基于裂纹尖端应力比值的含裂纹功能梯度材料圆筒应力强度因子计算方法

由于功能梯度材料(FGM)性质的特殊性,现有含裂纹FGM结构应力强度因子计算方法难以避免复杂的矩阵运算以及数值积分。该文针对含外表面环向裂纹FGM圆筒,利用FGM圆筒与均匀材料圆筒裂纹尖端应力之间的比例关系,将复杂的FGM圆筒应力强度因子求解问题转化为简单的应力值提取问题以及经验公式计算问题,仅由均匀材料圆筒应力强度因子经验公式、均匀材料圆筒和FGM圆筒裂纹尖端应力比值即可得到任意含裂纹FGM圆筒应力强度因子。该方法仅需建立2D轴对称模型即可满足计算要求,在保证精度的基础上成功回避了传统方法中的复杂矩阵运算以及数值积分,且适用于不同FGM、筒体尺寸、裂纹深度等情况下的应力强度因子计算。通过多组算例对比分析,证明该方法计算精度高、计算过程简便,便于工程应用。     

含曲线裂纹柱体扭转问题的新边界元法

研究了带曲线裂纹柱体的扭转断裂问题,推导出了可以直接应用于任意形状截面含有任意形状曲线裂纹的柱体扭转问题的新的边界积分方程,并建立了带裂纹柱体扭转问题的边界元数值计算方法,提出了裂纹尖端的奇异元和线性元插值模型,给出了抗扭刚度和应力强度因子的边界元计算公式。该文对含有圆弧裂纹、曲线裂纹及直线裂纹的不同截面形状柱体的典型问题进行了数值计算,所得结果证明了边界元方法的正确性和有效性。     

裂纹板贴补应力分析

本文采用含裂纹无限大板特殊基本解和合力边界条件,用体积力法对含裂纹金属薄板的胶贴补强问题进行应力分析。使用一满足胶贴层位移连续条件的剪切单元,把问题转化为对裂纹板和贴片的分析。由于使用的特殊基本解精确满足裂纹面自由力边界条件,避免了对裂纹尖端附近的奇异场进行离散处理,因而可以比较精确地求出裂纹尖端附近的应力分布,同时由于单位集中力引起的裂纹尖端应力强度因子可以解析得到,因而可以较准确地反映出用应力强度因子的降低来表征的贴补效果。作为贴补计算的例子,文中计算了受拉力和剪力作用时,含中心裂纹的金属裂纹板在贴补前后裂纹尖端应力强度因子的降低,给出了贴片的厚度、弹性模量和尺寸及肢贴层厚度等对贴补效果的影响。     

轮轨摩擦接触下钢轨多裂纹相互作用研究

利用热机耦合有限元法,建立了轮轨摩擦接触时钢轨表面多裂纹的热弹性平面应变有限元模型。数值模型中,考虑轮轨摩擦温升对轮轨材料参数的影响,通过移动载荷和热源来模拟运动车轮对钢轨的作用。分析了轮轨滑动接触时多裂纹相互作用和表面裂纹数量对钢轨疲劳裂纹扩展特性的影响。计算结果表明:与单个裂纹相比,多裂纹有降低钢轨疲劳裂纹扩展的作用;钢轨裂纹尖端应力强度因子K1和应力强度因子范围?K2均随裂纹数的增多而减小;钢轨表面裂纹数为5条时可以反映更多裂纹时的裂纹扩展特性。     

基于水平集算法的扩展比例边界有限元法研究

扩展比例边界有限元法在裂纹贯穿单元采用Heaviside阶跃函数描述裂纹面两侧的不连续位移,在裂尖则采用半解析的比例边界有限元描述奇异应力场。该方法具有无需预先知道裂尖渐进场的形式,无需采用特殊的数值积分技术直接生成裂尖刚度阵,对多种应力奇异类型可根据定义直接求解广义应力强度因子的特点。该文将扩展比例边界有限元法与水平集方法相结合,进一步发展了扩展比例边界有限元法,并将其应用于解决裂纹扩展的问题。在数值算例中,通过编写完整的MATLAB分析计算程序,求解了单边缺口的三点弯曲梁和四点剪切梁的裂纹扩展问题,计算结果显示扩展比例边界有限元法能有效地预测裂纹轨迹和荷载-位移曲线。通过参数敏感性分析,还可得出该方法具有较低的网格依赖性,且对裂纹扩展步长不敏感。     

