红外光谱法鉴别掺假天然胶乳

在天然胶乳中按不同比例掺入木薯粉或面粉,制备掺假天然胶乳,采用傅里叶转换红外光谱进行表征和分析。结果表明:在天然胶乳中掺入木薯粉或面粉,红外光谱在3 500~4 000 cm~(-1)波段出现指纹区,掺入量越高,指纹区的波动幅度越大;在木薯粉或面粉的特征谱带,随着掺入量的增大,吸收强度增强。     

天然胶乳厚胶膜热风干燥与红外干燥对比研究

采用失重法研究了天然胶乳厚胶膜在热风与红外线两种干燥方式下的干燥过程。研究结果表明,在相同条件下,红外干燥的干燥速率常数远大于热风干燥,采用红外干燥可大大缩短干燥时间,干燥温度和厚度均显著影响干燥过程,红外干燥对温度更敏感。通过动力学拟合结果,得到了干燥动力学方程,可以预测干燥时间。     

增稠剂对天然胶乳热稳定性的影响

介绍了增稠剂在天然胶乳工艺中的应用，试验表明在胶乳中加入0．5－2．0份阿拉伯树胶粉，不仅对胶乳的粘度有影响，而且对胶乳的热稳定性也有明显的作用。     

天然胶乳的化学改性

简要介绍了天然胶乳化学改性的有利条件，化学改性天然胶乳的主要品种、相关技术及其应用以及仍存在的主要问题。     

天然胶乳手套与合成胶乳手套的发展

介绍天然胶乳手套的起源和发展以及天然胶乳检查手套、外科手套、织物浸渍防护手套、家用手套、工业手套的用途、规格、特点和表面形式,指出因天然胶乳手套存在安全性能和使用性能的不足,促进了合成胶乳手套和人造胶乳手套的发展。丁腈胶乳检查手套因技术进步和成本降低成为天然胶乳检查手套的主要竞争者;低蛋白无粉天然胶乳外科手套、氯丁胶乳外科手套和聚异戊二烯胶乳外科手套成为对天然胶乳过敏症医护人员的选择;在非医疗领域,合成胶乳手套和人造胶乳手套适用于特殊领域的防护需求。     

天然胶乳的电子束辐照硫化

使用低能量电子加速器电子束有利于降低天然胶乳的辐照硫化成本,但存在射线穿透力低的缺点,而采用转鼓方式,其电子束能量利用率要高于容器型辐照方式,且具有实用价值。     

天然胶乳的氢化

以水合肼、双氧水和硼酸为催化体系,对天然胶乳进行非贵金属催化的原位母体加氢.并用核磁共振氢谱对氢化天然胶乳的结构进行表征.结果表明,氢化度随着硼酸用量的增加而增大,当硼酸/碳碳双键(摩尔比)达到0.25时,天然胶乳的加氢度接近60%;     

天然胶乳的合成改性

天然胶乳以及用成膜法将其制成的聚合物 ,具有某些合成材料无法比拟的宝贵性能 ,其中包括全顺式聚异戊二烯提供的物理性能。但是这种材料也有某些缺点。例如 ,用作压敏粘合剂时 ,如果干燥后聚合物受热 (如在激光打印机中 ) ,有时会失去粘合性能。此外 ,由于蛋白质过敏问题 ,使得天然胶乳在外科手术手套和避孕套中的应用越来越受到限制。本文提出了解决这些问题的方法。天然胶乳被用作一种人造聚合物进行第二步游离基乳聚的种子。在进行此种聚合时 ,必须注意或是通过确保可代替蛋白质的聚合物组分接枝到胶乳粒子外部 ,或是通过确保能改善聚合…     

The use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in the control of flour protein content

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR) is a rapid (50s) and non-destructive method of analysis of a wide variety of solid, semi-solid and liquid samples. Since no sample preparation is required for many sample types, particularly powders, NIR is an ideal technique for process control. The use of NIR to monitor the protein content of flour in order to optimise the milling conditions and the composition of the grist is described. Control of the blending of flours or supplementation with wheat gluten to achieve a composite flour of a given protein content is proposed.     

Effect of temperature on sulfur prevulcanization of natural rubber latex

Sulfur prevulcanization of natural rubber latex was conducted at 60, 70, 80, and 90°C for different periods. The extent of crosslinking was assessed. Tensile properties, water absorption, leaching, and stress-relaxation characteristics of the films were also evaluated. The volume fraction of rubber (Vr), which is a measure of crosslink density of the films, showed a maximum when prevulcanization was conducted at 80°C for 2 h or at 90°C for 1 h. At lower temperatures, the rate of reaction was slow. At each temperature, tensile strength and elongation at break decreased when the prevulcanization time increased, whereas the modulus increased up to a maximum crosslinking and thereafter decreased. Water absorption and leaching were more rapid in prevulcanized film than in postvulcanized film. The rate of stress relaxation slightly increased as the extent of prevulcanization increased. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 65: 1913–1920, 1997     

弱酸铵盐保存天然鲜胶乳的研究

通过对弱酸铵盐性质的分析，探索弱酸铵盐对鲜天然胶乳的保存效果及其性能的影响。实验结果表明，浓度越高的碳酸铵盐溶液的保存体系，其缓冲能力越大．越能很好地中和细菌代谢产生的脂肪酸．以防止天然胶乳的迅速凝固，保存效果越好。综合考虑经济和社会效益，碳酸铵可作为天然胶乳的保存剂，最佳质量分数为1．8％，其硫化胶力学性能得到部分改善，可以代替传统的氨水保存剂，降低污染，提高经济效益，改善工厂作业环境。     

Study on hot air aging and thermooxidative degradation of peroxide prevulcanized natural rubber latex film

