Production of ecologically clean gasolines meeting European standards

A procedure based on the reforming and isomerization catalyzate for the production of European gasolines is developed. A reduction in benzene content is achieved in the commercial gasoline by preparing the reforming feed stock in stabilization and distillation units. C₄-C₆ hydrocarbon resources are used entirely for production of the European gasolines. Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 9–13, November–December, 2008.     

Modernization of a sulfuric acid alkylation unit

One of the basic processes in production of the components of high-octane unleaded gasolines which satisfy contemporary environmental requirements is sulfuric acid alkylation of isobutane by butylenes. Increasing output and improving the quality of alkylate gasoline are greatly determined by the level of the technology and instrumentation of this process. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 21–22, January – February, 2000.     

Pulsed stirring crystallizer for dewaxing. Results of industrial introduction in the KM-2 complex

The results of long use of a pilot-industrial pulsed stirring crystallizer in production of KM-2 oils and waxes by Slavneft’-Yaroslavnefteorgsintez JSC in dewaxing distillate (420 – 490°C cut) and residual raffinates from mixed West Siberian crude oils demonstrated the significant advantages of this unit and the new technology for production of wax suspensions [1, 2]. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 12 – 15, July – August, 2000.     

Determination of the mass concentration of automotive gasoline vapors

A method of determining the mass concentration of automotive gasoline vapors with designation of a standard gas mixture for calibrating IR gas analyzers is described. The average composition and molecular weight of the gasoline vapors and the composition of the standard gas mixture were established. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 44–46, January–February, 2008.     

Physicochemical principles of preparation of emulsion fuels

The basic physicochemical principles of preparation of emulsion fuel compositions based on heavy and extra-heavy crude cuts were analyzed with consideration of the nature and content of the phases constituting the emulsion, type of chemical additives — emulsifiers and stabilizers, and type of equipment for production of emulsion fuels. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 5, pp. 51–56, September–October, 2007.     

Dewaxing of the lube fraction using methyl isobutyl ketone

Dewaxing with selective solvents at low temperatures is unavoidable in production of lube oils from paraffinbase crude oils. A mixture of acetone or methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and toluene is widely used as solvents in industrial installations. Ketones are used for precipitating solid paraffinic hydrocarbons, and toluene is used for dissolving the oil part of the feedstock. The basic problems in the practical use of these solvents are considered in [1–3]. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 16 – 18, November – December, 1999.     

Chemical engineering protection in primary crude oil refining units

Efficient methods of protecting primary crude oil refining units from corrosion are: using demulsifiers in the electric desalting stage, alkalization of the crude oil before vaporization, use of corrosion inhibitors in atmospheric tower distillate lines. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 17–18, May–June, 2000.     

Rheological properties of crude oils with a high resin and asphaltene content. Effect of an electromagnetic field and modifiers

The rheological properties of crude oils from the Kuchukov field were investigated at 20–70°C in the presence of surfactants and after treatment with a high-frequency electromagnetic field. The viscosity of crude from one field is a function of the resin and asphaltene content. Addition of ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether improves the rheological characteristics. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 34–35, May–June, 2006.     

Sulfur removal of FCC gasoline by selective adsorption over activated semi-coke

The objective of this research is to use semi-cokes as raw material to prepare sorbents for sulfur removal from gasoline, to find the optimal preparation methods and determine the operating conditions. The result shows that the granular semi-cokes, pre-activated with 30%-45% HNO₃, calcined at 700°C at N₂ atmosphere mixed with vapor for l h, then impregnated with 3%CuO, give the best performance for sulfur removal. With this desulfurizer, the adsorption capacity observed was 0.933 mg/g at breakthrough level for a high-sulfur FCC gasoline (650 ng/μl), 1.155 mg/g for a low-sulfur gasoline (400 ng/μl), and 3.528 mg/g for thiophene-cyclohexane solution (300 ng/μl). Compared with the GC-FPD chromatograms of FCC gasoline and desulfurized gasoline, it showed that all of the benzothiophenes (BT) and their derivatives and most other sulfides in FCC gasoline were removed by this desulfurizer. In this study, the optimal operating conditions were 160°C and a space velocity of 4 h^− 1. This paper was partly presented at the 12th APCChE2008 (August 3-6, 2008, Dalian, China). Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 20–23, March–April, 2009.     

