点目标无源极化校准研究进展

极化校准是雷达目标极化散射特性正确获取的前提和基础。针对极化雷达系统,介绍了极化校准的概念及分类,概括了极化校准技术的发展史,对国内外研究机构在该领域主要的研究成果进行了归纳;分析了后向极化散射矩阵测量的误差模型,归纳了几种典型的点目标极化校准算法,分别介绍了各种极化校准算法所需的定标体和限制条件,列出各种典型算法的优缺点,通过仿真实验对比分析了几种典型点目标极化校准算法分别在低、中、高极化隔离度时极化校准的性能;指出了点目标极化校准技术今后的研究方向。点目标无源校准技术可以广泛应用于现有地基极化雷达装备和极化合成孔径雷达等的校准,对点目标无源校准技术的研究具有重要的理论和实际应用价值。     

低频UWBSAR极化校准模型

极化校准是多极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,AAR)研究的一个重要组成部分。低频超宽带(ultra wide band,UWB)SAR的极化测量值是频率和方位角的函数,因此普通高频窄带SAR的极化校准模型不再适用。本文首先讨论了定标体的散射特性建模,给出了适合低频UWBSAR的极化校准模型。最后利用计算机仿真,仿真结果与模型分析相一致。     

系统误差对点目标极化散射测量的影响

首先推广了现有极化定标模型。在此基础上，评估了极化通道幅相不平衡、天线串扰、法拉第旋转、指向误差角、干扰和系统环境噪声对点目标全极化散射测量的影响，并考虑科学研究和应用需求对上述参数的约束条件，从而得到对极化合成孔径雷达系统设计和极化定标有参考价值的结论。     

基于标校球的瞬态极化雷达校准方法

理论上瞬态极化雷达可获取动态目标全极化散射特性的精确测量信息,但由于存在极化通道不一致、极化隔离度有限以及背景杂波等非理想因素,其极化测量存在误差,必须进行校准。当前极化校准需要多个定标体,且定标体姿态摆放误差将引起校准偏差。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于标校球的瞬态极化雷达校准新方法,在考虑双天线空域极化特性的基础上,仅需单个金属球即可完成定标,提高了校准精度。该方法为解决制约瞬态极化雷达实际应用的校准难题提供了技术支撑。     

一种基于Whitt算法的SAR极化定标改进方法

深入研究了Whitt等提出的基于人造点目标的极化定标算法（Whitt算法）,发现并证明了Whitt算法中对特征值对应次序的判断条件在某些情况下不成立,且分析了特征值次序对应关系错误对失真矩阵求解结果造成的影响。在此基础上,提出了新的判断条件和解决方法,对Whitt算法进行了改进。利用中国科学院电子学研究所研制的一部机载PolSAR系统进行了极化外定标实验验证,结果表明利用该改进算法进行极化定标参数求解具有更好的有效性和稳健性。     

基于极化频率稳定度的目标识别

以宽带极化雷达体制为背景，定义了极化频率稳定度的概念。按极化状态在坡印卡勒极化球旧的动态分布信息，提取了目标的极化特征。对五种飞机目标进行了识别实验研究，取得了优良的目标分类或识别效果。     

运动目标的时分极化测量研究

运动目标极化特性的测量是极化雷达探测与目标识别等领域非常关心的基础性问题。该文针对时分极化测量雷达,建立了动目标的瞬时极化测量模型。在深入分析目标极化回波的基础上,针对互易性目标,提出了一种基于交叉极化分量相位对齐的散射矩阵校准方法。研究结果表明在一定信噪比条件下,该测量和校准方法可以有效地消除因目标运动而导致的散射矩阵两列元素去相关。     

基于极化不变量的飞机目标识别

基于宽带毫米波极化雷达体制背影，通过极化不变量之一的去极化系数，研究了飞机目标的极化散射特性，并提取了极化特征，设计了飞机目标的分类或识别器结构，它能对五种飞机目标进行有效的分类或识别。     

基于多维极化特征空间的雷达目标识别

在宽带极化雷达体制背景下，研究了目标的变极化效应，并采用参数作了具体表征，结合多视角观测这一现实，构造了目标的多维极化特征空间，并在此基础上对五种飞机目标进行了识别实验研究，取得了良好的目标分类或识别效果。     

用于雷达目标识别的理想极化参数模型

利用目标散射矩阵理论和多散射中心理论建立一种用于雷达目标识别的极化参数模型。应用这一参数模型，雷达目标可由一个或多个散射中心的特性加以描述。通过对散射中心特性的分析，可以对雷达目标作出较精确的估算。     

无源光网络的初步升级方案

利用 13 10nm/ 15 5 0nm粗波分复用器 (CWDM)与 15 5 0nm光纤型带内耦合器 (OFIBC) ,提出了无源光网络(PON)的初步升级方案 ,CWDM与OFIBC复用器大的通带间隔与温度不敏感性保证了可以采用现行的无制冷的F P腔激光器 ,实验表明根据OFIBC的通带 ,选择激光器中心波长 ,系统可以达到具有较小的功率损耗与串扰。     

多光谱偏振大气探测系统定标处理

偏振探测系统定标对于大气探测有着重要意义,是基于偏振探测的大气参数高精度反演的必要基础。中科院安徽光机所研制了星载大气同步校正仪的航空样机,它是一种多光谱偏振探测设备。利用该仪器可获取多光谱偏振信息,从而反演出与遥感成像时空同步的大气参数,实现大气校正。该仪器的定标处理对于准确获取大气参数至关重要。针对大气校正仪多通道偏振探测的特点,设计了定标方案。通过光谱定标、辐射定标和偏振定标,获取探测系统的Muller矩阵,建立仪器各通道探测值DN与斯托克斯参量间的联系,从而为系统的实际应用,提供重要基础。     

