Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) following dietary exposure

The congener 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) is the primary component in a commonly used flame retardant known as decaBDE. This flame retardant constitutes approximately 80% of the world market demand for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Because this compound is very hydrophobic (log K(ow) approximately 10), it has been suggested that BDE 209 has very low bioavailability, although debromination to more bioavailable metabolites has also been suggested to occur in fish tissues. In the present study, juvenile carp were exposed to BDE 209 amended food on a daily basis for 60 days, followed by a 40-day depuration period in which the fate of BDE 209 was monitored in whole fish and liver tissues separately. No net accumulation of BDE 209 was observed throughout the experiment despite an exposure concentration of 940 ng/day/fish. However, seven apparent debrominated products of BDE 209 accumulated in whole fish and liver tissues over the exposure period. These debrominated metabolites of BDE 209 were identified as penta- to octaBDEs using both GC/ECNI-MS and GC/HRMS. Using estimation methods for relative retention times of phenyl substitution patterns, we have identified possible structures for the hexa- and heptabromodiphenyl ethers identified in the carp tissues. Although exposure of carp to BDE 209 did not result in the accumulation of BDE 209 in carp tissues, our results indicate evidence of limited BDE 209 bioavailability from food in the form of lower brominated metabolites.     

新型涤纶阻燃剂在机车阻燃面料的应用及探讨

阐述了汽车或机车装饰面料对阻燃效果的要求,采用新型涤纶阻燃剂,设计了浸轧-涂层和浸轧-水洗-涂层阻燃整理工艺,测试并比较了两种工艺整理后试样与进口阻燃面料的阻燃效果,将试样分别置于常温水中浸渍24 h、自然晾干后的阻燃效果,以及阻燃整理后面料的色牢度及pH值情况。得出两种工艺整理后的布样基本达到进口布样的阻燃要求,色牢度和布面pH值相近。     

新型氮-磷阻燃剂制备及其对棉织物的阻燃性能

为同步实现纺织品高分子材料高效、低毒的阻燃性能,充分利用氮-磷之间的协同效应,以六氯环三磷腈(HCPP)和季戊四醇磷酸酯(PEPA)为原料,制备了一类新型氮-磷无卤阻燃剂(HCPPA),其对棉织物的阻燃性能通过氧指数仪和垂直燃烧仪进行测试。结果表明:当阻燃剂添加量为28%时,HCPPA的极限氧指数高达35%,阴燃时间为0.3 s,经HCPPA处理的棉织物水洗15次后极限氧指数仍然高达32.5%,显示出优异的阻燃性能和良好的耐水洗性;与六苯氧基环三磷腈(HPCTP)和季戊四醇磷酸酯(PEPA)相比,HCPPA具有更优异的阻燃性能,有望在纺织、塑料和涂料等产品的阻燃工业中具有更好的应用前景。     

生物质环保阻燃剂PD的制备及其阻燃性能

为解决纯棉织物的阻燃及其耐洗性问题,以生物质植酸和双氰胺为原料,制备了无卤生物质环保耐洗阻燃剂PD,并应用于棉织物的阻燃整理。借助傅里叶红外光谱仪和X射线能谱仪等分析表征了PD化学结构和元素组成,并对整理织物的表面形貌、热稳定性、阻燃及耐水洗性等进行了分析。结果表明:阻燃剂PD为多活性磷氮型阻燃剂;纯棉织物阻燃整理时,阻燃剂PD质量分数为35%;PD处理样在800 ℃热解残炭量为13.32%(氮气气氛),垂直燃烧的损毁长度为4.5 cm,极限氧指数达43.6%,且阻燃织物经40次标准洗涤后,极限氧指数仍能达到29.1%;制备的阻燃剂PD是一种阻燃效果和耐水洗性能优良的生物质环保阻燃剂。     

Identification and determination of hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) in residential indoor air and dust: a previously unreported halogenated flame retardant in the environment

Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO, CAS 51936-55-1) has been detected in residential indoor air and indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada. The positive identification of the chemical was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra of the chemical obtained under both electron impact and negative chemical ionization operation modes, as well as through the synthesis of this chemical. This is the first report on the presence of HCDBCO in the environment. Although the levels of HCDBCO in indoor dust, with a geometric mean of 2.7 ng g(-1) and a median of 2.0 ng g(-1) respectively, are generally low compared to those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus, another recently detected flame retardant, high levels of HCDBCO were detected in several dust samples with a maximum level of 93,000 ng g(-1) which is 16 times higher than the maximum level of the structurally related dechlorane plus. On the other hand, levels of HCDBCO in indoor air, with a geometric mean of 70 pg m(-3) and a median of 92 pg m(-3), were higher than those of the major PBDE congeners. The maximum level of HCDBCO found in indoor air was 3000 pg m(-3). Structurally, HCDBCO belongs to a group of norbornane based halogenated flame retardants. The presence of HCDBCO in the indoor environment may raise awareness of the potential release of this and related flame retardants into the environment during the production and usage of products that contain them, and the potential implications of human exposure to these chemicals as people spend the majority of their time indoors in modern society.     

Microbial O-methylation of the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A

We demonstrated the O-methylation of tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) [4,4'-isopropylidenebis (2,6-dibromophenol)] to its mono- and dimethyl ether derivatives by microorganisms present in different sediments. A most probable number assay of a marsh sediment suggested that up to 10% of the total aerobic heterotrophs may be capable of O-methylation. Although TBBPA dimethyl ether is not produced in industry, it has been detected in terrestrial and aquatic sediments. Our study supports the hypothesis that TBBPA dimethyl ether is a product of microbial O-methylation. The O-methylation of TBBPA, as well as its analog, tetrachlorobisphenol-A (TCBPA), was also demonstrated in cultures of two chlorophenol-metabolizing bacteria, Mycobacterium fortuitum CG-2 and Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum PCP-1. These strains also mediated the O-methylation of 2,6-dibromophenol and 2,6-dichlorophenol, analogs of TBBPA and TCBPA, to their corresponding anisoles, but 2,6-fluorophenol was not transformed. Due to the addition of hydrophobic methyl groups, O-methylated derivatives are more lipophilic, increasing the probability of bioaccumulation in the food chain. Future research regarding the toxicological effects of the O-methylated derivatives of TBBPA is recommended and will further elucidate potential risks to environmental and human health.     

磷/氮阻燃剂对涤纶/棉混纺织物的阻燃整理

为赋予涤纶/棉混纺织物良好的阻燃性能,采用生物质植酸和尿素合成植酸铵盐,通过轧—烘—焙工艺对涤纶/棉混纺织物进行整理。借助傅里叶红外光谱仪对合成阻燃剂植酸铵盐进行表征,并研究了整理后涤纶/棉混纺织物的表面形貌、热稳定性、热释放性能、阻燃性能及其阻燃机制。结果表明:整理后涤纶/棉混纺织物的阻燃性能较好,极限氧指数升高至25.6%,在垂直燃烧测试中能够自熄,炭长降低为12 cm,满足GB/T 17591—2006《阻燃织物》中B₁级阻燃性能的要求;整理后涤纶/棉混纺织物的热稳定性提高,热释放能力降低;植酸铵盐主要通过膨胀型阻燃机制提高涤纶/棉混纺织物的阻燃性能。     

芳纶/阻燃粘胶/阻燃锦纶混纺织物制备及其性能

为获得长效阻燃、高强、耐磨且服用性能好的织物,将芳纶1414、阻燃粘胶与阻燃锦纶3种本质阻燃纤维混纺织造,探讨了混纺比、纱线捻度、织物组织结构和黏合剂种类对纱线及其织物力学性能、阻燃性能和色牢度的影响。结果表明：芳纶1414/阻燃粘胶/阻燃锦纶(30/45/25)混纺纱线同时具备优异的力学性能和阻燃性能,阻燃锦纶的加入使三元混纺纱线断裂强度相比芳纶/阻燃粘胶二元混纺纱线提升56%,耐磨次数提升58%,其纱线的力学性能随着捻度增加先增强后降低,峰值捻度为680捻/m;织物采用斜纹组织结构时,其阻燃性能和力学性能优于平纹和缎纹组织;采用非离子型丙烯酸酯共聚物G-BD作为印花浆料黏合剂,可使得到的高强耐磨阻燃织物水洗20次后变色牢度级数仍保持在2级以上。     

