关于浮升力增强锅炉系统中湍流换热的研究

在锅炉系统中会遇到流体在一个表面加热,而另一个表面近似绝热的环形通道的湍流混合对流。这一问题中由于有浮升力的存在,使湍流换热被强化,从而使能源的利用率提高了。本文应用Fortran程序对锅炉内浮升力增强换热这一问题进行了数值模拟求解。     

湍流普朗特数模型对水平圆管内sCO2传热预测的影响

基于SST k-ω湍流模型系统探究了典型湍流普朗特数模型对水平圆管内超临界二氧化碳传热数值模拟的影响,并通过与实验数据的对比,分析不同湍流普朗特数模型的预测能力。结果表明：在弱浮升力效应下,定常湍流普朗特数(Pr_t=0.85)模型具有较可靠的预测能力,预测的壁温最大偏差小于5 K;但在强浮升力效应下,Pr_t=0.85时计算出现较大偏差,而引入的现有典型变湍流普朗特数修正模型改善效果不佳。经深层次分析发现,湍流普朗特数模型对超临界二氧化碳流动传热边界层的影响显著,从而决定湍流传热性能。     

水平方管底面加热熔盐混合对流模拟研究

利用数值模拟方法研究熔融盐在底面加热水平方管内的混合对流传热过程,分析熔融盐混合对流的流动和传热特性等。得到了沿流动方向各横截面处的温度、速度分布图及流线图,并对传热特性以及Nu数的变化规律进行探讨。结果表明,在高热流密度情况下非均匀加热壁面时,浮升力效应使主流核心区的形状随流动距离的增加而发生变化;在通道横截面上形成对称的二次涡流;局部Nux数在相同热流密度下随Re数的增加而增大;在Re数相同数时Nux数会随着Ri数的增加而增加;数值模拟点与湍流混合对流传热关联式的吻合度较高,其偏差在±15%以内。     

工况参数对X型桁架阵列通道流动与 传热性能影响的数值研究

针对不同工况参数下桁架阵列通道冷却性能优劣的问题，采用数值方法模拟了 X型桁架阵列通道内 的流动与传热特性，分析了不同？诺数下人口湍流度和壁面热流密度对D型桁架阵列通道流动与传热性能 的影响规律。结果表明:人口湍流度从5%增大到15%时，通道摩擦系数增大了 1.69% ~3.23%，通道平均努 塞尔数提高了 2.47% ~2.57% ;壁面热流密度从3 000 W ? m-2增大到10 000 W ?m-2 时，通道摩擦系数增大 了 3.39% ~6.45%，通道平均努塞尔数降低了 11.14% ~17.44%。随着？诺数的增大，人口湍流度和壁面热 流密度对通道流动与传热性能的影响程度都有所减弱。增大人口湍流度可以较小幅度地提升通道的综合热 力性能，增大壁面热流密度则会降低通道的综合热力性能。     

常压下狭缝流动沸腾传热的研究

以蒸馏水为工质，在常压下，对间隙为1mm的环形狭缝通道中的流动传热进行了实验研究。分别将狭缝通道中的单相强制对流和过冷沸腾的实验数据与传统的Dittus-Boelter型关系式的计算结果进行了比较。通过分析狭缝通道中流动沸腾的传热特性认为，过冷沸腾传热比单相强制对流传热加强；质量流速对狭缝通道中的流动沸腾传热有较大影响。     

狭缝中流动沸腾传热过冷沸腾起始点的实验研究

以间隙为1．0mm和1．5mm的环形狭缝通道中流动沸腾传热的实验数据为基础，分析了影响过冷沸腾起始点热负荷的主要因素，给出了计算环形狭缝通道中流动沸腾传热过冷沸腾起始点的经验关联式，并将计算结果与实验值进行了比较。该关联式可以用来预测实验范围内的过冷沸腾起始点的热负荷。     

超临界R134a在ORC系统中的换热特性分析

采用有限元分析软件FLUENT对超临界有机朗肯循环系统中的换热器进行数值分析,进而对其进行设计和优化。超临界R134a在长为2 100 mm,直径为4 mm的光管换热器中分别进行向上流动和向下流动。换热边界条件是定热流密度,流体的进口压力P为4.5 MPa,进口温度Tin为349 K。分别探究热流密度q、质量流量G、热流质量比q/G和浮升力对传热特性的影响。采用无量纲数Bo来预判浮升力对传热的影响。虽然Morky的工作流体不是超临界R134a,但他们的经验公式也能用来更好地预测超临界R134a在光管中向上流动的传热特性。     