新的估算表面裂纹应力强度因子经验公式

该文给出了新的估算拉伸和纯弯曲载荷下表面裂纹应力强度因子的经验公式。根据疲劳裂纹扩展的数值模拟结果确定强度因子分布函数;利用按已知应力强度因子分布函数求裂纹形状及相应应力强度因子的方法计算给定尺寸的表面裂纹的应力强度因子;通过对数值结果的曲线回归得到估算表面裂纹应力强度因子经验公式。利用该公式对有限厚度和宽度平板内表面裂纹的应力强度因子进行了估算,并与已知的半椭圆形表面裂纹的应力强度因子解进行了比较。该文结果为估算表面裂纹应力强度因子提供了一种新的途径。     

基于Kirchhoff板中裂纹尖端辛本征解的有限元应力恢复方法

对于含穿透裂纹的板结构,裂纹尖端应力场及应力强度因子的计算精度对评估板的安全性具有非常重要的影响。基于含裂纹Kirchhoff板弯曲问题中裂纹尖端场的辛本征解析解,该文提出了一个提高裂纹尖端应力场计算精度的有限元应力恢复方法。首先利用常规有限元程序对含裂纹板弯曲问题进行分析,得到裂纹尖端附近的单元节点位移;然后根据节点位移确定辛本征解中的待定系数,得到裂纹尖端附近应力场的显式表达式。数值结果表明,该方法给出的应力分析精度得到较大提高,并具有良好的数值稳定性。     

非均匀材料界面裂纹的Cell-Based光滑有限元法

为提高非均匀材料界面裂纹尖端断裂参数的求解精度,基于非均匀材料界面断裂力学、Cell-Based光滑有限元(Cell-SFEM)和非均匀材料的互交作用积分法,提出了求解非均匀材料界面裂纹尖端断裂参数的CellBased光滑有限元法,推导了基于Cell-Based光滑有限元法的非均匀材料的互交作用积分法,对非均匀材料间的界面裂纹尖端处正则应力强度因子进行了求解,并与参考解进行了比较,讨论了互交积分区域大小和光滑子元个数与正则应力强度因子的关系。数值算例结果表明:本方法具有很高的计算精度,对积分区域大小不敏感,可为设计、制造抗破坏非均匀材料提供依据。     

求解双材料界面裂纹应力强度因子的扩展有限元法

基于双材料界面裂纹尖端的基本解,构造扩展有限元法(eXtended Finite Element Methods, XFEM)裂尖单元结点的改进函数。有限元网格剖分不遵从材料界面,考虑3种类型的结点改进函数:弱不连续改进函数、Heaviside改进函数和裂尖改进函数,建立XFEM的位移模式,给出计算双材料界面裂纹应力强度因子(Stress Intensity Factors, SIFs)的相互作用积分方法。数值结果表明:XFEM无需遵从材料界面剖分网格,该文的方法能够准确评价双材料界面裂纹尖端的SIFs。     

拉—拉疲劳下15MnMoVN多裂纹扩展研究

为分析单裂纹或多裂纹在裂纹面承受疲劳拉伸载荷作用下尖端应力强度因子变化规律和裂纹形貌变化以及疲劳寿命情况,以含不同初始长深比的半椭圆单裂纹或双裂纹的薄片试样为研究对象,对试样在应力比R=0.1的疲劳拉伸载荷下单裂纹或双裂纹情况进行了仿真分析。建立含裂纹试样的有限元模型,仿真分析了裂纹在扩展过程中尖端应力强度因子的分布情况,并将单裂纹扩展结果与双裂纹相互作用影响下的结果进行了对比研究;进行含裂纹试样的疲劳实验,分析了含单裂纹或双裂纹的试样的断裂面的形成原因,并验证仿真结果正确性。结果表明,裂纹面之间的相互作用会逐渐影响裂纹的扩展方向、扩展速率以及在扩展过程中尖端应力强度因子的变化趋势;而且初始形貌为半椭圆形的双裂纹在相互作用影响下会逐渐过渡到半圆形。     