Selective treatment of vacuum distillates in an electrical field

An electric separator was used on the phenol treatment unit for preparing feedstock for the extraction column-West Siberian crude vacuum distillates. The treated feedstock has a lower refractive index at 50°C by 0.0035–0.0045 and the color is 1–2 CST units lower in comparison to the initial feedstock. This allowed increasing the quality of the raffinate taken off the unit. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 12–14, May–June, 2006.     

Separation of rare metals in plasma chemical pyrolysis of petroleum residues

A method is proposed for separating industrial carbon with rare metals from pyrolysis gases obtained in plasma-chemical processing of hydropyrolysis residues from high-viscosity high-sulfur crude oil (HHC). __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 24–25, July–August, 2006.     

Upgrading naphtha fractions from heavy petroleum residues

In the strategic program for growth of energy supplies of the Russian Federation in the years up to 2010, the target for 1997 is an increase of the depth of crude oil processing to 72–75%, and further increases to the level of 82–85% by 2005. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 12–13, July–August, 1997.     

Effect of nonionogenic surfactants and a magnetic field on the rheological properties of highly viscous crude oils

The rheological properties of crudes from the Mordovo-Karmaly and Mortukovsk fields were investigated at 10–70°C in the presence of surfactants (SF) and in a magnetic field. The maximum decrease in the characteristics was attained in UHF treatment for the Mortukovsk crude and on addition of IPG-12 activating additive for the Mordovo-Karmaly crude. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 3, pp. 31–33, May–June, 2008.     

Calculating the weighted mean number of cavitation cycles in intensified crude oil cracking

Formulas are derived for the weighted mean number of preliminary cavitation processing cycles for crude oil. It is shown that the mean number of cavitation cycles can be varied widely in accordance with the cycle period, the volume of the circulation vessel, and the volume flow rates, up to several hundred cycles. An optimistic forecast is made on the scope for increasing the extent of oil processing by 20–30% by intensifying the cracking by cavitation. Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 47–50, March–April, 2009.     

Effect of ultrasound on the colloidal-disperse properties of petroleum systems

The effect of ultrasound on crude oils of different chemical natures and distillation residues with a different degree of takeoff of the cuts was investigated. Its effect on the degree of dispersity of petroleum systems was determined. The effectiveness of ultrasound as a method of regulating the degree of dispersity of crude oil feedstock in all refining processes was demonstrated. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 32–34, January–February, 2006.     

Mongolian crude from Tamsagbulag field

The physicochemical properties of the crude, its naphtha and diesel cuts, and atmospheric-vacuum distillation residues were investigated for manufacture of commercial products. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 24–28, March–April, 2007.     

Assessment of the functional efficiency of refineries

A system is examined for evaluation of results of activity at refineries with respect to depth of crude refinement. It is proposed to supplement this system with an indicator that takes into account the quality of the feedstock and product obtained. Possible principles are outlined for determination of the indicator in question. Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No.3, pp. 4 – 6, May – June, 2009.     

Catalysts of Hydrodesulfurization of Optimum Composition

Increasing the efficiency of hydrotreating of crude cuts (diesel, atmospheric resids, etc.) primarily involves creating new or improving existing industrial catalysts. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 32 – 34, November – December, 2005.     

Some problems of petroleum refining in Russia

In order to assess the prospects for development of petroleum refining in Russia, it is necessary to analyze the situation both for internal consumption of different energy carriers and for the commercial balance sheet for export of crude oil and petroleum products. Formulation of a strategy for development is determined to a great degree by the relationship of internal prices for different energy carriers. This ratio does not correspond to the international relationship in Russia today. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 6 – 11, March – April, 2000.     

An antiknock additive of the new generation

An antiknock additive which is a mixture of an aromatic amine, an antioxidant, the straight-run naphtha cut of naphthene-aromatic base crude oil, and chloro-and isoparaffins, is proposed. The additive is given antiknock activity by passing it through a catalyst — manganese — at the boiling point and atmospheric pressure. In a concentration of 0.03–0.2 wt. %, the additive increases the motor octane number of low-octane motor fuels by 5–14 points. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 17–19, January–February, 2008.