海水淡化副产浓海水资源化利用制备NaCl

进行了电渗析法海水淡化副产的浓海水浓缩制备液体盐工程化研究,考察了电压、进水量等因素对溶液中NaCl含量、回收率、产量和能耗的影响。结果表明,在电压190 V、进料体积流量12 m~3/h条件下,溶液中NaCl的质量浓度可达183.2 g/L,回收率42.7%,NaCl产量为175.0 kg/h,电能耗可控制在200 kW·h/t(折算为100%的NaCl)以内。副产的淡盐水水质符合GB 3097-1997的第一类海水标准,若外排对环境无害。     

1,3-丙二醇发酵液电渗析脱盐的中试研究

在1,3-丙二醇发酵液电渗析脱盐小试研究的基础上进行了中试研究,着重考察了浓淡室流速、浓室初始浓度和膜对电压对电渗析操作过程的影响,通过综合比较脱盐时间、电流效率、能耗等一系列指标,确定了中试条件下脱盐工艺的最佳操作条件。     

电渗析处理焦化废水反渗透浓水的工程应用研究

结合某焦化废水深度处理与回用工程项目,考察了电渗析处理焦化废水反渗透浓水的状况和不同工艺参数对膜性能的影响,明确电渗析处理焦化废水反渗透浓水的脱盐率和能耗。结果表明,焦化废水反渗透浓水污染物对电渗析膜污染较重,可用1%稀盐酸洗涤恢复膜性能。2台电渗析膜堆串联组合处理焦化废水反渗透浓水,脱盐率和吨盐能耗随操作电压的增大而增大。固定操作电压为250 V,淡化液流量为9 m3/h,在此条件下膜堆脱盐率为51%,吨盐能耗为625 k W·h。     

陶瓷膜浓缩装置性能试验研究

利用陶瓷膜浓缩装置进行了高浓盐水浓缩试验,研究了设备的操作压力、操作温度、物料进料方式和物料浓度对陶瓷膜浓缩设备膜通量的影响,得出了陶瓷膜浓缩设备的工作性能曲线。结果表明,操作压力和操作温度对于提高陶瓷膜设备的工作效率具有十分重要的作用。     

固体颗粒对流化床多相蒸发海水淡化操作浓缩比及膜传热系数的影响

提高海水淡化操作浓缩比,不仅可以提高造水比,还可以有效降低淡化后浓海水再利用的后处理成本,故其是实现低成本零排放的关键之一。在一套循环流化床多相蒸发海水淡化实验装置上,分别采用汽-液两相及汽-液-固三相操作,考察固体颗粒对海水淡化操作浓缩比及膜传热系数的影响,并分析垢层的主要成分。实验表明：高温下CaSO4首先析出,是形成垢层的主要成分;采取汽-液两相操作,膜传热系数保持在1.75 kW·m-2·K-1左右,操作浓缩比可达到3.8左右;采取汽-液-固三相操作,固体颗粒强化传热和防除垢的作用显著,加入颗粒体积分数为4%时,在膜传热系数保持在2.3 kW·m-2·K-1左右不降低的情况下,海水淡化操作浓缩比达到5.8以上。     

多效膜蒸馏过程用于海水和浓海水的深度浓缩

研究了离子交换法选择性脱钙与多效膜蒸馏相结合用于海水淡化和淡化厂浓水深度浓缩的可行性。海水或浓海水中钙离子能脱除90%以上,可防止高倍数浓缩时海水中硫酸钙沉淀对膜造成污染。本文以膜通量、造水比和馏出液电导率为多效膜蒸馏过程的性能指标,研究了操作条件对过程性能的影响。膜通量最高可达6.07 L/(m2?h),造水比最高可达13.2;当海水浓缩至250 g/L时,馏出液的电导率小于200 μm/cm,膜通量和造水比仍可达3.61 L/(m2?h)和4.96。以除钙后的浓海水为料液,利用两种多效膜蒸馏组件分别进行了持续45天的操作稳定性实验研究,在试验期间膜组件性能没有明显下降。该研究结果表明,多效膜蒸馏结合选择性脱钙是适合于海水深度浓缩及资源综合利用的高效节能技术。     

利用油田废水电渗析脱盐液发酵制备鼠李糖脂的研究

采用回转式流道隔板型式的电渗析装置对高盐度油田废水进行处理。研究了电渗析两室浓差、浓淡比、油脂在膜表面吸附和清除方式等因素对含油废水脱盐效果的影响,给出了提高脱盐过程电流效率的方法,并比较了与常规处理过程的成本差异。然后采用含油脱盐水作为发酵用水,在500毫升摇瓶规模上进行铜绿假单孢杆菌的鼠李糖脂发酵实验,发酵5天后溶液中鼠李糖脂浓度可达0.2g.L-1,且发酵前后微生物对废水中油类物质的降解量达一半以上。     

单价选择性电渗析对高盐废水一/二价阴离子的分离

采用由实验室改性得到的单价选择性阴离子交换膜电渗析技术对模拟高盐废水中的Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)进行分离,考察了流量、电压、Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)浓度比、pH对Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)的选择性迁移比(STR)及能耗的影响。实验结果表明:设定浓室、极室流量分别为20、30 L/h,Cl~-与SO_4~(2-)的初始总浓度为0.5 mol/L,在淡室流量为20 L/h,电压为5 V, Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)浓度比为1∶1,pH为7的最佳条件下,电渗析装置运行120 min时,Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)的STR达到6.6,能耗为0.67 kW·h/kg。     

电渗析浓缩垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗废水研究

采用间歇电渗析法和连续电渗析法对去除重金属后的垃圾焚烧飞灰水洗废水中KCl、CaCl₂、NaCl等混盐进行浓缩工艺的研究,考察了电压、水洗废水温度、补料流量、水洗废水盐含量等因素对电渗析浓缩过程中混盐质量浓度、混盐回收率以及膜堆单位能耗的影响。结果表明,电压、温度、补料流量、水洗废水盐含量影响较大。在电压为12 V,水洗废水温度为25 ℃,补料流量为5 L/h、水洗废水盐含量46.70 g/L条件下,浓缩后水洗废水中的混盐质量浓度从46.70 g/L浓缩至187.29 g/L,混盐回收率为50.53%,膜堆单位能耗为170.79 kWh/t_混盐,表现出了良好的盐浓缩性能。     

电渗析法浓缩低浓度含铜废水

对低浓度含铜废水（10～50 mg/L）进行了电渗析浓缩实验研究。实验在自制电渗析装置中进行,电渗析反应槽内置交替排列的阴、阳离子交换膜,从而将反应槽分隔成阴、阳极极室、清室和浓室。废水中的铜离子由于电场力的作用透过离子交换膜被富集浓缩。实验分别考察了直流电压、极板间距、通电时间等因素对铜离子去除效率和浓缩倍数的影响,并分析其原因。结果显示,温度20 ℃、电压8 V、pH=7,极板间距360 mm、通电时间1 h时,铜离子去除效率可达90.4%,浓缩倍数为3.5,清室铜离子浓度为1.44 mg/L。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.