基于X-SBFEM的裂纹体非网格重剖分耦合模型研究

扩展有限元法利用了非网格重剖分技术,但需要基于裂尖解析解构造复杂的插值基函数,计算精度受网格疏密和插值基函数等因素影响。比例边界有限元法则在求解无限域和裂尖奇异性问题优势明显,两者衔接于有限元法理论内,可建立一种结合二者优势的断裂耦合数值模型。该文从虚功原理出发,利用位移协调与力平衡机制,提出了一种断裂计算的新方法X-SBFEM,达到了扩展有限元模拟裂纹主体、比例边界有限元模拟裂尖的目的。在数值算例中,通过边裂纹和混合型裂纹的应力强度因子计算,并与理论解对比,验证了该方法的准确性和有效性。     

Modelling multiple cohesive crack propagation using a finite element–scaled boundary finite element coupled method

This paper presents an extension of the recently-developed finite element–scaled boundary finite element (FEM–SBFEM) coupled method to model multiple crack propagation in concrete. The concrete bulk and fracture process zones are modelled using SBFEM and nonlinear cohesive interface finite elements (CIEs), respectively. The CIEs are automatically inserted into the SBFEM mesh as the cracks propagate. The algorithm previously devised for single crack propagation is augmented to model problems with multiple cracks and to allow cracks to initiate in an un-cracked SBFEM mesh. It also addresses crack propagation from one subdomain into another, as a result of partitioning a coarse SBFEM mesh, required for some mixed–mode problems. Each crack in the SBFEM mesh propagates when the sign of the Mode-I stress intensity factor at the crack tip turns positive from negative. Its propagation angle is determined using linear elastic fracture mechanics criteria. Three concrete beams involving multiple crack propagation are modelled. The predicted crack propagation patterns and load–displacement curves are in good agreement with data reported in literature.     

Modelling crack propagation in reinforced concrete using a hybrid finite element–scaled boundary finite element method

A previously developed hybrid finite element–scaled boundary finite element method (FEM–SBFEM) is extended to model multiple cohesive crack propagation in reinforced concrete. This hybrid method can efficiently extract accurate stress intensity factors from the semi-analytical solutions of SBFEM and is also flexible in remeshing multiple cracks. Crack propagation in the concrete bulk is modelled by automatically inserted cohesive interface elements with nonlinear softening laws. The concrete–reinforcement interaction is also modelled by cohesive interface elements. The bond shear stress–slip relation of CEB-FIP Model Code 90 and an empirical confining stress–crack opening relation are used to characterise slip and split failure at the concrete–reinforcement interface, respectively. Three RC beams were simulated. The numerical results agreed well with both experimental and numerical results available in the literature. Parametric studies demonstrated the importance of modelling both slip and split failure mechanisms at the concrete–reinforcement interface.     

Polygon scaled boundary finite elements for crack propagation modelling

An automatic crack propagation modelling technique using polygon elements is presented. A simple algorithm to generate a polygon mesh from a Delaunay triangulated mesh is implemented. The polygon element formulation is constructed from the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM), treating each polygon as a SBFEM subdomain and is very efficient in modelling singular stress fields in the vicinity of cracks. Stress intensity factors are computed directly from their definitions without any nodal enrichment functions. An automatic remeshing algorithm capable of handling any n‐sided polygon is developed to accommodate crack propagation. The algorithm is simple yet flexible because remeshing involves minimal changes to the global mesh and is limited to only polygons on the crack paths. The efficiency of the polygon SBFEM in computing accurate stress intensity factors is first demonstrated for a problem with a stationary crack. Four crack propagation benchmarks are then modelled to validate the developed technique and demonstrate its salient features. The predicted crack paths show good agreement with experimental observations and numerical simulations reported in the literature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fully automatic modelling of mixed-mode crack propagation using scaled boundary finite element method

