基于空间谱和支持向量回归机的间谐波分析

针对电力系统中存在的间谐波问题，提出一种结合参数法和非参数法特点的间谐波频谱分析算法。首先，为了应用空间谱分析需要将电网信号变换为空域信号;然后应用盖氏圆盘估计协助求根多重信号分析算法准确估计信号源数及其频率;最后由稳健支持向量回归机计算幅值和相角。获得准确频率信息后，支持向量回归机计算的频率范围变成已知的有限频率点，计算量降到最低，并且此算法无需同步采样和过长的采样数据。通过仿真和实例检测，验证了该方法的有效性。     

同步相量测量的若干关键问题

首先，阐述了非额定频率下相量的定义以及数据再同步对相量时标的要求。然后，结合数据再同步的需求分析了频率自适应采样方法在高密度的相量同步情况下的局限性；推导出一种在定间隔采样基础上能够有效消除非额定频率下离散傅里叶变换（DFT）算法产生的频率泄漏影响的相量校正算法。提出一种测试绝对相角测量精度的试验方法，并按照该方法验证了采用所提出的相量校正算法的相量测量单元（PMU）的相角测量精度。最后，通过仿真分析了基于DFT的相量算法的动态特性及其在暂态稳定控制中的适用范围。     

基于DFT的电力系统相量及功率测量新算法

随着全球定位系统(GPS)的全面民用化以及通信技术的发展，电力系统实时相量测量技术日益受到关注。传统的基于离散傅里叶变换（DFT）的频率跟踪算法对相角误差的考虑不全面，从而其频率、相角、幅值等计算结果也不够准确。文中对DFT在非同步采样情况下的误差产生机理进行了全面分析，给出了非同步采样情况下DFT相角计算结果的精确误差表达式，基于该相角误差公式，提出了一种新的基于DFT的电力系统相量测量算法。与传统算法相比，该算法具有精确度高、可以自适应地抑制谐波干扰、计算量不大等优点，并用算例验证了这些优点。此外，还给出了实用的利用传统DFT方法计算功率的误差估计公式。     

混合遗传算法在电力参数测量中的应用

现有电力参数测量方法往往只针对一个误差因素，当系统采样数据同时受多个误差影响时，难以得到准确结果。针对这一问题，建立了电力参数极值优化模型，同时对衰减直流分量、非同步采样及谐波等多个误差参数加以精确表示，利用混合遗传算法（HGA）对该模型进行求解，可得到准确的系统幅值、相位、频率及谐波等电力参数。针对普通遗传算法（GA）收敛慢和经典迭代法初始点敏感问题，HGA将GA算子与混合拟牛顿算子结合起来，由GA算子进行解空间全局搜索，混合算子进行强局部搜索，可实现无需指定初值的电力参数快速求解。仿真实验表明，该方法能有效提高参数测量的运行效率和计算精度。     

采用SVC抑制次同步谐振的机理分析

针对采用静止无功补偿器（SVC）抑制次同步谐振（SSR）的核心问题，即如何提供与扭振模态频率互补的电流分量问题，提出了SVC基波电纳次同步调制的控制机理和数学模型。分析表明:对SVC基波电纳参考值进行次同步频率调制，可控制其输出大小和相位适当的模态互补频率电流，进而在机组中产生对应模态的阻尼扭矩，达到抑制SSR的目的。这一控制机理同时会导致SVC输出超同步和复杂分数次谐波分量。基于详细电力电子电路的非线性电磁仿真和实际SVC设备试验均验证了控制机理和数学模型的有效性和正确性，进一步将所提出的控制机理应用于锦界电厂串补输电系统的SSR问题，数值仿真结果证实了其有效性。     

一种同步时标可自由设定的新型相量测量装置

提出一种同步时标可自由设定的新型广域电网相量测量装置（PMU），它由频率自适应等间隔采样模块、同步时标形成模块和核心微处理器模块等构成。通过硬件电路与计算软件的合理分工与协调配合，实现了相量同步测量装置中“时间同步”与“频率同步”的解耦处理，从而装置能够根据自由设定的同步时标与时标同步方式，自动定位截取整周期采样数据（无频谱泄漏）进行高精度离散傅里叶变换（DFT）相量计算，并通过简单的方法对截取DFT数据窗时造成的时标同步偏移量进而计算相量的相角偏差量进行高精度线性修正。同时对同步时标位于DFT数据窗首、     

考虑谐波污染时用户电量的计量

摘要： 在电力市场条件下，电能计量中考虑用户谐波对电网的影响和电网背景谐波对用户的影响是必然的。文中通过对公共连接点（PCC）谐波电能性质的分析，提出了有无谐波情况下均可按照用户与电网的PCC的基波电能进行电力用户电量计费的统一计量方法。理论分析和现场实测结果表明，考虑到电网谐波能耗时，所有电力用户的计费电量应是该用户从电网吸收的基波电能量，而不应是用户实际消耗的电能量。     

单相电路瞬时谐波及无功电流实时检测新方法

为了解决单相电路瞬时谐波及无功电流检测方法算法复杂的问题，对单相电网电流进行了分解，并提出了一种新的单相电路瞬时谐波及无功电流的检测方法。该方法采用与电网电压同频的单位正余弦信号分别与电网电流直接相乘，并经低通滤波后得到电网电流中的瞬时基波有功电流及瞬时基波无功电流，进而得到瞬时谐波电流。对检测方法中锁相环的作用进行了详细的理论分析，指出了其可以省略而简化算法的条件。仿真和实验证明该方法能实时准确地检测出单相电路中瞬时谐波及无功电流，且算法易于实现。     

基于时间同步技术的新型远方终端单元设计

传统远方终端单元（RTU）的非同步测量和数据传输延时是电力系统数据采集与监视控制（SCADA）系统数据误差的主要来源。提出了一种基于全球定位系统（GPS）和以太网时间同步技术的同步化RTU，以更低的成本实现类似于相量测量单元（PMU）的同步测量和数据快速回传。硬件主要由数据调理和采样电路、本地人机接口（MMI）、同步采样控制电路和以太网通信电路等部分构成。通过时钟同步、同步采样和同步时标处理等环节，同步测量单元（SMU）能够给上位机数据库提供高精度带时标的数据。设计兼顾了同步测量能力和成本，以便在系统中广泛配置。     

并联型直流有源电力滤波器的控制系统设计

并联型直流有源电力滤波器可以有效抑制高压直流输电线路谐波，但该滤波器对其控制系统的性能要求也较高。文中采用输电电流高增益反馈控制方法作为控制策略，并依此方法确定了各项设计参数。同时，针对该控制方法的要求基于数字信号处理器（DSP）和现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）设计了一套控制器装置。该装置通过锁相环实现了同步采样和控制。该方法既提高了谐波检测准确度，又能使数字滤波处理的通带频率自动跟踪系统频率变化。该装置实现了一种具有较小相移的脉宽调制模块，保证了谐波抑制性能和滤波系统的稳定。基于该控制系统的样机实验获得了良好的谐波抑制效果。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。