水分胁迫对烤烟生理特性和光谱特征的影响

为明确烤烟在不同水分条件下的生理生态响应,通过盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫和复水对烤烟生理特性和光谱特征的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下烤烟叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质发生降解,光合速率和蒸腾速率下降,导致干物质积累量降低;干旱胁迫后复水叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率有所回升,表现出一定的补偿效应。渍水胁迫亦严重影响烤烟叶片生理功能,造成叶片膜质过氧化程度加重,其危害程度甚至大于干旱胁迫。干旱和渍水胁迫均提高了可见光460～670 nm范围内的植株光谱反射率,而降低了近红外780～1050 nm范围内的光谱反射率。因此,光谱特征可作为诊断烤烟水分胁迫程度的重要手段。     

烤烟和白肋烟烟苗氮代谢的差异分析

为明确不同烟草类型、品种的氮素利用特点,并揭示造成氮素利用效率差异的原因,以不同氮效率烤烟品种红花大金元和白肋烟品种TN86为材料,采用苗期漂浮育苗培养法,研究了不同类型品种烟苗叶片的氮代谢关键酶活性、色素含量(质量分数)、氮素积累和生物量。结果显示,烤烟品种红花大金元烟苗的生物量较高,叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性高,氮代谢同化能力强,同时烟苗叶片色素含量高,能够为烟苗的氮代谢提供充足的能量,烟苗氮素积累量大,氮素利用效率高;白肋烟品种TN86烟苗的生物量较低,叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性强,但GS活性弱,色素含量低,氮还原能力较强但同化能力弱,叶片总氮含量高而氮素积累量低,氮素利用效率较低。相关分析结果表明,叶片GS活性、NR活性和色素含量与烟苗氮素积累和利用效率关系密切,其中GS活性和叶绿素含量与烟苗氮素积累和利用效率的相关性最强。因此,提高烟草叶片色素含量水平和增强氮素同化能力可作为栽培技术改进和品种遗传改良的方向。     

成熟期大田渍水胁迫对烤烟叶片生理特性的影响

以烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum L.)品种K326为材料,在大田条件下研究了成熟期渍水胁迫对烤烟叶片生理特性的影响.结果表明:在渍水胁迫下烤烟叶片叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量前期下降缓慢,后期下降速度加快;丙二醛(MDA)含量随溃水时同延长而急剧升高;叶片超氧化物岐化酶(SOD),过氧化物酶(POD),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化规律一致,表现为先升后降,但POD上升较缓慢.渍水超过3 d,烤烟叶片生理代谢活动受到严重伤害,很难得到恢复.     

VIGS诱导GS同工酶基因沉默对烤烟氮代谢的影响

【背景和目的】谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）是烤烟氮代谢的关键酶,为探究沉默GS同工酶基因对烤烟氮代谢的影响。【方法】采用病毒诱导基因沉默（virus induced gene silencing,VIGS）技术构建GS同工酶基因（NtGS1、NtGS2）瞬时沉默表达载体,测定了烤烟品种中烟100叶片经VIGS处理10 d,20 d和30 d的NtGS1-1、NtGS1-2、NtGS2相对基因表达量和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、硝酸还原酶（NR）活性以及叶片可溶性蛋白、总氮、烟碱含量和烟株生物量。【结果】沉默NtGS1基因的处理对NtGS1-1沉默效率最高为50.4%,对NtGS1-2沉默效率最高为56%,沉默NtGS1和NtGS2基因的处理对NtGS2沉默效率最高为54.9%;沉默NtGS1和NtGS2的烟株叶片重、GS、NR活性、可溶性蛋白、总氮、烟碱含量都显著低于对照。【结论】本研究建立的VIGS体系有效下调了GS同工酶基因的表达,同时沉默NtGS1和NtGS2(TRV::GS1::GS2)可抑制叶片氮素同化利用,降低氮代谢关键酶活性与含氮化合物含量。     

