不同橡木片对白酒陈酿过程中感官及微量组分的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱技术,测定不同产地和烘烤程度橡木片陈酿的清香型白酒中主要的健康性成分,并进行主成分分析和判别分析,并对感官进行品评。结果表明,橡木片的产地和烘烤程度对清香型白酒在陈酿过程中的健康成分及感官大多有显著或极显著的影响,其中乙缩醛,5-甲基糠醛,2,3-二甲基吡嗪,4-甲基愈创木酚,愈创木酚,4-丙基愈创木酚,4-乙基苯酚7种化合物受烘烤程度的影响更大。而反式橡木内酯受产地的影响较大。     

不同类型国产橡木制品对葡萄酒陈酿香气的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术,检测蒙古栎制成的橡木片和橡木板陈酿的葡萄酒中主要陈酿香气成分的变化。结果表明:在90 d的陈酿过程中,糠醛和5-甲基糠醛含量在陈酿10至20 d即可达到最高值,此后其含量快速减少;愈创木酚和甲基愈创木酚含量则在陈酿20 d达到最高值以后,基本保持不变;顺式和反式橡木内酯含量在整个陈酿过程中一直呈增加趋势;而香草醛含量在采用橡木片和橡木板陈酿的葡萄酒中,具有不同的变化趋势:橡木片陈酿的葡萄酒,香草醛含量在30d时即达到最高值,此后逐渐减少,而橡木板陈酿的葡萄酒,香草醛含量在90 d的陈酿过程中一直增加;乙基愈创木酚和乙基苯酚含量仅在陈酿30和60 d后才显著增加。橡木片和橡木板陈酿的葡萄酒之间,除乙基苯酚和乙基愈创木酚含量无显著差异外,糠醛、香草醛、愈创木酚和橡木内酯的含量均具有显著差异,表明橡木制品的类型对葡萄酒的陈酿香气具有重要影响。     

橡木制品对干红葡萄酒中橡木香气成分的影响研究

在酒精发酵过程中和发酵结束后两个阶段添加不同类型的橡木制品,研究橡木处理对干红葡萄酒中橡木香气成分和感官品质的影响。通过GC-MS对丁子香酚、愈创木酚、威士忌内酯、香草醛、5-甲基糠醛和糠醛6种橡木香气成分的分析,发现发酵过程中和发酵后添加法国中度烘烤橡木粉都可以获得含量较高的橡木香气成分,而发酵后添加国产中度烘烤橡木片较相同烘烤程度的法国和美国橡木片能获得含量更高的橡木香气成分。感官分析结果表明,在酒精发酵中添加橡木制品进行处理,酒体橡木香气与果香融合较好,香气协调;而在发酵结束后添加不同类型的橡木制品,添加美国中度烘烤橡木片和法国轻度烘烤橡木粉的葡萄酒香气较好;其他酒样酒体呈现的橡木味偏重、不协调。     

延庆产区“美乐”干红葡萄酒在不同橡木桶陈酿过程中的香气变化

为了分析不同类型橡木桶陈酿对“美乐”干红葡萄酒香气构成的影响,该研究以2013年产自延庆（北京）的“美乐”干红葡萄酒在不同种、产地、烘烤度的6种橡木桶中分别陈酿不同时间（0、3、9、12个月）,采用顶空固相微萃取（SPME）和液液萃取（LLE）结合气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术,对其香气物质进行分析。结果表明：橡木板材品种和产地主要影响酚醛类物质和愈创木酚、4-甲基愈创木酚、紫丁香酚、4-甲基紫丁香酚等挥发性酚类物质浓度。橡木板材烘烤度主要影响呋喃类和大部分挥发性酚类物质。与轻度烘烤的板材相比,陈酿结束后酚醛类物质的总浓度在中度烘烤的板材中可提高9 520 μg/L以上。不同橡木桶陈酿处理的样品中,来源于葡萄果实和发酵过程中产生的香气物质成分相似,而与橡木桶陈酿有关的部分香气物质则能用于辨别不同橡木桶的类型。香气值（OAV）分析发现,花香、焦糖、化学、烘烤和烟熏等香气主要受橡木桶烘烤度影响,而用于区别不同橡木种和产地的香气则为橡木、烟熏和皮革等。本研究可为干红葡萄酒陈酿过程中橡木桶的选择和使用提供一定理论依据。     