染整试剂对安芙赛纤维阻燃性能的影响

 为提高安芙赛阻燃纤维织物的阻燃性能,采用测试极限氧指数和热重分析等方法研究染整试剂,如硫酸、氢氧化钠、染料等对安芙赛纤维阻燃性能的影响。结果表明:硫酸和氢氧化钠会显著降低纤维的阻燃性能。采用热重法讨论酸、碱对安芙赛纤维阻燃性能影响的机制。通过染色实验进一步验证了碱剂的影响。结果表明:安芙赛纤维宜用直接和活性染料染色;中性盐、双氧水对阻燃性能影响不明显;安芙赛纤维适合选用阴离子型助剂。     

阻燃涤纶染色工艺

采用分散金黄E-TD、分散红3B和分散蓝2BLN对阻燃涤纶和普通涤纶纱线染色,探讨染色温度、时间、pH值和染料用量对染色涤纶K/S值的影响。研究结果表明,低温型分散染料可在98℃上染阻燃涤纶,染色pH值对阻燃涤纶的的影响与普通涤纶类似;阻燃涤纶染色温度达到75℃后上染速率大大加快,需严格控制升温速度;染色涤纶的提升性能与染料结构性能有直接关系;阻燃涤纶的染色牢度与普通涤纶类似。     

氢氧化镁阻燃剂的优势探讨

分析了阻燃剂的发展趋势以及氢氧化镁无机阻燃剂优势,指出了海盐企业利用苦卤生产无机阻燃剂氢氧化镁的强大优势,为江苏海盐发展新的化工产品提供帮助。     

阻燃粘胶纤维的热力学性能研究

以某化纤企业的1.67 dtex×38 mm普通和阻燃粘胶纤维为材料,通过对普通粘胶纤维和阻燃粘胶纤维聚合度和分子量的测试,分析研究聚合度和分子量对纤维热学和力学性能的影响。实验表明,阻燃剂的加入降低了纤维的聚合度和分子量,减缓了粘胶纤维结晶区的裂解,提高了其阻燃的性能,降低了力学性能。通过对阻燃粘胶纤维与普通粘胶纤维阻燃性能进行分析与比较,所得结论可为阻燃功能性面料的开发提供相应的参考。     

棉织物用磷-氮系阻燃剂的阻燃工艺探讨

以磷-氮系阻燃剂为工作液研究棉织物阻燃工艺,对棉织物耐久阻燃工艺流程、工艺条件、阻燃效果等进行了介绍。根据阻燃协同效应的理论,采用郑州大学化学系研制的无毒、低烟环保、水溶性极好的Fr～21磷-tK（P-N）系新型阻燃剂进行处理,具有优良的阻燃效果,并且不损伤织物的强力和手感。     

阻燃纤维素气凝胶研究进展

为提高纤维素气凝胶的阻燃性,拓宽其应用领域,首先介绍了纤维素气凝胶的分类及其制备方法;然后综述了当前应用较为广泛的无机阻燃剂、有机阻燃剂和有机/无机复合阻燃剂等阻燃改性纤维素气凝胶的研究进展,并对比分析了各类阻燃剂的优缺点.其中,有机/无机复合阻燃剂兼具无机和有机阻燃剂的优点,表现出高效的阻燃效率,但也存在与纤维素基体...     

阻燃剂在造纸工业中的应用

纸张阻燃性能越来越受到造纸业的重视。本文综述了几种常用阻燃剂在造纸工业中的应用机理及其特点，并对国外阻燃纸的发展现状作了简要介绍。目前应用较多的有机阻燃剂因其带来污染问题受到无机阻燃剂的挑战，无机阻燃剂如氢氧化铝、氢氧化镁等因其热稳定性好、不挥发、污染小，正成为阻燃剂新的研究热点。     

低辐射环境下形状记忆合金对防火面料隔热性能的影响

为提高消防服的热防护性能,将若干形状记忆合金弹簧设置在防护服的防水透气层与隔热层之间,研制出具有动态调节结构功能的智能防火面料组合。采用热防护性能测试仪模拟低辐射热环境,测量处于辐射暴露环境下的各面料层间的温度,从而基于层间温度的变化情况来评价不同排列方式下的形状记忆合金弹簧对防火面料的动态隔热作用。结果表明：形状记忆合金弹簧在辐射环境下弹起后产生的空气层具有良好的动态隔热作用,进而提高面料的热防护性能;采用不同的弹簧排列方式也可影响其隔热性能,其中1个弹簧正中排列及3个弹簧对角线放置的试样隔热效果最明显;在不同的排列方式下,弹簧产生的空气层形状和厚度具有明显差异,从而影响防火面料组合的隔热作用。