干旱肋迫对烤烟化学成分和香气物质含量的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了干旱胁迫对烤烟化学成分和香气物质含量的影响。结果表明，在干旱胁迫下烤烟叶片还原糖含量下降，总氮和烟碱含量升高，烟叶中主要香气物质含量减少，品质下降。而且，在烟草生长发育过程中任一时期土壤严重干旱对烟叶的化学成分和香气物质含量都有很大影响，特别是成熟期严重干旱对烟叶品质的影响最大，轻度干旱则有助于提高烟叶的质量。     

干旱肋迫对烤烟化学成分和香气物质含量的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了干旱胁迫对烤烟化学成分和香气物质含量的影响。结果表明，在干旱胁迫下烤烟叶片还原糖含量下降，总氮和烟碱含量升高，烟叶中主要香气物质含量减少，品质下降。而且，在烟草生长发育过程中任一时期土壤严重干旱对烟叶的化学成分和香气物质含量都有很大影响，特别是成熟期严重量干旱对烟叶品质的影响最大，轻度干旱则有助于提高烟叶的质量。     

水分胁迫下施氮量对烤烟生理特性及化学成分的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫下施氮量对烤烟生理特性及化学成分的影响.结果表明,在中度干旱下(相对含水率50%)随施氮量增加,烤烟根系活力增强,叶片脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及光合速率明显升高,丙二醛含量无明显差异;轻度干旱条件下(相对含水率65%),烤烟团棵期和成熟期缺氮或氮素水平过高,烤烟根系活力、SOD酶活性及光合速率均明显降低,丙二醛含量增加,脯氨酸含量变化不大,在烤烟旺长期和现蕾期烤烟根系活力、SOD酶活性,丙二醛及脯氨酸含量均随施氮量增加明显升高.在中度和轻度干旱下随施氮量增加,上部叶和中部叶总氮、烟碱及蛋白质含量呈增加趋势,总糖、还原糖含量呈下降趋势,糖碱比、氮碱比、施木克值以纯N 7 g/株的中氮肥处理较合理.在同一施氮水平下,中部叶和上部叶总糖和还原糖含量随着土壤含水率的增加而增加,烟碱、总氮以及钾含量均有所降低,糖碱比、氮碱比、施木克值以轻度干旱较适宜.     

干旱胁迫后复水对烤烟生长及其生理特性的影响

  目的  为明确干旱胁迫后复水对烤烟生长及其生理基础的影响。  方法  采用盆栽试验方法,以耐旱型烤烟品种“豫烟6号”和水分敏感型“豫烟10号”为试验材料,设置正常供水、轻度干旱、中度干旱、轻度干旱后复水和中度干旱后复水5个处理,比较分析干旱胁迫后复水对烤烟生长及其生理特性的影响。  结果  （1）随着干旱的加剧,两个烤烟品种生长受到抑制,生理性能下降,株高、茎围、最大叶长、最大叶宽、最大叶面积、有效叶片数、根系干重和单株干重均降低或显著降低,叶绿素含量、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、PSII最大光能转化效率（F_v/F_m）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（Φ_PSⅡ）和光化学淬灭系数（qP）均显著降低,而非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（C_i）、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均显著增加;与正常供水相比,豫烟10号在干旱胁迫下各指标变化幅度大于豫烟6号,对干旱较敏感。（2）干旱胁迫后复水,与干旱处理结束时相比,两个烤烟品种生长得到明显恢复,光合作用增强,抗氧化系统平衡得到明显改善。豫烟10号在干旱胁迫后复水各指标变化幅度均大于豫烟6号,干旱胁迫后复水恢复较好。  结论  在干旱胁迫下,两个烤烟品种的生长和生理性能均受到不同程度的抑制,且均与正常供水处理间差异显著;复水后,两个烤烟品种的生长及其生理性能均得到不同程度的恢复,其多数指标均以中度干旱胁迫后复水处理恢复较好,且与正常供水处理无显著差异。      