橡木片处理对红葡萄酒关键橡木香气的影响

将世界不同产地的无焙烤和中度焙烤的橡木片加入经过苹果酸乳酸发酵的红葡萄酒中进行陈酿,在陈酿过程中每隔5 d取样进行液液萃取并进行GC-MS分析,对葡萄酒样中9种关键的橡木香气成分的含量以及变化情况进行了研究。结果表明,未经处理的红葡萄酒中检测出了微量的橡木香气成分。无焙烤橡木片处理的红葡萄酒中美国样品含有最多的橡木内酯,焙烤样品的糠醛、5-甲基糠醛、愈创木酚、丁香酚、异丁香酚和香兰醛含量相对无焙烤样品有很大的提升,橡木内质含量则不同程度的降低。试验表明无焙烤国产橡木片的香气成分明显低于美国和法国橡木,但中度焙烤国产橡木片表现了比较好的性能,甚至在某些香气成分的含量上高于欧美橡木片。     

沙城产区橡木桶陈酿赤霞珠葡萄酒中橡木香气成分的研究

采用项空-固相微革取和气质联用选择离子扫描技术定量分析了沙城产区经橡木捅陈酿的赤霞珠葡萄酒中的橡木香气成分为:顺-威士忌内酯、反-威士忌内醋、香兰素、丁香酚、愈创木酚和4-甲基愈创木酚.结果表明,香兰素是含量最高的橡木香气成分;顺-威士忌内醋具有最高的香气活性值.顺-威士忌内醋、丁香酚、香兰素、愈创木酚和反-威士忌内酣的浓度均高于其感官阈值,是葡萄酒中重要的橡木香气成分.     

添加葡萄籽单宁对橡木桶陈酿‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒香气的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法和感官分析排序法,研究橡木桶陈酿前添加葡萄籽单宁（200 mg/L）对陈酿12 个月后‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒香气组分和感官特征的影响。结果表明：添加葡萄籽单宁对2 个品种葡萄酒香气的影响各异。葡萄籽单宁添加促进了橡木桶陈酿期间‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒中香草酸、香草醛、香草酸乙酯、糠醛、乙酰呋喃和糠醇等橡木来源香气物质的浸出,而抑制‘马瑟兰’干红葡萄酒中糠醛、乙酰呋喃、糠醇、5-甲基糠醛和5-羟甲基糠醛等橡木来源香气物质的浸出。添加葡萄籽单宁后,‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒的生青味和浆果香降低,烘烤味增强,‘马瑟兰’葡萄酒的生青味和花香略有增强,对陈酿型干红葡萄酒的生产具有重要指导作用。     

不同橡木片浸渍对冰葡萄酒香气成分的影响

本实验以威代尔冰葡萄酒为研究对象,使用不同产地(法国橡木、美国橡木)和不同烘烤程度(轻度、中度和重度)的橡木片低温浸渍陈酿3个月,利用液-液萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对不同陈酿方式的冰葡萄酒香气成分进行了定性定量分析。结果表明,提取并有效分离到66种化合物,通过NIST05标准谱库检索,结合现有报告中冰酒的主要挥发性物质,定量检测出23种不同的香气成分。不同橡木片浸渍冰葡萄酒的香气成分在种类和含量上存在着一定的差异,从而构成了不同陈酿方式冰葡萄酒独特的香气及风格。     

橡木桶与葡萄酒

橡木桶的使用推动了葡萄酒酿造技术的发展和葡萄酒质量的提高。按橡木桶内部烘烤程度，橡木桶分为微烤橡木桶、中火烘烤橡木桶和强烤橡木桶。用橡木桶发酵和贮存葡萄酒过程中，橡木内酯、丁子香酚、香草醛、单宁等成分溶入葡萄酒中，可增加葡萄酒的香味成分和提高酒的稳定性。     