The newly-developed scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) is able to calculate stress intensity factors directly because the singularity in stress solutions at crack tips is analytically represented. By taking this advantage, a mixed-mode crack propagation model based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) was developed in this study. A domain is first divided into a few subdomains. Because the dimensions and shapes of subdomains can be flexibly varied and only the domain boundaries or common edges between subdomains are discretised in the SBFEM, a remeshing procedure as simple as in boundary element methods was developed with minimum mesh changes whereas the generality and flexibility of the FEM is well maintained. Fully-automatic modelling of mixed-mode crack propagation is then achieved by combining the remeshing procedure with a propagation criterion. Three mixed-mode examples were modelled. Comparisons of the numerical results with those from available publications show that the developed model is capable of predicting crack trajectories and load-displacement relations accurately and efficiently.     

Modelling dynamic crack propagation using the scaled boundary finite element method

This study presents a novel application of the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) to model dynamic crack propagation problems. Accurate dynamic stress intensity factors are extracted directly from the semi‐analytical solutions of SBFEM. They are then used in the dynamic fracture criteria to determine the crack‐tip position, velocity and propagation direction. A simple, yet flexible remeshing algorithm is used to accommodate crack propagation. Three dynamic crack propagation problems that include mode‐I and mix‐mode fracture are modelled. The results show good agreement with experimental and numerical results available in the literature. It is found that the developed method offers some advantages over conventional FEM in terms of accuracy, efficiency and ease of implementation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Probabilistic fracture mechanics by using Monte Carlo simulation and the scaled boundary finite element method

A numerical technique to model the effect of uncertainties in the crack geometry on the reliability of cracked structures is presented. The shape sensitivity analysis of stress intensity factors to the crack size and orientation is performed by using the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). Only a single boundary mesh is required. The varying crack size and orientation are represented by simply moving the scaling center and without the need for remeshing. The reliability assessment is performed by Monte Carlo simulations. Numerical examples are analyzed to verify the accuracy and demonstrate the efficiency and simplicity of the proposed technique.     

Calculation of stress intensity factors for functionally graded materials by using the weight functions derived by the virtual crack extension technique

The weight function method provides a powerful approach for calculating the stress intensity factors for a homogeneous cracked body subjected to mechanical loadings. In this paper, the basic equations of weight function method for mode I and mixed mode crack problems in a two-dimensional functionally graded crack system are derived based on the Betti’s reciprocal theorem. The weight functions derived by the virtual crack extension technique are further used to calculate the stress intensity factors of functionally graded materials (FGMs). The practicability and accuracy of this proposed method has been confirmed by the comparison with theoretical or numerical solutions available in the literatures. On account that the repeated extractions of the distributions of normal stress and shear stress in the uncracked component along the prospective crack line under different loadings can be avoided using the method presented in this paper, this method can be potentially used for optimal design for FGMs under multiple-load cases.     

Fully-automatic modelling of cohesive crack growth using a finite element-scaled boundary finite element coupled method

This study develops a method coupling the finite element method (FEM) and the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) for fully-automatic modelling of cohesive crack growth in quasi-brittle materials. The simple linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM)-based remeshing procedure developed previously is augmented by inserting nonlinear interface finite elements automatically. The constitutive law of these elements is modelled by the cohesive/fictitious crack model to simulate the fracture process zone, while the elastic bulk material is modelled by the SBFEM. The resultant nonlinear equation system is solved by a local arc-length controlled solver. The crack is assumed to grow when the mode-I stress intensity factor K_I vanishes in the direction determined by LEFM criteria. Other salient algorithms associated with the SBFEM, such as mapping state variables after remeshing and calculating K_I using a “shadow subdomain”, are also described. Two concrete beams subjected to mode-I and mixed-mode fracture respectively are modelled to validate the new method. The results show that this SBFEM-FEM coupled method is capable of fully-automatically predicting both satisfactory crack trajectories and accurate load-displacement relations with a small number of degrees of freedom, even for problems with strong snap-back. Parametric studies were carried out on the crack incremental length, the concrete tensile strength, and the mode-I and mode-II fracture energies. It is found that the K_I ? 0 criterion is objective with respect to the crack incremental length.