Experimental study on compressive strengths of thick-walled cold-formed sections

This paper describes an experimental study on the compressive strengths of cold-formed thick-walled steel sections. A total of 18 stub columns with plate thickness ranging from 8 to 12 mm were tested to determine the section capacities of the cold-formed thick-walled steel columns. Material properties were obtained from flat and corner tensile coupon tests. Effects of cold forming on material properties were investigated. The stub column test strengths were compared with the design compressive strengths specified by the Australian/New Zealand and Chinese standards for cold-formed steel structures. It has been shown that the design strengths predicted by these two standards using material properties obtained from the flat coupon tests are quite conservative, while the design strengths based on the average design yield stress of the full section are less conservative.     

Flexural behaviour and strength of cold-formed steel L-headers

Cold-formed steel headers are structural components used over wall openings in cold-formed steel residential and light commercial construction. Recently, there has been an increased interest in cold-formed L-headers among homebuilders primarily due to their ease of installation and low material cost. The findings from an extensive laboratory testing program, of full-scale single and double cold-formed steel L-headers are presented in this paper. The objective of the research was to investigate the flexural behaviour and strength of L-headers under both gravity and uplift loads. Based on the results improved ultimate strength design expressions and new deflection expressions for a wide range of L-header assemblies have been proposed.     

An experimental study on the axial behaviour of cold-formed steel wall studs and panels

A full-scale experimental study on the structural performance of load-bearing wall panels made of cold-formed steel frames and boards is presented. Six different types of C-channel stud, a total of 20 panels with one middle stud and 10 panels with two middle studs were tested under vertical compression until failure. The measured stud failure load agrees well with analytical prediction. The load carrying capacity of a stud increases significantly when one- or two-side sheathing is used, although the latter is more effective. It is also dependent upon the type of board used. Whereas panels with either OSB (orient strand board) or CPB (cement particle board) sheathing have nearly identical load carrying capacity, panels with CSB (calcium silicate board) sheathing are considerably weaker. Screw spacing affects the load carrying capacity of a stud. When the screw spacing on the middle stud in panels with one-side sheathing is reduced from 600 to 300 mm, the stud load carrying capacity increases by 14.5, 20.6 and 94.2% for OSB, CPB and CSB sheathing, respectively.     

高强冷弯薄壁型钢卷边槽形截面轴压柱畸变屈曲试验研究

本文对550MPa高强冷弯薄壁型钢卷边槽形截面轴压构件畸变屈曲性能进行了试验研究,17根试件的试验结果表明:由于试件局部屈曲一般发生在畸变屈曲之前,促使畸变屈曲提前出现,这种相关作用减弱了构件整体刚度,降低了构件承载力;澳洲规范AS/NZS 4600:1996及北美规范NAS 2004中关于发生畸变屈曲构件承载力的计算方法没有考虑局部屈曲和畸变屈曲相关作用的不利影响。依据试验结果本文提出了一种修正直接强度法的建议计算方法,该法计算结果与试验结果较为接近且偏安全。     

钢管高强混凝土组合柱轴压承载力试验研究

为研究钢管高强混凝土组合柱的轴心受压承载力,完成了18个组合柱试件的轴压试验。试件的主要变化参数有:钢管混凝土套箍指标、管外混凝土强度和箍筋配箍特征值。试验结果分析表明,峰值承载力前和达到时,钢管和管外钢筋混凝土纵向变形一致;管外钢筋混凝土破坏后,核心的钢管混凝土提供了较大的后期强度和轴向变形能力;钢管混凝土的套箍指标、管外混凝土的强度和箍筋配箍特征值是影响组合柱轴压承载力的主要因素。试验结果进一步验证了《钢管混凝土叠合柱结构技术规程》(CECS188:2005)给出的组合柱轴心受压承载力计算公式同样适用于钢管高强混凝土组合柱。     

