V2O5熔体的微量氧化还原研究

将700、800、1100℃三种温度下的V2O5熔体制得V2O5溶胶,在非晶玻璃基片上将V2O5溶胶制成V2O5凝胶薄膜试样。通过对V205凝胶薄膜试样的电阻随温度的变化测试和电子能谱（ESCA）和X射线衍射分析发现V2O5凝胶薄膜中有四价钒的存在,本文从V2O5熔体的微量氧化还原和晶体结构的角度分析讨论了微量氧化还原影响钒离子价态变化的机理。     

制备条件对溶胶-乳化-凝胶法制备TiO2颗粒尺寸的影响

用溶胶-乳化-凝胶法合成了纳米TiO2光催化剂粉末，探讨了制备条件：表面活性剂浓度、溶胶的pH值、水含量以及煅烧温度对其粒径的大小和粒度分布的影响．研究表明：当表面活性剂达到临界胶束浓度时颗粒尺寸小且分布较均匀，当溶胶pH为8～9，水的浓度达到0．5mol／L后颗粒尺寸基本保持不变．此外，煅烧可以改善TiO2粉体的结晶度，促使由无定型向锐钛矿型以及金红石型转变，煅烧过程中，TiO2颗粒的形貌变化过程为：成型球体→棒状→球体→变形球体．     

溶胶-凝胶法合成锂离子筛前驱体LiMn2O4的研究

用溶胶 凝胶法、以柠檬酸和乙二醇作为聚合反应的单体合成了正尖晶石结构LiMn2 O4的前驱体 ,研究了反应物摩尔比、pH值及焙烧温度对材料性能的影响 ,并通过XRD、IR和SEM等方法研究了柠檬酸螯合法合成正尖晶石结构LiMn2 O4 的溶胶 凝胶过程 ,探讨了反应机理。研究表明白 ,在Li/Mn摩尔比为 0 6、pH值为 3 0及焙烧温度为 6 0 0℃时 ,合成的正尖晶石结构LiMn2 O4 的前驱体具有较好的晶粒结构 ,其一次粒子直径大多在 1 0 0nm以内。     

MgAl2O4陶瓷复合膜的制备与表征

用溶胶 -凝胶法制备MgAl2 O4陶瓷复合膜 ,该膜材在其熔点温度 (2 1 3 5℃ )前无任何相变 ,具有很高的热稳定性 .在制膜过程中 ,先合成铝镁双醇盐 ,然后走颗粒溶胶 -凝胶路线 ,以α -Al2 O3陶瓷膜为载体 ,制备尖晶石复合陶瓷膜 ,膜的最终烧结温度为 1 1 73 .1 5K .通过实验 ,优化了过程参数 ,如 pH值 ,温度 ,溶胶的组成 .膜平均孔径为 1 2nm ,BSA(牛血清白蛋白 )的截留率达 96%以上 ,纯水的渗透率为 5～ 1 3 g/ (cm2 ·min·MPa) .     

TiO2纳米颗粒的制备及光催化降解甲醛的研究

本工作系采用溶胶-凝胶法合成TiO2颗粒的平均粒径为20mm，电子衍射环图结果表明TiO2颗粒晶体结构为锐钛矿型，在光催化反应系统中对上述TiO2颗粒制备的薄膜进行了甲醛的光催化降解实验，考察了TiO2颗粒制备的薄膜的层数，溶胶体系pH值，活化温度及活化时间等条件对TiO2薄膜光催化降解甲醛性能的影响。实验结果表明，溶胶-凝胶法的制备工艺条件对TiO2薄膜的光催化不知性有着较大的影响，活化的温度和活化的时间影响最大，其次就是溶胶体系的pH值，当pH=2，活化温度为500℃，活化时间5h，制成的TiO2薄膜光催化降解甲醛的降解率可以达到60%以上。     