单发双收SAR 系统通用极化定标算法

单发双收极化SAR 系统只接收两个通道数据,使得极化定标可用的先验信息减少|同时由于这类系统收发极化方式的多样性(包括多种收发极化组合的双极化和简缩极化模式),目前还没有通用的定标算法。对此,该文提出了一种新的通用极化定标算法,可以广泛应用于多种收发极化组合的单发双收SAR 系统。该算法利用常见的三面角、0 二面角与45 二面角作为理想点目标,无需对目标场景和系统作假设,可以直接估计系统的发射端和接收端失真项。该文理论推导了定标算法的求解过程,仿真分析了定标器误差对失真参数估计的影响,通过点目标的定标结果和极化特征图验证了该通用定标算法的有效性。      

Reliable Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed Passive Optical Network Using Novel Protection Scheme

A novel, reliable wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) with self-protection capability is proposed. By utilizing the routing characteristics of N x N arrayed waveguide grating, the proposed architecture can provide automatic protection against any fiber cut between central office and optical network unit (ONU). Compared with the conventional schemes, this scheme adopts colorless ONUs, thus leading to a decrease in the costs of operation, administration, and maintenance, as well as the production cost. Without the performance degradation, the proposed WDM-PON scheme can offer a reliable network service. In the experiment, the protection performance was demonstrated in the carrier-distributed 1.25-Gb/s WDM transmission over 20-km single-mode fiber.     

背景电离层对低频重轨星载InSAR影响分析

由于大口径天线远场条件苛刻、杂波多径影响大,使得大型地基雷达的极化校准成为雷达工程技术领域的难点问题,频域动态极化校准算法是一种很好的解决方案,但存在极化有源校准器收/发天线隔离度低、天线方向图不对称等问题,导致极化校准的精度降低。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于非匀速旋转单天线PARC(Polarimetric Active Radar Calibrator)的极化校准方法,能够克服传统频域动态校准算法的缺点,有效提高雷达极化校准的精度。     

A Novel Calibration Method for Phase-Locked Loops

A novel method to calibrate the frequency response of a Phase-Locked Loop is presented. The method requires just an additional digital counter to measure the natural frequency of the PLL; moreover it is capable of estimating the static phase offset. The measured value can be used to tune the PLL response to the desired value. The method is demonstrated mathematically on a typical PLL topology and it is extended to fractional-N PLLs. A set of simulations performed with two different simulators is used to verify the applicability of the method.This work was carried out as a part of an internship at the QCT department of Qualcomm CDMA Technologies.Marco Cassia was born in Bergamo, Italy, 1974. He received the M.Sc. degree in engineering from the Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, in May 2000 and the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Politecnico di Milano, Italy, in July 2000.From July 2001 to July 2002 he was with the QCT department of Qualcomm CDMA Technologies, San Diego, working in the field of direct modulation synthesizers. He is currently working toward the Ph.D.degree at the Technical University of Denmark.His main research interests are in the areas of low-power low-voltage RF systems.Peter Shah was born in Copenhagen Denmark in 1966. He completed his MScEE and Ph.D at The Technical University of Denmark in 1990 and 1993 respectively. From 1993 to 1995 he was a post doctoral research assistant at Imperial College in London, England, working on switched-current circuits. In 1996 he joined PCSI in San Diego (subsequently acquired by Conexant) as an RFIC design engineer, working on transceiver chips for the PHS cellular phone system. In 1998 he joined Qualcomm, also in San Diego, where he worked on RFICs for CDMA mobile phones and for GPS. In December 2002 he joined RFMagic where he is currently working on RFICs for consumer electronics. His research interests lie mainly in RFIC architecture and design, including sigma-delta PLLs and A/D and D/A converters, LNAs, mixers, and continuous-time filters.Erik Bruun received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering in 1974 and 1980, respectively, from the Technical University of Denmark. In 1980 he received the B.Com. degree from Copenhagen Business School. In 2000 he also received the dr. techn. degree from the Technical University of Denmark.From January 1974 to September 1974 he was with Christian Rovsing A/S, working on the development of space electronics and test equipment for space electronics. From 1974 to 1980 he was with the Laboratory for Semiconductor Technology at the Technical University of Denmark, working in the fields of MNOS memory devices, I²L devices, bipolar analog circuits, and custom integrated circuits. From 1980 to 1984 he was with Christian Rovsing A/S. From 1984 to 1989 he was the managing director of Danmos Microsystems ApS. Since 1989 he has been a Professor of analog electronics at the Technical University of Denmark where he has served as head of the Sector of Information Technology, Electronics, and Mathematics from 1995 to 2001. Since 2001 he has been head of ØrstedDTU.His current research interests are in the areas of RF integrated circuit design and integrated circuits for mobile phones.     

K分布下极化SAR图像CFAR检测新方法

在极化合成孔径雷达（PolSAR）图像杂波服从K分布下,已有的基于多视极化白化滤波器（MPWF）的恒虚警（CFAR）检测方法不适用于等效视数为非整数情形.针对此问题,提出了一种具有解析虚警概率表达式的CFAR检测方法.在乘积模型下引入Gamma分布纹理变量后,对MPWF检测量的概率密度函数（PDF）积分得到其累积分布函数（CDF）,进而得到虚警概率关于检测门限的解析形式.仿真实验结果表明新方法良好的虚警拟合效果,此外在目标杂波比（TCR）较大时,新方法检测概率更高,反之,检测概率低于已有方法.需说明的是,目前K分布下多视极化匹配滤波（MPMF）检测方法的虚警概率表达式存在错误,因此对K分布下的MPMF检测方法进行了修正并推导出了正确的虚警表达式.