干旱胁迫下钾对烤烟生长及抗旱性的生理调节

严重干旱胁迫条件下烟株的生长明显受阻，产量下降。增施钾肥可提高烟叶中钾的含量，增加干物质积累，并能使叶片中的各种化学物质充分转化、含量协调，从而提高了干旱条件下烤烟的产量，并能改善品质。钾素的生理调节机理是增强烤烟叶片的保水力，降低失水速率和蒸腾速率。细胞膜在干旱条件下保持其完整性，表现为叶片的相对电导率和伤害率下降。另外，干旱胁迫下钾素能够增强烟株对超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性的调节，有利于消除活性氧自由基，减轻了干旱胁迫对细胞膜的伤害，从而增强烤烟的抗旱能力，并使恢复供水后的烟株迅速恢复生长。     

干旱胁迫下外源褪黑素对旺长期烤烟生理特性的影响

为明确外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下旺长期烤烟生理特性的影响,采用盆栽试验,以西南烟区主栽品种K326为材料,研究了根部浇灌和叶面喷施不同浓度（0、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20、0.40 mmol/L）褪黑素对干旱胁迫下旺长期烤烟的生理调控效应,并利用主成分分析筛选出缓解烤烟干旱胁迫的指标,同时通过隶属函数法进行综合评价。结果表明,干旱胁迫可导致烤烟生物量降低,生长受到明显抑制。外源褪黑素能有效提高干旱胁迫下烤烟生物量,提高叶片相对含水率（RWC）、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性、脯氨酸（Pro）和可溶性蛋白（SP）含量,降低叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧阴离子（O2-）产生速率。主成分分析表明,在褪黑素缓解烤烟干旱胁迫评价的指标中,以抗氧化因子占比最大,其次是光合因子和渗透调节因子。通过隶属函数综合评价分析可知,烟株叶面喷施0.10 mmol/L褪黑素溶液处理效果最佳。因此,施用外源褪黑素可缓解干旱胁迫对旺长期烤烟生长的抑制作用,增强烤烟对干旱胁迫的适应性。     

l-glutamate inhibits blue mould caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruits by altering the primary nitrogen and carbon metabolisms

Although several studies have shown the ability of l -glutamate (glutamate) to mitigate the stress imposed by pathogens, the underlying mechanism is still in its infancy. To gain further knowledge, this study focussed on the effect of glutamate on primary nitrogen and carbon metabolisms during apple-Penicillium expansum interaction. The obtained result showed that glutamate could effectively restrict blue mould rot development in apples, but had no direct impact on fungal growth in vitro. The application of glutamate increased the level of nitrogen in apples, resulting in a disrupted balance of carbon and nitrogen. Consistently, the key enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) involved in the GS/GOGAT cycle, and the deaminating activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), forming 2-oxoglutarate and ammonium from glutamate, were promptly stimulated by glutamate. Interestingly, glutamate led to considerable consumption of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, such as isocitric acid and citric acid, accompanied by the enhancement of malate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities. Collectively, exogenous application of glutamate might confer blue mould resistance in apples, at least in part, by redirecting host’s primary nitrogen and carbon metabolisms, such as the activation of the GS/GOGAT cycle, deaminating activity of GDH and the TCA cycle.     

Molecular cloning and characterisation of cytoplasmic glutamine synthetase gene BcGS1 from non‐heading Chinese cabbage