The air‐aging process at 120°C and the thermooxidative degradation of peroxide prevulcanized natural rubber latex (PPVL) film were studied with FTIR and thermal gravity (TG) and differential thermal gravity (DTG) analysis, respectively. The result of FTIR shows that the ? OH and ? COOH absorption of the rubber molecules at IR spectrum 3600–3200 cm^?1, the ? C?O absorption at 1708 cm^?1, and the ? C? OH absorption of alcohol at 1105 and 1060 cm^?1 increased continuously with extension of the aging time, but the ? CH₃ absorption of saturated hydrocarbon at 2966 and 2868 cm^?1, the ? CH₃ absorption at 1447 and 1378 cm^?1, and the C?C absorption at 835 cm^?1 decreased gradually. The result of TG‐DTG shows that the thermal degradation reaction of PPVL film in air atmosphere is a two‐stage reaction. The reaction order (n) of the first stage of thermooxidation reaction is 1.5; the activation energy of reaction (E) increases linearly with the increment of the heating rate, and the apparent activation energy (E₀) is 191.6 kJ mol^?1. The temperature at 5% weight loss (T_0.05), the temperature at maximum rate of weight loss (T_p), and the temperature at final weight loss (T_f) in the first stage of degradation reaction move toward the high temperature side as the heating rate quickened. The weight loss rate increases significantly with increment of heating rate; the correlation between the weight loss rate (α_p) of DTG peak and the heating rate is not obvious. The weight loss rate in the first stage (α_f1) rises as the heating rate increases. The final weight loss rate in second stage (α_f2) has no reference to heating rate; the weight loss rate of the rubber film is 99.9% at that time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3196–3200, 2004     

Noncatalytic hydrogenation of natural rubber latex

Hydrogenation is an important method of chemical modification, which improves the physical, chemical, and thermal properties of diene‐based elastomers. Natural rubber latex (NRL) could be hydrogenated to a strictly alternating ethylene–propylene copolymer using diimide generated in an in situ system. The diimide generated using the in situ technique for hydrogenation of NRL was accomplished by thermolysis of p‐toluenesulfonyl hydrazide (TSH). A molar ratio of TSH to double bonds equal to 2 : 1 was found to be the optimum ratio to provide a high percentage of hydrogenation. 95% Degree of saturation of NRL was achieved in o‐xylene. Hydrogenated products are characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stability of hydrogenated rubber was improved as shown from the results of thermogravimetric analysis. From the differential scanning calorimetry measurement, the glass transition temperature of the hydrogenated product did not appear to change. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2885–2895, 2007     

植物纤维用发泡胶乳粘结剂性能的研究

研究了发泡天然胶乳的粘结性与回弹性。结果表明:经发泡后胶乳体积增加,当泡孔直径在50μm,泡孔平均密度在2×106个/cm3时,回弹性最好,但发泡后的胶乳纤维层间粘结力有所下降,通过添加松香增黏剂,其层间粘结显著提高,通过对胶乳改性改变胶乳的电荷也可达到相似的效果。     

Reinforcement of natural rubber latex film by ultrafine calcium carbonate

Using ultrafine calcium carbonate to reinforce natural rubber latex film, the effect of its content on latex properties such as surface tension, viscosity, mechanical stability, and heat stability and the physical properties of latex film before and after aging such as tear strength, modulus, and tensile strength were investigated. The results showed that the surface tension of natural rubber latex reinforced by ultrafine calcium carbonate only changed slightly; when the content of calcium carbonate was less than 20%, the change of viscosity was not obvious, but when the content was greater than 20%, the viscosity significantly lowered. Ultrafine calcium carbonate could effectively improve the tear strength, tensile strength, and modulus of the natural rubber latex film. The modulus increased with the increment of the calcium carbonate. When the content of calcium carbonate was less than 15%, the tear strength and tensile strength increased with the increments of calcium carbonate, but when the content was greater than 15%, the above‐mentioned properties decreased with the increment of calcium carbonate. By comprehensive consideration, the best reinforcing effect was obtained at a content of 15% ultrafine calcium carbonate. The particle diameters of calcium carbonate and their distribution in the calcium carbonate emulsion and in the rubber film were analyzed with SEM and a laser particle size tester, which showed that the distribution of calcium carbonate in the latex film was even and that it could effectively reinforce natural rubber latex film. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 982–985, 2003     

改性天然胶乳研究进展

介绍了天然胶乳的特点,综述了天然胶乳改性的研究进展,指出了目前胶乳改性所存在的问题,并展望了未来发展趋势。     

天然胶乳胶膜干燥过程及交联结构研究

采用失重法、溶胀法及红外光谱,研究了天然胶乳厚胶膜的干燥动力学过程及干燥过程与橡胶分子链交联密度的关系。结果表明,天然胶乳胶膜的干燥温度和厚度显著影响其干燥过程,通过动力学拟合结果,建立了干燥动力学方程;胶膜干燥开始后,橡胶分子交联密度迅速上升,达到最大交联密度后,交联密度随干燥时间的增加而降低,红外光谱的研究结果也证明了这一规律。干燥过程对天然胶膜的交联结构有明显影响。     

三氯溴甲烷改性天然胶乳的研究

用三氯溴甲烷改性天然胶乳，研究了反应时间、反应温度、三氯溴甲烷的用量等对改性胶乳的硫化胶膜物理机械性能的影响，利用DSC对产物进行了分析。结果表明，反应时间为10h，反应温度在35℃时，所得胶膜物理机械性能较好；随着三氯溴甲烷用量的增加，改性天然胶乳的硫化胶膜物理机械性能下降：三氯溴甲烷改性天然胶乳的玻璃化温度高于未改性天然胶乳。