Prediction of the strength of bolted cold-formed channel sections in tension

This study is concentrated on the investigation of the shear lag effect on bolted cold-formed steel tension members. Channel sections with different dimensions tested by using bolted connections were discussed in this study. The comparisons were made between the test results and predictions computed based on several specifications. In order to study the stress distribution at the various locations of the cross-section of specimen, the finite-element software ANSYS was also utilized in this research. Based on the experimental results, it was found that the tension strengths of test specimens predicted by the AISC-Code [Load and resistance factor design specification for structural steel buildings, Chicago, IL, 1999], which takes into account the shear lag effect, provide good correlation with the test results for most specimens. The predictions according to AISI-Code [2001 Edition of the specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members. Washington DC, 2001] and AS/NZS 4600 Code [Cold-formed steel structures, AS/NZS 4600:1996, Australia, 1996] seem to be overestimated as comparing to the test results. It is also noted that there is a quite discrepancy between the test results and the values predicted by both British Standard [British Standard: structural use of steelwork in building—part 5, Code of practice for design of cold-formed thin gauge sections, London, 1998] and Holcomb Recommendation [Tensile and bearing capacities of bolted connections, Second Summary Report, Civil Engineering Study 95-1. University of Missouri-Rolla, 1995]. The equation proposed by this study provides good agreement with test results.     

纤维高强混凝土轴心抗压强度的试验研究

本文进行了高强混凝土和纤维高强混凝土的抗压强度试验，研究了纤维类型和掺量等因素对高强混凝土抗压强度的影响．建议了纤维高强混凝土标准棱柱体抗压强度与标准立方体抗压强度的换算系数及轴心抗压强受的取值方法。     

高钛重矿渣再生混凝土轴心抗压强度试验研究

通过对强度等级为C20,再生粗、细骨料取代率分别为0%,25%,50%,75%,100%的高钛重矿渣再生混凝土圆柱体试块进行轴心抗压强度试验研究,得出:高钛重矿渣再生混凝土的轴心抗压强度满足设计要求,且随着再生骨料取代率的增加而降低,但不成线性关系。     

Experimental investigation of concrete-filled cold-formed high strength stainless steel tube columns

This paper presents an experimental investigation of concrete-filled cold-formed high strength stainless steel tube columns. The high strength stainless steel tubes had a yield stress and tensile strength up to 536 and 961 MPa, respectively. The behaviour of the columns was investigated using different concrete cylinder strengths varied from 40 to 80 MPa. A series of tests was performed to investigate the effects of the shape of the stainless steel tube, plate thickness and concrete strength on the behaviour and strength of concrete-filled high strength stainless steel tube columns. The high strength stainless steel tubes were cold-rolled into square and rectangular hollow sections. The depth-to-plate thickness ratio of the tube sections varied from 25.7 for compact sections to 55.8 for relatively slender sections. The columns had different lengths so the length-to-depth ratio generally remained at a constant value of 3. The concrete-filled high strength stainless steel tube specimens were subjected to uniform axial compression. The column strengths, load-axial strain relationships and failure modes of the columns were presented. The test strengths were compared with the design strengths calculated using the American specifications and Australian/New Zealand standards that consider the effect of local buckling using an effective width concept in the calculation of the stainless steel tube column strengths. Based on the test results, design recommendations were proposed for concrete-filled high strength stainless steel tube columns.     

Design of cold-formed steel channels with stiffened webs subjected to bending

The objectives of this study are to investigate the structural behaviour and evaluate the appropriateness of the current direct strength method on the design of cold-formed steel stiffened cross-sections subjected to bending. The stiffeners were employed to the web of plain channel and lipped channel sections to improve the flexural strength of cold-formed steel sections that are prone to local buckling and distortional buckling. An experimental investigation of simply supported beams with different stiffened channel sections has been conducted. The moment capacities and observed failure modes at ultimate loads were reported. A nonlinear finite element model was developed and verified against the test results in terms of strengths, failure modes and moment–curvature curves. The calibrated model was then adopted for an extensive parametric study to investigate the moment capacities and buckling modes of cold-formed steel beams with various geometries of stiffened sections. The strengths and failure modes of specimens obtained from experimental and numerical results were compared with design strengths predicted using the direct strength method specified in the North American Specification for cold-formed steel structures. The comparison shows that the design strengths predicted by the current direct strength method (DSM) are conservative for both local buckling and distortional buckling in this study. Hence, the DSM is modified to cover the new stiffened channel sections investigated in this study. A reliability analysis was also performed to assess the current and modified DSM.     