BACKGROUND: Glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) is a key enzyme of nitrogen (N) assimilation, catalysing the synthesis of glutamine from ammonium and glutamate. Plants have two types of GS isoenzyme that are localised in different compartments: one in the cytosol (GS1) and the other in the chloroplast (GS2). GS1 is the major form of GS in plant roots and directly converts ammonium taken up by plant roots to glutamine. RESULTS: The GS1 gene cDNA of non‐heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestrisssp. chinensis Makino) cultivar ‘Suzhouqing’ was isolated by RT‐PCR (real‐time polymerase chain reaction) and (5′/3′)‐RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) techniques. It was classified as GS1 by sequence alignment and motif search and named B. campestris ssp. chinensis Makino GS1 (BcGS1). Subcellular localisation analysis showed that BcGS1 was distributed in the cytoplasm of cells. BcGS1 was expressed in all parts, but mainly in the roots, which was verified by northern blotting analysis. Additionally, its expression was influenced by the N source concentration. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that BcGS1 is a novel member of the GS family in plants. BcGS1 was significantly related to N assimilation in non‐heading Chinese cabbage, demonstrating that this gene plays an important role in plant growth and development. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

干旱和氮用量对烤烟干物质和矿质养分积累的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了干旱和氮用量对烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum L.)干物质积累和矿质养分含量的影响。结果表明,在烤烟的生长发育过程中,干旱胁迫严重影响烟株干物质积累和矿质养分含量,特别是K、Fe、Mn含量对干旱的反应更加敏感,而干旱胁迫不影响不同生育期烤烟矿质养分积累规律。随氮用量增加,烟株干物质积累量显著提高,但烤烟干物质积累对氮用量的反应遵循报酬递减律。在干旱胁迫下增施氮肥可以促进烟株对N、P、K、Mn、B的吸收和积累,降低烟株Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn含量,而水氮互作对于改善烤烟矿质营养,提高烟株干物质积累量具有显著促进作用。      

Response of nitrogen metabolism in lettuce plants subjected to different doses and forms of selenium

BACKGROUND: Currently, biofortification programmes are being carried out with selenium (Se), since it is an essential element for humans and its ingestion depends partly on a vegetable diet, this not being so for plants. In this sense, few studies have tested the effect that Se has on some of the main plant metabolisms, such as nitrogen (N) metabolism. Thus the aim of this study was to establish the effect of the application of different doses (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 120 µmol L^?1) and forms (selenate and selenite) of Se on the reduction of nitrate (NO ) and subsequent assimilation of ammonium (NH ). RESULTS: The results showed an increase in all enzyme activities analysed (nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT)), especially with application of the selenite form, in addition to a decline in foliar NO concentration. CONCLUSION: Se applied in both forms increased N metabolism, with selenite inducing this physiological process more strongly, since it prompted a stronger activation of NR, GS and GOGAT as well as a greater concentration of total reduced N. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of water-saving superabsorbent polymer on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in oat (Avena sativa L.) under drought stress

BACKGROUND: Drought stress significantly limits oat (Avena sativa L.) growth and productivity. Thus an efficient management of soil moisture and study of metabolic changes in response to drought are important for improved production of oat. The objective was to gain a better understanding of drought tolerance mechanisms and improve soil water management strategies using water‐saving superabsorbent polymer (SAP) at 60 kg ha^?1 under three irrigation levels (adequate, moderate and deficit) using a new type of hydraulic pressure‐controlled auto irrigator. RESULTS: The results showed that the relative water content and leaf water potential (ψ₁) were much higher in oats treated with SAP. Although the SAP had little effect on plant biomass accumulation under adequate and moderate irrigation, it significantly increased the biomass by 52.7% under deficit irrigation. Plants treated with SAP under deficit irrigation showed a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in leaves compared with control plants. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that drought stress leads to production of oxygen radicals, which results in increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in the plant, and the application of SAP could conserve soil water, making same available to plants for increased biomass accumulation and reduced oxidative stress especially under severe water stress. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nitrate modifies the assimilation pattern of ammonium and urea in wheat seedlings