不同陈酿时间下郫县豆瓣挥发性风味化合物及标志性风味成分解析

以不同陈酿时间下郫县豆瓣为研究对象,测试了其氨基酸态氮、总酸和色度值。采用GC-MS测定了豆瓣样品的挥发性化合物种类和含量,并分析其挥发性风味化合物及其香气构成。在此基础上,利用偏最小二乘判别分析确定了不同陈酿时间下郫县豆瓣的标志性风味成分。随着陈酿时间的延长,郫县豆瓣的氨基酸态氮和总酸含量均逐渐增加,色度由红棕色逐渐变为暗褐色,且其挥发性化合物种类增多。癸酸甲酯、3-甲基丁醇、芳樟醇和苯乙醛是郫县豆瓣的主要挥发性风味化合物,赋予其花果香、油脂香和蜂蜜香。陈酿3～12个月的郫县豆瓣的标志性风味成分为辛酸乙酯和4-乙基-愈创木酚,而陈酿29～36个月的豆瓣为反式-壬烯醛。     

Influence of Oak Chips Geographical Origin,Toast Level,Dosage and Aging Time on Volatile Compounds of Apple Cider

The effects of different geographical origin, levels of toasting, dosage and the aging time of oak chips on volatile compounds released into ciders were studied. The oak chips tested were the same size and with three different toast levels (light, medium and heavy) from French, American and Chinese oak. The oak wood chips were immersed in identical ciders. Higher alcohols, acids and esters were determined by headspace (HS)–solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography (GC)–mass spectrometry (MS), while oak‐related aroma compounds including trans‐and cis‐oak lactones, guaiacol, 4‐methylguaiacol, furfural, 5‐methylfurfural, vanillin, eugenol and isoeugenol, were determined by liquid‐liquid extraction by means of ultrasound and GC/MS selective ion monitoring (SIM). The results showed that there was little difference between the oak‐related volatile compositions of ciders aged with French oak chips and those aged with American oak chips, but that there were obvious differences with Chinese oak chips. It was observed that oak chips, at medium toasting levels, released the highest concentrations of volatile components into the ciders. Most of the oak‐related volatile aroma compounds extracted had an increase that depended on the oak chip dosage with the exception of guaiacol and furfural.     

Volatile composition and sensory characteristics of Chardonnay wines treated with American and Hungarian oak chips

Toasted or non-toasted chips of oak woods of different geographical provenances were macerated in Chardonnay wines (4 g/l) during a period of 25 days. Oak lactones were detected in significant quantities in wines treated with American oak. Only trace amounts of oak lactones were detected in the wines treated with Hungarian oak. Toasting of the oaks increased the quantities of the compounds derived from the thermal degradation of lignin: vanillin, eugenol, guaiacol and its derivatives and the pyrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose: furfural and 5-methyl furfural, and decreased the concentrations of the two isomers of oak lactones. The concentrations of the majority of the volatile compounds did not present statistically significant differences between 15 and 25 days. However, the wines preferred by the tasters and with maximum intensity of the sensory attributes acquired were those treated with oak chips for 25 days. Chemical and sensorial analyses of wines revealed that the effect of the toasting of oak chips on wine characteristics was greater than the type of oak used. All wines studied were positively evaluated by the panellists.     

Artificial aging of Uva di Troia and Primitivo wines using oak chips inoculated with Penicillium purpurogenum

BACKGROUND: Two red wines (Primitivo and Uva di Troia) treated with oak chips inoculated with Penicillium purpurogenum were analysed in order to assess their contents of furfural, cis‐β‐methyl‐γ‐octalactone, syringol, eugenol, vanillin and 4‐vinylguaiacol. Two different sizes of oak chips (small and big, of length 2 and 8 mm respectively) and two different degrees of toasting (low and high) were used in the study. Aroma compounds were analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine differences among samples after 15 days of chip contact time. RESULTS: Big oak chips inoculated with P. purpurogenum increased the level of 4‐vinylguaiacol, while small oak chips inoculated with P. purpurogenum, in some conditions, increased the level of eugenol. Chip size and degree of toasting also played an important role in the content of eugenol. CONCLUSION: The use of oak chips inoculated with mould might be a promising alternative to barrel aging. Moreover, different fungal inocula could contribute to the enrichment of wine with specific compounds (e.g. 4‐vinylguaiacol and eugenol). Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