LiV3O8的溶胶-凝胶法合成及500℃阴极放电性能

用柠檬酸溶胶－凝胶工艺制备出了LiV3O8化合物,并检测了其作为热电池阴极材料时的放电性能。干凝胶210℃熔烧所得的粉末颗粒疏松多孔,300℃时可变成结晶岩状,低温攻时出现了Li0.3V2O5和LiV2O5相经650℃长时间保温后可转变为LiV3O8。模拟Li-B/LiCl-KCl/LiV3O8(或V2O5）热电池500℃放电试验表明,LiV3O8因具有良好的电子导电体和较低的Li^ 扩散极化,其放电较V2O5平稳,虽峰值电压略有降低,但可利用的比容量（电压降至峰值电压的75％或2．0V）均不低于V2O5;LiV3O8中掺入8％的P2O5时可提高小电流放电时的电压。     

多壁碳纳米管复合V2O5材料的制备及性能研究

将多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)与V2O5气凝胶复合,以V2O5粉末、苯甲醇(BA)、异丙醇(IP)和MWC-NTs为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶和溶剂替换技术制备V2O5复合气凝胶材料.利用透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、热失重分析等表征手段,研究了MWCNTs复合V2O5气凝胶材料的结构和性能.     

氯化钠对阳离子杂化硅溶胶凝胶化的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为前驱物,无水乙醇为共溶剂,盐酸为催化剂,双十八烷基二甲基氯化铵(DODAC)为添加剂制备阳离子杂化硅溶胶.通过分析溶胶在胶凝之前相关性能的变化,探讨了氯化钠浓度对阳离子杂化硅溶胶凝胶化的作用机理.结果表明氯化钠可以使溶胶体系粘度增大、透光率减小、Zeta电位降低、凝胶化时间缩短.说明氯化钠能使硅溶胶颗粒表面的离子头之间的排斥作用减弱,溶胶颗粒脱离水相的趋势增大,促进了颗粒之间的聚集,虽然氯化钠还能使体系的pH值降低,凝胶速度减慢,但促凝作用比缓凝作用更显著,并且浓度越大促凝作用越强.     

锂电池阴极材料V2O5常压干燥气凝胶的制备及离子输运特性

以VO(OC3H7)3、丙酮和水为原材料,采用溶胶-凝胶技术制备溶胶,通过溶剂替换工艺在常压下制备出了纳米多孔结构的V2O5气凝胶材料.使用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、BET分别观测和测试了V2O5气凝胶材料的形貌、晶态、气凝胶比表面积、孔径分布.结果表明:常压干燥制备的V2O5气凝胶呈比较规则的纤维状纳米多孔结构,比表面积达138.9m2/g,平均孔径约为15nm,材料经300℃热处理后结晶.测试了V2O5气凝胶材料在不同电压下的交流阻抗谱(EIS),用等效电路进行了模拟,并对其动力学参数进行了分析和讨论.电化学测试表明,V2O5气凝胶首次放电容量为300.45mAh/g,可作为很好的锂离子电池阴极材料.     

pH值调节剂对MnZn铁氧体纳米晶形成及磁性能影响

用硝酸盐-柠檬酸溶胶凝胶自燃法获得锰锌铁氧体（MZF）纳米晶。采用TG-DTA,XRD、VSM等方法对不同种类pH调节剂和不同pH值处理的凝胶热分解过程及产物的性能进行了表征结果表明：溶胶pH值和溶胶pH值调节剂对锰锌铁氧体纳米晶的形成有很大的关系。氨水调节凝胶的自燃点温度会随着溶胶的pH值从3．4增加到10而从196℃变到207℃。用乙二胺调节pH值,可以控制锰锌铁氧体纳米晶颗粒在19nm和57nm间变化。乙二胺调节pH值的系统热分解反应速度比氨水调节的系统反应速度慢,其反应生成粉体的饱和磁化强度为60emu／g,而氨水调节的系统生成粉体的饱和磁化强度为70emu／g。乙二胺调节系统生成粉体的矫顽力在pH值大于7后会有所增大。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from