BACKGROUND: In certain plant species, ammonium or urea nutrition can cause negative effects on plant development which can result in toxic symptoms. Some authors suggest that the presence of nitrate can alleviate these symptoms by increasing ammonium and urea assimilation, avoiding its accumulation. In order to study this hypothesis, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings were grown with various nitrogen supplies containing the main nitrogen forms (ammonium, nitrate and urea). Amino acids content and the activity of the three main enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and urease) were studied. RESULTS: The application of nitrate along with urea and/or ammonium was not associated with a time‐sustained increase in the activity of glutamine synthetase and urease. Amino acid analysis revealed that nitrate induced changes in amino acid metabolism enhancing its concentration. Likewise the content of protein was also higher in nitrate‐treated plants. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the effect of nitrate is compatible with a rapid and transient increase in the activity of glutamine synthetase and urease during the first hour after the onset of treatments. Nevertheless, a possible effect of nitrate reducing ammonium accumulation through the activation of alternative metabolic pathways different from that involving glutamine synthetase cannot be ruled out. Finally, nitrate effects on amino acid concentration indicate that, whereas ammonium assimilation takes place principally in the root, urea and nitrate assimilation occurred in the shoot, under the conditions of the experiment. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同小白菜品种硝酸盐含量、氮代谢关键酶活性及NRT1表达和亚细胞定位

采用液体培养实验研究了不同硝铵比（c（NO3 － ）∶c（NH4 ＋）分别为50∶50、75∶25和100∶0）对低硝酸盐富 集品种‘香港特选奶白菜’和高硝酸盐富集品种‘揭农四号春白菜’硝酸盐含量、氮代谢关键酶活性的影响,并 探讨了两个品种小白菜硝酸盐转运蛋白基因的表达和亚细胞定位。结果表明：‘香港特选奶白菜’和‘揭农四号春 白菜’在硝铵比100∶0处理中,叶硝酸盐含量分别较硝铵比50∶50处理增加了13.2%和30.4%,叶柄硝酸盐含量增加 了14.3%和4.9%。随着硝铵比的增加,小白菜叶片硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸合成酶活力呈降低趋势,亚硝酸还原酶活力 呈上升趋势,谷氨酸脱氢酶活力呈先增加后降低趋势,且两个小白菜品种之间差异显著。低亲和硝酸盐转运蛋白 （nitrate transporter,NRT）1基因NRT1在两个小白菜品种中均显著表达,且高富集硝酸盐品种“揭农四号春白菜” 的表达量显著高于低富集硝酸盐品种‘香港特选奶白菜’的表达量。NRT1是一个定位于细胞膜上的低亲和NRT。     

Sequence of the GLT1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals the domain structure of yeast glutamate synthase

Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamine synthetase play a crucial role in ammonium assimilation and glutamate biosynthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The GOGAT enzyme has been purified and the GOGAT structural gene (GLT1) has been cloned, showing that this enzyme is a homotrimeric protein with a monomeric size of 199kDa. We report the GLT1 nucleotide sequence and the amino acid sequence of its deduced protein product. Our results show that there is a high conservation with the corresponding genes of Escherichia coli, Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and Zea mais (maize). Binding domains for glutamine, cofactors (FMN and NADH) and the cysteine clusters (which comprise the iron-sulfur centres) were tentatively identified on the basis of sequence comparison with GOGAT sequences from E. coli, alfalfa and maize. The sequence of GLT1 has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession Number X89221.     

不同生育期水分胁迫对烤烟生理特性及化学品质的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同生育期水分胁迫对烤烟生理特性及品质的影响.结果表明,烤烟成熟期不同水分处理的中部叶和上部叶蛋白质、烟碱、总氮含量增加;总糖、还原糖含量降低且土壤干旱比水分过多时下降的多,使得烟叶的品质降低;糖碱比、氮碱比、施木克值以轻度干旱(65%处理)较合理.在烤烟不同生育时期,土壤干旱或水分过多,丙二醛含量、SOD活性、脯氨酸含量升高.土壤干旱或水分过多会导致其根系活力和光合速率下降,最适宜的土壤相对含水量在烤烟生长的团棵期、旺长期、现蕾期和成熟期分别为65%、80%、80%和65%.