外源可发酵糖对葡萄酒挥发性化合物的影响

通过气相色谱-质谱法对4 种外源可发酵糖葡萄酒中的挥发性化合物进行定性定量分析。结果表明：添加外源可发酵糖,影响葡萄酒挥发性物质的特征;添加麦芽糖,葡萄酒中醇类、酮类、酸类、醛类、酚类和萜烯类的含量较高,酯类含量较低,而醇类和酯类的总含量在添加果糖和葡萄糖的条件下达到最大值。通过计算挥发性物质的香气活性值,确定20 种挥发性化合物为葡萄酒的关键香气物质。主成分分析和感官分析显示添加不同可发酵糖发酵葡萄酒的关键香气物质有显著差别,添加葡萄糖改善了葡萄酒的植物香和果香,风味强度最大,添加果糖和蔗糖改善了葡萄酒的青草香、花香、甜香和果香,添加麦芽糖改善了葡萄酒的花香、酯香、果香和甜香。     

Use of microfungi in the treatment of oak chips: possible effects on wine

BACKGROUND: Oak barrels are commonly used in the aging of wines and spirits because of their positive effects on the product. In recent years the addition of oak chips has been used to introduce desirable wood aromas and flavours into wines. In this study, oak chips in saline solution or laboratory medium were inoculated with Penicillium purpurogenum, Aureobasidium pullulans, Phialemonium obovatum, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and a combination of Ph. chrysosporium and A. pullulans. After 12 weeks of incubation, oak chips (2 g L^?1) were macerated in a red wine for 17 days. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high‐performance liquid chromatography were used to evaluate 14 compounds, namely furfural, furfuryl alcohol, guaiacol, syringol, cis‐β‐methyl‐γ‐octalactone, 2‐phenylethanol, 4‐vinylguaiacol, benzyl alcohol, 2,3‐butanediol, γ‐butyrolactone, benzaldehyde, 4‐ethylguaiacol, gallic acid and ellagic acid. RESULTS: The microfungal treatments increased the concentration of some components. In particular, P. purpurogenum resulted in a significant improvement in the levels of guaiacol, furfural, syringol, furfuryl alcohol and 2‐phenylethanol. CONCLUSION: Penicillium purpurogenum and Ph. chrysosporium showed a constant trend (enrichment of furfural and benzaldehyde) independent to some extent of the medium used for chip treatment. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

气质联用测定分析橡木片对蓝莓果酒香气的影响

利用顶空固相微萃取（SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术分析橡木片的添加对蓝莓果酒中主要香气物质的影响。结果表明：通过GC-MS检测两种果酒,未添加橡木片的蓝莓果酒中共检测到26种挥发性物质,其中醇类3种,酯类17种,其他6种（包括醛类、酸类、酮类）;而添加了橡木片的蓝莓果酒共检测到29种挥发性物质,其中醇类4种,酯类18种,其他7种（包括醛类、酸类、酮类）。结果表明,添加橡木片的蓝莓果酒获得了更多的香气物质如辛酸乙酯、顺-1,3-二甲基环戊烷、3-甲基丁酸乙酯等,使得添加橡木片的蓝莓果酒香气也更加浓郁,提高了蓝莓果酒的品质。     

Statistical differentiation of wines of different geographic origin and aged in barrel according to some volatile components and ethylphenols

The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of wine composition and geographical origin on the accumulation of volatile compounds in barrel-aged wines. Therefore, 267 wines belonging to different origin appellations were analysed. In order to analyse the data, a multivariate statistical technique was applied, that can be quite useful in creating an overall view of the problem in which multiple variables are analysed. Statistical analysis gave four significant factors, accounting for 84.12% of the variance. These factors summarise the information of a group of variables closely correlated to each other. Factor 1 grouped together oak lactones and eugenol, so it was associated with oak barrel type and with toasting of barrels. Factor 2 was associated with ethylphenols, related to wine quality diminution. Factor 3 grouped together guaiacol, furfural, and 5-methylfurfural, and was thus associated with wood thermal degradation; factor 4 was associated with the cis/trans ratio, related to oak origin. Whereas geographical origin of wines affected the accumulation of volatile compounds, the cis/trans ratio was only affected by oak barrel type. Among the tested parameters, alcoholic degree was the enological parameter that had the greatest effect on the accumulation of volatile compounds in wines. Oak lactones were the compounds that were present in all wines, so they could be used as oak ageing indicators.