorizer. All of the water was recirculated for a period of three months with no blow-down whatever. In this test the COD and BOD leveled off at about 1730 and 360 ppm respectively. The obvious benefits of a biological cooling tower are water conservation and elimination of waste treatment and disposal.     

催化氧化法治理制药废水的研究

本文研究了不同种类的催化剂对制药废水进行催化氧化处理时的工艺及影响因素。研究了pH值、反应时间、反应温度、氧化剂量等因素对COD去除率的影响,确定了处理废水的方法及适宜条件。结果表明：高锰酸钾和经过复合铁催化剂的催化效果最好,制药废水的COD值由23000mg·L^-1降至1620mg·L^-1（铁催化剂）、622mg·L^-1（高锰酸钾）,处理后的废水COD值≤5000mg·L^-1,经进一步生化处理可达国家三级排放标准,适合工业应用。     

Biodegradation of natural and synthetic estrogens in moving bed bioreactor

Estrogen hormones as a group of endocrine disruptive compounds(EDC) can interfere with endocrine system in humans and animals. The goal of this study was to investigate the elimination rate of Estrone(El), 17β-estradiol(E2) and 17α-ethinyl estradiol(EE2) in Moving Bed Bioreactor(MBBR). These analytes extracted by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction(DLLME) technique, followed by derivatization, and detected by GC/MS. Estrogen removal efficiency in MBBR improved at high solid retention times(SRTs), which notion is owing to development of nitrification. Estrogen specific removal rate was between 0.22-1.45 μg·(g VSS)~(-1)·d~(-1) for natural and synthetic hormones. The adsorption rate was 0.9%-3.2%, 0-1.3%, and 0.7%-5.7% for El, E2, and EE2, respectively. In addition, the biodegradation rates were more than 95% for these compounds. These results illustrated that in MBBR,the biodegradation and the adsorption to biomass are considered as two significant routes for elimination of estrogenic compounds. As a whole, the deterioration rate of estrogens enhanced by MBBR compared to other biological wastewater treatment processes such as conventional activated sludge.     

PAM-Na2S体系在废退锡水再生处理中的应用

提出了用PAM-Na2S简单功能高分子体系处理废退锡水的方法。使用该法可以较彻底地除去该废水中的铜、锡等主要杂质,对铜的去除率可达到98％以上,对锡可以达到近100％,并可以有效保留再生需要的酸度和部分铁含量。