室内空气对流的特征与数值模拟

采用雷诺平均的Navier-Stokes方程和K-ε湍流模型,数值模拟了在温度梯度和浓度梯度作用下的房间空气对流结构。通过改变浮升力比Grc/GrT及自然对流与强迫对流强度比Gr/Re^2值的大小,分析了浓度浮升力方向及其大小和Gr/Re^2值对空气流态的影响。结果表明,当Grc/GrT改变时,热和污染源壁面附近的流体流动状态和热边界层厚度发生了改变;随着Gr/Re^2的增大,室内空气流型由机械通风主导逐步变化到自然通风主导。     

板式扩散焊矩形微通道换热器中S-CO2流动与传热特性的数值模拟

基于加工工艺便捷高效的板式扩散焊矩形微通道换热器,建立了以冷热直通道换热单元为研究对象的数学物理模型,研究了超临界二氧化碳(S-CO₂)在不同边界条件和通道结构下的流动与传热特性。结果表明：随着雷诺数(Re)的增大,冷热直通道内的湍流增强,传热性能得到提升,流动摩擦阻力系数减小;与无格栅时矩形通道相比,格栅水平设置在矩形通道两侧时的扰流效果和传热性能最优,综合传热增强因子(PEC)相对最高,但与半圆形直通道相比其PEC仍有待进一步提高。     

紧凑管式和板翅式热交换器

本文提出了一种在管式和板翅式热交换器中通过流动的人为紊流化而提高传热的高效方法.开发了不同形状的换热面和它们的生产.找出了各种断面形状之通道的传热增加与通道内流动阻力增加的相应关系.所得结果与壁面不连续的、流动素流化的相同尺寸的光滑通道进行了比较.使用所提出的换热面可使热交换器的体积减小为原来的2/3到1/2,薄膜沸腾的传热增加3到8倍、表面沸腾的传热增加1.4倍,在环形凹槽的管子外表面凝结时,传热可增加2到3.4倍,并且可以减少盐类在管子内外表面的沉积.     

The study of buoyancy influence on mean flow and heat transfer under conditions of mixed convection in annular channels

Laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) measurements are reported on mean flow and turbulence in water as it flows downwards through a long vertical passage of annular cross‐section having an inner surface which can be uniformly heated and an outer one which is adiabatic. Under buoyancy‐opposed conditions, which can be achieved by heating the core and operating at a reduced mass flow rate, the flow near the inner surface is retarded, turbulent velocity fluctuations and turbulent shear stress are increased and the effectiveness of heat transfer is enhanced. When the influence of buoyancy is very strong, flow reversal occurs near the inner surface. Under such conditions, turbulence is produced very readily and the heat transfer process remains very effective, even when the Reynolds number is reduced to values at which the flow is laminar in the absence of heating. The measurements of turbulence in buoyancy‐opposed flow made in this study provide direct confirmation of the validity of the ideas currently used to explain the influences of buoyancy on mixed convection in vertical passages. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 34(1): 9–17, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20041     

CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER IN A RADIALLY ROTATING COOLANT PASSAGE

The three-dimensional flow field and heat transfer in a radially rotating coolant passage are studied numerically. The passage chosen has a square cross section with smooth isothermal walls of finite length. The axis of rotation is normal to the flow direction with the flow radially outward. The effects of Coriolis forces, centrifugal buoyancy, and fluid Reynolds number on the flow and heat transfer have all been considered. The analysis has been performed by using a fully elliptic, three-dimensional, body-fitted computational fluid dynamics code based on pressure correction techniques. The numerical technique employs a multigrid iterative solution procedure and the standard κ ? ε turbulence model for both the hydrodynamics and heat transfer. The effect of rotation is included by considering the governing equations of motion in a relative frame of reference that moves with the passage. The consequence of rotation is to bring higher velocity fluid from the core to the trailing surface, thereby increasing both the friction and heat transfer at this face. At the same time, the heat transfer is predicted to decrease along the leading surface. The effect of buoyancy is to increase the radial velocity of the fluid, thus generally increasing the heat transfer along both the leading and trailing surfaces. These effects and trends that have been predicted are in agreement with experimental heat transfer data available in the literature [1,2]. The quantitative agreement with the data was also found to be quite satisfactory.     

Hydromagnetic mixed convection stagnation flow with suction and blowing

This paper deals with steady, two-dimensional, mixed convection flow of an electrically-conducting and heat-absorbing fluid near a stagnation point on a semi-infinite vertical permeable surface at arbitrary surface heat flux variations in the presence of a magnetic field. Similarity equations are derived and solved numerically by an implicit and accurate finite-difference method. Graphical solutions for the local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are presented and discussed for various parametric conditions. These results are presented to illustrate the influence of the Hartmann number, wall mass transfer coefficient, heat absorption coefficient, Prandtl number and the mixed convection or buoyancy parameter.     