碳化作用下钢纤维混凝土抗压性能试验研究

通过对43组129个尺寸为100mm×100mm×100mm的混凝土立方体试件进行试验研究,以钢纤维体积率、混凝土强度等级和碳化龄期为变量,研究了不同体积率、不同强度等级的钢纤维混凝土在不同碳化龄期下抗压性能的变化规律,探讨了钢纤维对混凝土抗压强度的影响机理。试验结果表明,混凝土基体强度等级较高时,钢纤维对碳化后混凝土抗压性能改善比较显著。     

Evaluation of the slenderness ratio in built-up cold-formed box sections

According to section D1.2 of AISI S100-2007 for compression members composed of two sections in contact whose buckling mode involves shear forces in the connectors, a reduction must be made, KL/r must be replaced by (KL/r)_m. This new modified slenderness ratio takes into account the connection weld spacing and the minimum radius of gyration of an individual shape in the built-up member. Under the provisions of section D1.2 a reduction in load capacity must be made for built-up welded box members, which are the subject of this study. An experimental investigation on 48 samples was addressed to determine the comparative behaviour under compression load of box sections composed of two C-section members in contact by seam welds with different weld spacings (ranging from 100 to 900 mm). The studs were tested simulating rigid and flexible end support conditions. The length of the samples was 900 mm with a cross-section of 100 mm×100 mm. The base material thickness was 1.5 mm (gauge 16) for 24 samples and 2.0 mm (gauge 14) for the rest. The testing done on the samples did not show a statistical reduction in the ultimate compression load capacity for these members except for a weld spacing of 900 mm and a flexible end support condition. The reduction considered in AISI S100-2007is not applicable to determine the ultimate load capacity for the rest of the members.     

Compression tests of high strength cold-formed steel channels with buckling interaction

This paper describes a series of compression tests conducted on cold-formed simple lipped channels and lipped channels with intermediate stiffeners in the flanges and web fabricated from high strength steel plate of thickness 0.6 and 0.8 mm with the nominal yield stress 560 MPa. A range of lengths of lipped channel sections were tested to failure with both ends of the column fixed with a special capping to prevent local failure of column ends and influence from the shift of centroid during testing. The high strength cold-formed steel channel sections of intermediate lengths generally displayed a significant interaction between local and distortional buckling. A noticeable interaction between local and overall buckling was also observed for the long columns. A significant post-buckling strength reserve was shown for those sections that showed interaction between local and distortional or overall buckling. Simple design strength formulas in the Direct Strength Method for the thin-walled cold-formed steel sections failing in the mixed mode of local and distortional buckling have been studied. The strengths predicted by the strength formulas proposed are compared with the test results for verification.     

Strength and stiffness determination of shear wall panels in cold-formed steel framing

Shear wall panels, as the one of the primary lateral load resisting elements, have been extensively used in lightweight framing of low- and mid-rise residential construction, particularly in seismic applications. In current practice, lateral strengths of shear wall panels with cold-formed steel framing are primarily determined by tests, owing to the lack of applicable analytical methods. Meanwhile, the use of numerical methods such as the finite element method has rarely been employed in the design practice to determine the lateral strength of shear wall panels due to the extensive amount of computational effort associated with the modelling. Presented in this paper is an analytical method to determine the ultimate lateral strength of the shear wall panel and its associated displacement. The method takes into account the factors that primarily affect the behaviour and the strength of the shear wall panel, such as material properties, geometrical dimensions and construction details. Lateral strengths obtained from the proposed method for shear wall panels with different sheathing materials and steel stud thicknesses, sizes and spacing of sheathing-to-stud fasteners were compared with those of recent experimental investigations. The comparison demonstrates that the predicted results are in good agreement with those of the tests. Therefore, it is recommended that the proposed method be used in engineering practice.     