Natural Convection in a Differentially Heated Cavity with Parallel Heat-Generating Baffles

Natural convection in a horizontal differentially heated square cavity containing two vertical heat generating baffles is studied numerically. The baffles are assumed to generate heat uniformly at the same or different rates. Asymptotic steady-state results for the vorticity–stream function formulation are presented in the form of streamline and isotherm plots. The fluid flow, heat transfer, and average Nusselt number are investigated for different heat generation ratios and spacing between the baffles. Convection within the cavity gets augmented for increasing values of heat generation ratio. When the two baffles are located very near the cavity walls, an increase in heat generation ratio induces a strong buoyancy convective flow. When they are very close to each other an increase in heat generation ratio strengthens the innermost cell around the baffles, which in turn drives the global flow at a faster rate through a pair of intermediate inner cells. It is found that the blocking effect of the baffles strongly depends on heat generation ratio and spacing between the baffles. The heat transfer rate varies nonlinearly against spacing between the baffles, and the possible physical reason is given.     

Fully developed natural convection heat and mass transfer in a vertical annular porous medium with asymmetric wall temperatures and concentrations

This work examines the effects of the modified Darcy number, the buoyancy ratio and the inner radius-gap ratio on the fully developed natural convection heat and mass transfer in a vertical annular non-Darcy porous medium with asymmetric wall temperatures and concentrations. The exact solutions for the important characteristics of fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer are derived by using a non-Darcy flow model. The modified Darcy number is related to the flow resistance of the porous matrix. For the free convection heat and mass transfer in an annular duct filled with porous media, increasing the modified Darcy number tends to increase the volume flow rate, total heat rate added to the fluid, and the total species rate added to the fluid. Moreover, an increase in the buoyancy ratio or in the inner radius-gap ratio leads to an increase in the volume flow rate, the total heat rate added to the fluid, and the total species rate added to the fluid.     

Experimental and numerical study of convection heat transfer of CO2 at super-critical pressures during cooling in small vertical tube

Convection heat transfer of CO₂ at super-critical pressures during cooling in a vertical small tube with inner diameter of 2.00 mm was investigated experimentally and numerically. The local heat transfer coefficients were determined through a combination of experimental measurements and numerical simulations. This study investigated the effects of pressure, cooling water mass flow rate, CO₂ mass flow rate, CO₂ inlet temperature, flow direction, properties variation and buoyancy on convection heat transfer in small tube. The results show that the local heat transfer coefficients vary significantly along the tube when the CO₂ bulk temperatures are in the near-critical region. The increase of specific heat and turbulence kinetic energy due to the density variation leads to the increase of the local heat transfer coefficients for upward flow. The buoyancy effect induced by density variation leads to a different variation trend of the local heat transfer coefficients along the tube for upward and downward flows. The numerical simulations were conducted using several k–ε turbulence models including the RNG k–ε model with a two-layer near wall treatment and three low-Reynolds number eddy viscosity turbulence models. The simulations using the low-Reynolds number k–ε model due to Yang–Shih has been found to be able to reproduce the general features exhibited in the experiments, although with a relatively large overestimation of measured wall temperatures. A better understanding of the mechanism of properties variation and buoyancy effects on convection heat transfer of CO₂ at super-critical pressures in a vertical small tube during cooling has been developed based on the information generated by the simulation on the detailed flow and turbulence fields.     

倾斜射流对移动平板表面紊动和传热特性的影响

采用雷诺应力湍流模型和Simplic算法对半封闭槽道内倾斜射流冲击移动平板的流动和传热特性进行了数值模拟,研究了不同射流角度和不同平板移动速度下平板近壁湍动能和板面努塞尔数的变化.结果表明：射流角度和平板运动速度对平板近壁湍动能和表面努塞尔数值分布影响显著;当入射角与平板运动方向相同时,板速的升高提高了近壁面的湍动能,但是降低了冲击区域的局部努塞尔数值;平板表面的平均努塞尔数值随板速的提高先降低后大幅升高,高速下角度对平板表面的平均传热效果影响较小;当入射角为80°,平板运动方向与入射方向相反且板速和射流速度相同时,在移动平板表面能够获得较佳的紊动和传热效果.     

Numerical and experimental investigations of heat transfer performance of rectangular coil heat exchangers

Both numerical and experimental investigations were conducted to understand convective heat transfer from a single round pipe coiled in rectangular pattern. The studied heat exchangers are composed with inner and outer coils so that the exterior flow is very similar to flow within tube-bundles. The inner and outer coils of the heat exchangers are in turn composed of bends and straight portions. Calculations and experiments were done for two cases with different outside flow arrangements. The results showed the effects of geometric arrangement with better heat transfer for the case 1 of staggered arrangement due mainly to its more tortuous flow characteristics and better mixing of the exterior fluid. The numerical and experimental results qualitatively agree well with each other. The numerical and experimental results showed that coiling a pipe so that an exterior fluid flows over or in tube bundle can help to induce the turbulence without increasing the velocity.