废橡胶混凝土抗压强度试验研究

本文研究废轮胎橡胶粉碎料作为一种添加成分取代部分粗骨料的混凝土的抗压强度。抗压强度的测试方法同时参照ASTM和普通混凝土力学性能试验方法标准,其中还制备了100mm×100mm×100mm的试件,以分析不同测试方法和尺寸效应的影响。试件中采用的橡胶分别为橡胶粉和橡胶块,掺量为粗骨料体积的15%,30%,45%,以考察橡胶粒度和掺量变化对抗压强度的影响。试件制备时,还测试了坍落度与密度等参数。     

复合钢管高强混凝土短柱轴心受压性能试验与分析

为研究外方内圆复合钢管高强混凝土短柱轴心受压性能,完成了三组共23个试件的轴压试验和典型试件的非线性有限元分析。试验结果表明：各试件的破坏形态基本相同,为方钢管向外鼓曲,方钢管与圆钢管之间的混凝土酥松、局部压碎;试验结束时,试件纵向应变达到0.09~0.11,尚能承担约70%的峰值竖向力;按文献［8］有关公式计算得到的试件压缩刚度平均值为实测值的83.6%;采用圆钢管对其管内混凝土提供约束,方钢管对混凝土不提供约束、但提供轴压承载力的计算假定,试件轴心受压承载力计算值与试验值吻合良好;非线性有限元计算得到的竖向力 纵向应变曲线及破坏过程与试验结果符合较好。     

Tests of cold-formed high strength stainless steel compression members

The paper describes a test program on cold-formed high strength stainless steel compression members. The duplex stainless steel having the yield stress and tensile strength up to 750 and 850 MPa, respectively, was investigated. The material properties of the test specimens were obtained from tensile coupon and stub column tests. The test specimens were cold-rolled into square and rectangular hollow sections. The specimens were compressed between fixed ends at different column lengths. The initial overall geometric imperfections of the column specimens were measured. The strength and behaviour of cold-formed high strength stainless steel columns were investigated. The test strengths were compared with the design strengths predicted using the American, Australian/New Zealand and European specifications for cold-formed stainless steel structures. Generally, it is shown that the design strengths predicted by the three specifications are conservative for the cold-formed high strength stainless steel columns. In addition, reliability analysis was performed to evaluate the current design rules.     

Experimental investigation of cold-formed stainless steel tubular T-joints

This paper describes a test program on a wide range of cold-formed stainless steel welded tubular T-joints fabricated from square and rectangular hollow section brace and chord members. A total of 22 tests was performed. High strength stainless steel (duplex and high strength austenitic) and normal strength stainless steel (AISI 304) specimens were tested. The tests were performed by supporting the chord member of the specimen along its entire length with the pure concentrated force applied to the chord face by the brace member. The ratio of brace width to chord width (β) of the specimens varied from 0.5 to 1.0 so that failure modes of chord face failure and chord side wall failure were observed. The test results were compared with the design procedures in the Australian/New Zealand Standard for stainless steel structures, CIDECT and Eurocode design rules for carbon steel structures. It is shown that the design strengths predicted by the current design specifications are conservative for the test specimens calculated using the 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0% proof stresses as the yield stresses. The 0.2% proof stress is comparatively more reasonable to predict the design strengths of stainless steel welded tubular T-joints for both ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. In this study, it is shown that the ultimate limit state controls rather than the serviceability limit state for most of the test specimens.     

高温中钢纤维混凝土抗压强度试验研究

综述了国内外混凝土及纤维混凝土高温后及高温中的性能变化规律。研究了3种水胶比混凝土及钢纤维混凝土在20、200、400、600、800℃五个温度段高温中的抗压强度,结果表明:素混凝土及钢纤维混凝土高温中抗压强度都呈先升高再降低趋势,素混凝土和钢纤维混凝土分别在200、400℃时达到峰值,400℃时钢纤维的增强效果最明显。     

高强混凝土芯样抗压强度试验研究

针对采用不同粗骨料配制的50～90 MPa混凝土,分别钻取尺寸为φ100mm和φ70 mm两种芯样,测定其抗压强度,并与同条件养护的混凝土立方体抗压强度进行比较.试验结果表明,骨料品种对不同尺寸芯样的抗压强度影响不大,φ100mm芯样抗压强度（f10cor）与同条件养护的100mm立方体试件抗压强度（f10cu）相当,φ70 mm芯样抗压强度（f7cor）平均高出100mm立方体试件抗压强度约13%.因此,采用小芯样评定高强混凝土抗压强度时,需要进行修正.